Tests of

Hypothesis
Sub-topics
(a) null hypothesis
(b) alternative hypothesis
(c) level of significance
(d) rejection region
(e) types of errors in hypothesis testing
What is HYPOTHESIS?
It is an assumption or conjecture about a
population parameter which may or may not be
true.
What is HYPOTHESIS?
In the scientific method, it is constructed before
any applicable research has been done.
 Null Hypothesis
vs
Alternative Hypothesis
Null hypothesis
•
 In symbol,
•

Null Value of the

hypothesis population
parameter
Population Equality
Parameter Symbol
Alternative hypothesis
•
Alternative hypothesis
An alternative hypothesis is a statement that
directly contradicts a null hypothesis by stating
that that the actual value of a population
parameter is less than, greater than, or not equal
to the value stated in the null hypothesis.
In symbol,
•
 In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population in
2015 were not married. A researcher surveyed a random sample of
500 couples. He found out that 18% of them were living together
but unmarried. Test at 5% significance level if the current
percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%.

1. The current percentage of unmarried couples is different from

34%.
2. The current percentage of unmarried couples is 34%.
 An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php
62.50 with a standard deviation of Php 6.01. A random sample of 20
manufacturing workers were asked on their hourly rate and found that they
had an average of Php 50 hourly rate pay with a standard deviation of Php
5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the difference between the
average hourly rate for construction workers and the average hourly rate
for manufacturing workers.
3. There is a significant difference between the average hourly rate for
construction workers and the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
4. There is no significant difference between the average hourly rate for
construction workers and the average hourly rate for manufacturing workers.
 A chemist invented an additive to increase the
lifespan of rechargeable battery. The said additive will
extend on average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months.
5. The average lifespan extension of rechargeable
battery is 48 months.

6. The average lifespan extension of rechargeable

battery is not 48 months
Alternative hypothesis
•
 Alternative hypothesis

greater than less than not equal equal to

above below
higher than lower than different from the same as

longer than smaller than not changed

changed from
from
bigger than shorter than
not the same
decreased or is
increased ase as
reduced from
Write the mathematical symbol of the null hypothesis of
the following statements.
•
Write the mathematical symbol of the alternative
hypothesis of the following statements.
1. The mean number of new normal learning facilities a school has is
not more than five.
2. During the COVID 19 pandemic, more than half of the residents in
cities decided to stay in their remote provinces.
3. Forty-five percent of the students attended online learning delivery
mode.
4. At most, 55% of the public-school teachers were advised to stay at
home during the opening of classes.
5. At least 70% of the public schools used blended learning delivery
mode.
 LEVEL OF
SIGNIFICANCE
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
 Significance is defined as the quality of being
statistically significant
 It refers to a criterion of judgment upon which a
decision is made regarding the value stated in a null
hypothesis. Its value is between 0 to 1 or between 0%
to 100%.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
•
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
•
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
•
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE
•
1. In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the
population in 2015 were not married. A researcher
surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. He
found out that 18% of them were living together
but unmarried. Test at 5% significance level that
the current percentage of unmarried couples is
different from 34%.
2. An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the
Philippines is Php 62.50 with a standard deviation of Php
6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing workers
were asked on their hourly rate and found out that they
had an average of Php 50 hourly rate pay with a standard
deviation of Php 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence
interval that the average hourly rate for construction
workers is higher than the average hourly rate for
manufacturing workers.
3. A chemist invented an additive to increase the
lifespan of rechargeable battery. The said additive
will extend on average the battery’s lifespan to 48
months. Test the hypothesis at 0.01 level of
significance that the average lifespan is higher
than 48 months.
4. The average number of years to finish basic education
is 14. A sample of 30 senior high school students were
asked and found out that the mean number of years to
finish their basic education is 12 with a standard
deviation of 2 years. Test the hypothesis at 93%
confidence interval that the average number of years to
finish basic education is less than 14 years.
5. A sample of 100 private school students were
surveyed whether they planned to transfer to
public school in the incoming school year. Results
showed that 40% of these students will transfer to
public school. Test the average number of private
school students that will transfer to public school
is not 40% at 5% level of significance.
CRITICAL
REGION
 CRITICAL REGION
 Also known as rejection region, is a range of values that
corresponds to the rejection of the null hypothesis.
 If the value of the test statistic is within the critical region,
then the null hypothesis is rejected. Otherwise, the null
hypothesis is not rejected. This will be based on the
alternative hypothesis.
 CRITICAL REGION
Critical values of the tests of hypotheses are the
number or numbers that determine the rejection
region. Thus, critical region might be a single
number or an interval.
 CRITICAL REGION
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•
•
Assignment:
1. In 2015, it was recorded that around 34% of the population in 2015 were not married.
A researcher surveyed a random sample of 500 couples. He found out that 18% of
them were living together but unmarried. Test at 5% significance level that the current
percentage of unmarried couples is different from 34%
2. An average construction worker hourly rate pay in the Philippines is Php 62.50 with a
standard deviation of Php 6.01. A random sample of 20 manufacturing workers were
asked on their hourly rate and found out that they had an average of Php 50 hourly
rate pay with a standard deviation of Php 5.00. Construct a 90% confidence interval
that the average hourly rate for construction workers is higher than the average hourly
rate for manufacturing workers.
3. A chemist invented an additive to increase the lifespan of rechargeable battery. The
said additive will extend on average the battery’s lifespan to 48 months. Test the
hypothesis at 0.01% level of significance that the average lifespan is higher than 48
months.
 TYPES OF ERRORS IN
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
 TYPES OF ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS
TESTINg
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 TYPES OF ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS
TESTINg
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 TYPES OF ERRORS IN HYPOTHESIS
TESTINg
•
Commonly Used Levels of Significance and
Its Corresponding Critical Values

Test Types
Level of Significance

One-tailed Two-tailed

0.05 or

0.01 or

0.001 or
Given a hypothesis. Formulate type I and II errors in a complete
sentence of the given statements below. Write your answers in your
notebook.
1. The average number of years to finish basic education is 14.
2. At least 40% of private school students transferred to public schools
during the COVID 19 pandemic.
3. The mean expenses of a family during the COVID 19 pandemic
increased at most by 15%.
4. Thirty-five percent of senior high school students enrolled to a track/
strand because of peer pressure.
5. During the COVID 19 pandemic, 8% of COVID 19 cases in the country
were confirmed death cases.
Identify what is described in every number.
•