saklviTüal½y ebolR)ay Introduction to Databases

CMBUkTI 1
Introduction to
Databases
1. Introduction
Database bc©úb,nñenH)ankøayeTACaEpñkmYycaM)ac;kñúgCIvPaBRbcaMéf¶ EdleyIgmin
)andwgfaeyIgkMBugeRbIR)as;va bu:Enþmunnwgcab;epþImBiBN’naGMBI database eyIgKYrEt
RtYtBinitüeTAelI applications én database systems Camunsin.
enAeBlEdleyIgTijTMnijBI local supermarket eBlenaH checkout assistant
nwgdMeNIrkar bar code reader eTAelITMnijenaHedIm,ITTYl)antMél ehIyvaeFVIkar
tP¢ab;CamYy database application program edIm,Ikat;bnßycMnYn items enaHenAkñúg
stock. b:uEnþRbsinebIcMnYnenaH sßitenAeRkam reorder level enaHRbB½n§nwgeFVIkar
kmμg;TijedaysV½yRbvtþedIm,ITTYl)an items EfmeTot. RbsinebIGtifiCnTUrs½BÞeTAkan;
supermarket edIm,IsaksYrB½t’manGMBI item NamYyenaH checkout assistant
nwgemIlfaetI items enaHenAkñúg stock manenAsl;EdrrWeT ebIenAsl;etIvasl;b:unμan
edaydMeNIrkarelI application program.
enAeBlEdleyIgcg;eFVIdMeNIrkMsanþeTAelgRbeTsNamYy edIm,IkMsanþenAéf¶Qb;
sMrak eBlenaHeyIgRtUvsaksYrB½t’manBI travel agency ehIybnÞab;mk travel agency
eFVIkareRbIR)as; database edIm,IBinitüemIleCIgynþehaH nigéf¶Qb;sMraklMGit. enAeBl
EdleyIgyl;eXIjfa vasmRsbeTAnwgtMrUvkarrbs;eyIgeBlenaHeyIgeFVIkarGackk;kEnøg
kMsanþéf¶enaH ehIy database system eFVIkarrkSaTinñn½ykarkk;enaH. kñúgkrNIenH
RbB½n§RtUvEtR)akdfaKμan agents 2 epSgKñaeFVIkarkk;eTAkan;éf¶Qb;sMrak nigekAGIdUcKña
)aneT. ]TahrN_³ RbsinebImanekAGImYyKt;enAsl;sMrab;kareFVIdMeNIredayynþehaHBI
London eTA New York nigman agents 2 eFVIkarkk;TukCamunekAGIenaHkñúgeBlEtmYy
eBlenaHRbB½n§RtUvEtBinitüemIlelIehtukarN_enHedayGnuBaØatieGay agent Etmñak;Kt;
Gackk;)an ehIypþl;B½t’mandl;GñkepSgeTotfa KμanekAGIenAsl;eT.
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saklviTüal½y ebolR)ay Introduction to Databases

enAeBleyIgcUlbNÑal½yedIm,IemIl rWk¾x©IesovePA enATIenaHRbEhlCaGacman

database pÞúkB½t’manlMGitral;esovePATaMgGs;enAkñúgbNÑal½y/ B½t’manlMGitén users/
karbMrugTukCamun (reservation).... elIsBIenHeTotman computerized index
EdleFVIeGay users GacEsVgrkesovePAya:gelOntamryHeQμaHGñkniBn§/ cMNgeCIg
rWRbePTrbs;va. RbB½n§eFVIkarRKb;RKgeTAelIkarx©Irbs; users ehIyRbsinebIdl;éf¶kMnt;
RtUvRbKl;esovePARtlb;vij user enAEtminTan;eXIjykesovePAmkRbKl; RbB½n§RtUvepJI
reminder eTAkan; user edIm,IrMlwk.
RbsinebIRkelkeTAemIlsaklviTüal½yvij enATIenaHk¾man database system pÞúk
B½t’manGMBInisSitsikSaenATIenaHTaMgGs;/ vKÁsikSa/ B½t’manlMGitbuKÁlik/ muxviC¢asikSakalBI
qñaMmun²/ lT§plRblgbBa©b;qmasnImYy²///. enAeBlEdlcg;eFVIkarEsVgrkeQμaHsisS
Namñak; vamanlkçN³gayRsYl ehIycMNayryHeBlxøIeTot.
2. Traditional File-Based Systems
manesovePA database PaKeRcInEdl)ansresreTAelI database system k¾b:uEnþ
minePøcsresrrMlwkeLIgvijBI file-based system EdleRbIR)as;ya:gTUlMTUlaymuneBl
kekIt database system. eTaHbICa file-based system vahYssm½yeTAehIyk¾eday
b:uEnþmanehtuplmYycMnYnkñúgkarsikSavaKW
- yl;dwgBIbBaðaekItmanCamYy file-based system ehIyGackarBarmineGay
bBaðaenHekIteLIgCamYy database system.
- RbsinebIcg;eFVIkarbMElgBI file-based system eTA database system
vamanPaBcaM)ac;RtUvdwgBIdMeNIrkarrbs; file system.
2. 1. File-Based Approach
File-based system A collection of application programs that perform
services for the end-users such as the production
of reports. Each program defines and manages its
own data.
File-based system KWCabNþMúén application programs pþl;esvaeTAeGay
end-users dUcCakarbegáItr)aykarN_CaedIm. Application program nImYy²kMnt;
nigRKb;RKgTinñn½yerog²xøÜn. kalBImuneKeRbIR)as; file-based system edIm,IbMElgBI
RbB½n§eRbIR)as;edayéd (manual filing system) eTACaRbB½n§eRbIR)as;kMuBüÚT½r ]TahrN_³
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enAkñúg organization mYyeKbegáIt manual files CaeRcInedIm,IrkSaTukB½t’mankñúgkar

TMnak;TMngkñúgeRkAcMeBaH project, product, task, client, or employee.
edIm,IkarBarsuvtßiPaB files CaeRcInenaHeyIgeFVIkarbiTGVIsMKal; nigrkSaTukkñúgTUrCaeRcIn
ehIyTUrTaMgenaHRtUvEtcak;esar rWsßitenAkñúgtMbn;EdlmansuvtßiPaB elIsBIenHeTot
eKRbEhlCatMerob files TaMgenaHerogKñatamlMdab;ekIn rWcuH edIm,IeGaymanPaBgayRsYl
enAeBlEsVgrkeGay)anelOn ebImindUcenaHeTeyIgRtUvEsVgrkRKb; files TaMgGs;
eFVIkareGayxateBlevla. CMnYseGayviFIsaRsþeRbIR)as;xagelI eKeRbIR)as; index
edIm,ICYysMrYlel,ÓndMeNIrkarEsVgrkeGaykan;EtelOn.
Manual filing system dMeNIrkar)anl¥enAeBlEdlcMnYn items rkSaTukmanTMhM
tUc ehIymüa:geTot manual filing system k¾GacdMeNIrkar)anEdrenAeBlEdlcMnYn
items manTMhMFM rWeRcInehIyeyIgRKan;EtrkSa nigTTYlva (store and retrieve)
Etb:ueNÑaH. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday kareRbIR)as; manual filing system manbBaða
enAeBlEdleFVIkareRbIR)as;Tinñn½yrkSaTukkñúg files CaeRcIn EdlmanTItaMgxus²Kña
]TahrN_³ Real estate agent’s office RbEhlCaman file epSg²KñasMrab; property
for sale or rent, buyer and renter nig staff cUreqøIyeTAnwgsMnYrmYycMnYn
dUcxageRkametIvaBak;B½n§eTAnwgGVIxøH
- etIman three-bedroom properties NaxøHsMrab;lk;EdlmansYnc,ar
nigyandæan?
- etIman flats NaxøHsMrab;CYlEdlmanTItaMgq¶ayBITIRkug 3 Kilometers?
- etItMéllk;pÞHCamFümb:unμan?
- etItMélCYlCamFümcMeBaH two-bedroom flat éføb:unμan?
- etIR)ak;ExbuKÁlikRbcaMqñaMsrubb:unμan?
edayeyageTAelIkarrIkcMerInCaerogral;éf¶ eKEtgEtcg;)anB½t’manbEnßmeTot
]TahrN_³ r)aykarN_karlk; rWCYlRbcaMqñaM/ RbcaMéf¶/ RbcaMRtImasCaedIm Edl manual
filing system minmanlkçN³RKb;RKan;sMrab;kargarenH.
]bmafa eyIgman sale department TTYlbnÞúklk; nigCYl properties RBmTaMg
contract department TTYlbnÞúkeFVIkugRtaCYlelI property for rent dUcrUbxageRkam
EdlmanpÞúkTinñn½ysÞÜnCaeRcInkñúg departments TaMgenH.
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File handling
Data entry routines
and reports
File definition
Sales Sales files
Sales application programs

File handling
Data entry routines
and reports
File definition
Contracts Contracts files
Contracts application programs
Sales Files
Property_for_Rent(Property Number, Street, Area, City, Post Code,
Property Type, Number of Rooms, Monthly Rent, Owner Number)
Owner(Owner Number, First Name, Last Name, Address, Telephone
Number)
Renter(Renter Number, First Name, Last Name, Address, Telephone
Number, Preferred Type, Maximum Rent)
Contracts Files
Lease(Lease Number, Property Number, Renter Number, Monthly
Rent, Payment Method, Deposit, Paid, Rent Start Date, Rent Finish Date,
Duration)
Property_for_Rent(Property Number, Street, Area, City, Post Code,
Monthly Rent)
Renter(Renter Number, First Name, Last Name, Address, Telephone
Number)
(rUb 1.1)

2. 2. Limitations of the File-Based Systems

kareRbIR)as; File-Based System mankMritdUcxageRkam³
- Separation and isolation of data. vamanPaBlM)akkñúgkareRbIR)as;Tinñn½y
(access data) EdlsßitenAkñúg files epSg²BIKña.
- Duplication of data. ]bmafa Rkumh‘unmYyman 2 departments KW Sales nig
Contacts EdlRtUvkareRbIR)as; file-based system edIm,IRKb;RKg eyIgsegáteXIjfa
TaMg Sales nig Contacts suT§EtpÞúk Property nig Renter dUcKñaCaehtunaMeGayman
PaBsÞÜnTinñn½y. karRKb;RKgPaBsÞÜnTinñn½ymin)an bNþaleGaymanbBaðadUcCa³
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+ Duplication is wasteful. PaBsÞÜnTinñn½y)aneFVIeGayxat

plRbeyaCn_CaeRcIndUcCa tMéléfø/ xateBlevlabBa©ÚlTinñn½y/ space
RtUvkarFM.
+ PaBsÞÜnTinñn½yGacnaMeTAeGayman loss of data integrity CaehtunaM
eGayminyUrb:unμanTinñn½ynwgmanPaBminsIusgVak;Kña (inconsistency).
- Data Dependence. Physical structure nig storage én data files nig
records RtUv)ankMnt;kñúg application code dUcenHenAeBleFVIkarEkERb structure
manPaBlM)ak.
- Incompatible file format. Structure én files RtUv)anbgáb;kñúg application
programs dUcenH structures GaRs½yeTAnwg application programming languages
mann½yfa structure én files sresrkñúg Pascal programming language RbEhlCa
GacxusKñaCamYy structure én files sresrkñúg C programming language Edl
bNþaleGaymanPaBlM)akkñúgkareFVICaRkum.
- Fixed queries/proliferation of application programs. File-based
system GaRs½yelI application programmers Edl)ansresr queries TukeGay
eRbIR)as; b:uEnþebIsinCaman query fμIekIteLIgPøameBlenaHeyIgRtUvrk application
programmers sresreGay.

3. Database Approach
edayeXIjfa file-based system manPaBlM)akeTIbeFVIeGayk¾ekIt database
system eLIgedIm,ICYysMrYlbBaðaTaMgenH.

3. 1. The Database
Database A shared collection of logically related data (and a
description of this data), designed to meet the information
needs of an organization.
Database KWCabNþMúTinñn½yrkSaTukkñúgTMrg;mYygayRsYleRbIR)as; ehIyRtUv)an
eKksagsMrab;bMeBjtMrUvkarB½t’manénGgÁPaBNamYy. Database Ca a single, large
repository of data EdlRtUveKbegáItEtmþg ehIyRtUv)aneKeRbIR)as;kñúgeBlEtmYyeday
departments nig users CaeRcIn. ral;Tinñn½yTaMgGs;RtUv)anRc)ac;bBa©Úlkñúg database
edaypÞúkTinñn½ysÞÜnGb,brima ehIyelIsBIenHeTot database minEmnCakmμsiT§rbs;
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department NamYyeT EtvaCa shared corporate resource. Database minRKan;EtpÞúk

organization’s operational data EfmTaMgpÞúk description of data (Description of
data called System catalog or data dictionary or meta data.).
müa:gvijeTot database system )anbMEbk definition of data (data structures)
ecjeGaydac;BI application programs ehtudUecñHRbsinebIbEnßm rWEkERb data
structures cMeBaH database vaminb:HBal;dl; application programs eT. ]TahrN_³
RbsinebIeyIgEkERbTMhMtYGkSrén Student_Name field BI 20 eTA 30 tYrGkSr rWbegáIt
file fμI enaH application programs kMBugeFVIkareRbIR)as; Kμanplb:HBal;eT
eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday RbsinebIeyIglub field ecjBI file Edl application program
eRbIR)as; enaH application program TTYlrgkarplb:HBal;edaysarkarEkERbenH
ehIyRtUvEteFVIkarEkERbtamEdr.
enAeBlEdleyIgeFVIkarviPaKB½t’manGMBI organization NamYy eyIgmanbMNg
kMnt;nUv entities, attributes nig relationships dUcenHeKGacniyayfa database
eFVIkarbgðajBI entities, attributes nig relationships between entities.
3. 2. The Database Management Systems (DBMS)
DBMS is a software that enables users to define, create, and
manipulate the database and provides controlled access to this
database.
DBMS KWCa software EdleFVIeGayGñkeRbIR)as;manlT§PaBkMnt;/ begáIt
nigeFVIkareRbIR)as; database RBmTaMgpþl;PaBRKb;RKgkarcUleRbIR)as;eTAkan; database
pgEdr.
CaTUeTA DBMS pþl;nUvPaBgayRsYlCaeRcIndUcCa³
- GnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;kMnt; database tamryH Data Definition
Language (DDL). DDL GnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;kMnt; Data types, Structures nig
Constraints eTAelITinñn½yrkSaTukkñúg database.
- GnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;bBa©Úl/ EkERb/ lub nigTTYl ¬EsVgrk¦ Tinñn½ykñúg
database tamryH Data Manipulation Language (DML).
- pþlPaBRKb;RKgkarcUleRbIR)as; database

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+ Security system. karBarGñkeRbIR)as; EdlKμankarGnuBaØati

(Unauthorized users) BIkarcUleRbIR)as; database.
+ Integrity system. EfrkSaPaBsuIsgVak;KñaénTinñn½y (Consistency of
stored data).
+ Concurrency control system. GnuBaØatieGayGñkeRbIR)as;CaeRcIn
cUleRbIR)as;Tinñn½ykñúg database kñúgeBlEtmYy.
+ Recovery control system. eFVIkar restore database eTAkan;
PaBsuIsgVak;KñaénTinñn½yBImun (previous consistent state) RbsinebI
manbBaða.
+ User-accessible catalog. pÞúkkarBN’naTinñn½ykñúg database.

Data entry
and reports

Sales Sales
application programs
DBMS

Data entry Property, Owner, Database

and reports Renter, and Lease
details + File
Contracts Contracts
definitions
application programs
Property_for_Rent(Property Number, Street, Area, City, Post Code,
Property Type, Number of Rooms, Monthly Rent, Owner Number)
Owner(Owner Number, First Name, Last Name, Address, Telephone
Number)
Renter(Renter Number, First Name, Last Name, Address, Telephone
Number, Preferred Type, Maximum Rent)
Lease(Lease Number, Property Number, Renter Number, Monthly
Rent, Payment Method, Deposit, Paid, Rent Start Date, Rent Finish Date)
(rUb 1.2)
tamryHrUb 1.2 eyIgeXIjfaTaMg Sales and Contracts departments eRbIR)as;
application programs edIm,IcUleRbIR)as; database tamryH DBMS ehIy
application programs cMeBaH department nImYy²edaHRsaykarbBa©ÚlTinñn½y (data

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entry), karEfTaMTinñn½y (data maintenance) nigkarbegáIt reports (generation of

reports) edayxøÜnÉg b:uEnþebIeRbobeFobCamYy file-based system eyIgeXIjfa
physical structure and storage of the data RtUvRKb;RKgeday DBMS.
- Views )anpþl;nUvkMriténsuvtßiPaB edaymin)anbgðajTinñn½yEdlGñkeRbIR)as;
mYycMnYnminKYrdwg. ]TahrN_³ eyIgGacbegáIt view EdlGnuBaØatieGay branch
manager nig payroll department eXIjB½t’manlMGit staff TaMgGs; RBmTaMg salary
details pgEdr b:uEnþcMeBaH staff vijEdlGacemIleXIjEtB½t’manlMGitrbs; staff Etmin
GaceXIj salary details )aneT dUecñHeyIgRtUvbegáIt view mYyepSgeTotsMrab; staff.
- Views GacbgðajnUv consistent, unchanging picture énrcnasm<½n§rbs;
database eTaHbICamankarEkERb database k¾eday ¬]TahrN_³ bEnßm fields, lub
fields, relationships, restructured, files split rW renamed¦. RbsinebIlub rWbEnßm
fields eTAkan; database cMeBaH view EdlBMuRtUvkar fields enaH dUecñHvaKμankarb:HBal;
dl; view enaHeLIy.
3. 3. Components of the DBMS Environment
DBMS environment pSMeLIgeday 5 major components KW Hardware,
Software, Data, Procedures nig People dUcrUbxageRkam³
Data
Hardware Software Procedures People

Machine Human
(rUb 1.3)
- Hardware
DBMS nig Application RtUvkar hardware CaFatucaM)ac;sMrab;dMeNIrkar ehIy
karkMrittMrUvkarrbs; hardware KWKitcab;BI a single computer, to a single
mainframe, to a network of computers. kareRbIR)as; hardware kMritNaenaH
KWGaRs½yeTAelItMrUvkarrbs; organization RBmTaMg DBMS EdleRbIR)as;. KYrkt;sMKal;
pgEdrfa man DBMS mYycMnYndMeNIrkarelI hardware rW operating system Cak;lak;
NamYyEtmþgdUcCa Windows 2000 Server ehIy DBMS TamTarlkçxNÐeTAelI

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minimum main memory nig disk space pgEdr b:uEnþkareRbIR)as;lkçN³ minimum

TaMgenHBMu)anpþl;nUv acceptable performance eT.
- Software
Software component pÞúknUv DBMS software nig application programs
rYmKñaCamYy operating system rYmbBa©ÚlTaMg network software RbsinebIeKeRbIR)as;
DBMS enAelI network. CaTUeTA application programs eRcInEtsresrkñúg third-
generation programming language dUcCa C, COBOL, Fortran, Ada, Visual
Basic rWeRbIR)as; forth-generation language dUcCa Structured Query Language
(SQL) bgáb; (embedded) kñúg third-generation programming language.
- Data
Component mansarHsMxan;bMputkñúg DBMS environment KW Data ehIyvaKWCa
s<ankñúgkartP¢ab;rvag machine components nig human components. Database
pÞúkTaMg operational data nig meta-data (data about data) ehIy structure of the
database is called the schema. Schema cMeBaH database xageRkampÞúk tables 4 KW
Property_for_Rent, Owner, Renter nig Lease.
Property_for_Rent(Property Number, Address, Area, Post Code,
Property Type, Number of Rooms, Monthly Rent, Owner Number)
Owner(Owner Number, First Name, Last Name, Address, Telephone
Number)
Renter(Renter Number, First Name, Last Name, Address, Telephone
Number)
Lease(Lease Number, Property Number, Renter Number, Payment
Method, Deposit, Paid, Rent Start Date, Rent Finish Date)
- Procedures
Procedures sMedAeTAelI instructions nig rules EdlRKb;RKgeTAelIkarksag
nigeRbIR)as; database. GñkeRbIR)as;RbB½n§ (The users of the system) nig staff
EdlRKb;RKg database EtgEtRtUvkarnUv documented procedures cMeBaHfa
etIeyIgRtUveRbIR)as; rWdMeNIrkarRbB½n§edayrebobNa. Procedure pÞúknUv instructions
etIRtUv>>>edayrebobNa.
+ Log on to the DBMS.
+ Use a particular DBMS facilities or application program.
+ Start and stop the DBMS.
+ Make backup copies of the database.

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+ Handle hardware or software failures.

+ Change the structure of a table, reorganize the database across
multiple disks, improve performance, or archive data to
secondary storage.
- People
cUremIlcMnuc 4 xageRkam.
4. Roles in the Database Environment
enAkñúgEpñkxagelI eyIg)andwgGMBI components TaMg 5 én DBMS
environments ehIyeyIg)anerobrab; 4 components rYcehIy enAsl;Et People
b:ueNÑaH. eyIgGackMnt; People ecjCaeRcInRbePTEdl)ancUlrYmkñúg DBMS
environment dUcCa data and database administrators, database designers,
application programmers nig end-users.

4. 1. Data and Database Administrators

Data Administrator (DA) TTYlbnÞúkcMeBaHkarRKb;RKgFnFanTinñn½y (the
management of the data resource) kñúgenaHrYmman database planning,
development and maintenance of standards, policies and procedures, and
conceptual/logical database design.
Database Administrator (DBA) TTYlbnÞúkcMeBaH physical realization of
the database kñúgenaHrYmman physical database design and implementation,
security and integrity control, maintenance of the operational system, and
ensuring satisfactory performance for the application and users.

4. 2. Database Designers
eK)anEbgEck designer Ca 2 RbePTcMeBaH large database design projects KW
logical database designers nig physical database designers.
Logical database designer TTYlbnÞúkkargarBak;B½n§dl; identifying data
(entities nig attributes), relationship between the data nig constraints elITinñn½y
rkSaTukkñúg database. Logical database designer RtUvEtdwg nigyl;BITinñn½yrbs;
organization eGay)anc,as; RBmTaMg business rules. Business rules describe the

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main characteristics of the data as viewed by the organization. ]TahrN_eTAelI

business rules mYycMnYndUcxageRkam³
+ buKÁlikminGaclk; rWCYl Property elIsBI 10 kñúgeBlEtmYy)aneT.
+ buKÁlikedIrlk;minGacedIrtYnaTICaGñkTijpg CaGñklk;pg)aneT.

Physical database designer BN’naetIvaRtUvrkSaTukkñúgépÞ disk edayrebobNa

(decides how it is to physical realized). Physical database designer TTYlbnÞúk
kargarBak;B½n§dl;³
• bMElg logical data model eTAkan;sMnMu tables nig integrity constraints.
(Mapping the logical data model into a set of tables and integrity
constraints.)
• eRCIserIsrcnasm<½n§rkSaTukTinñn½yCak;lak; nigviFIcUleRbIR)as;Tinñn½yedIm,I
TTYl)an good performance cMeBaHskmμPaB database. (Selecting
specific storage structures and access methods for the data to
achieve good performance for the database activities.)
• begáItviFankarkarBarsuvtßiPaBcMeBaHTinñn½y. (Designing any security
measures required on the data.)

4. 3. Application Programmers
bnÞab;BIeyIg)anbegáIt database rYcehIy eyIgRtUvbegáIt application programs
sMrab;eFVIkarTak;TgeTAkan; database sMrab;dMeNIrkar required functionality.
Application programmers CaGñkTTYlbnÞúkbegáIt application programs ehIyelIs
BIenHeTot ral; programs EtgEtpÞúknUv statements sMeNIsMueTAkan; DBMS edIm,I
dMeNIrkarRbtibtþikarmYycMnYnelI database dUcCa retrieving, inserting, updating nig
deleting data. PaKeRcIneKeFVIkarbegáIt application program kñúg third-generation
programming language rW forth-generation language.

4. 4. End-Users
End-users EckCa 2 RbePTKW³
- Naive users KWCaGñkEdlminsÁal;BI DBMS Tal;EtesaH. BYkeKeFVIkar
eRbIR)as; database tamryH application programs EdleKsresrTukCamunsMrab;
dMeNIrkarRbtibtþikarkñúg database.

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- Sophisticated users KWCaGñkEdlFøab;sÁal;BI structure of database nig

facilities pþl;eday DBMS. Sophisticated users GaceRbIR)as; high-level query
language dUcCa SQL edIm,IdMeNIrkarRbtibtþikarEdleKRtUvkar elIsBIenHeTot
Sophisticated user mYycMnYnRbEhlCaGacsresr application programs sMrab;
eRbIR)as;pÞal;xøÜnrbs;eK)anpgEdr.
5. Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS
DBMS manKuNsm,tþiCaeRcIn k¾b:uEnþkñúgenaHk¾manKuNvibtþipgEdr.

5. 1. Advantages
KuNsm,tþirbs; DBMS man³
- Control of data redundancy
kareRbIR)as; traditional file-based system mankarxatbg; space CaeRcIneday
sarvarkSaTukB½t’mandUcKñakñúg files elIsBI 1 dUcCarkSaTukTinñn½yRbhak;RbEhlKñacMeBaH
Property_for_Rent nig Renter kñúg Sales pg nig Contract department pg.
pÞúyeTAvij database approach maneKalbMNglubbM)at;ecalPaBsÞÜnTinñn½y
(eliminate the redundancy) edayRc)ac; files bBa©ÚlKñaeFVIeGayvamin)anrkSaTuk
c,ab;cMlgTinñn½ydUcKñaCaeRcIn (several copies of the same data).
eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday database approach min)anlubbM)at;ecalPaBsÞÜnTinñn½y
TaMgRsugenaHeT b:uEnþvaGacRKb;RKgelIcMnYnPaBsÞÜnTinñn½ykñúg database )an b:uEnþCYnkal
vamanPaBcaM)ac;kñúgkarpÞúk data items edIm,I improve performance.
- Data consistency
enAeBlEdleyIgGaclubPaBsÞÜnTinñn½y rWRKb;RKgPaBsÞÜnTinñn½y (eliminating
or controlling redundancy) eBlenaHeyIg)ankat;bnßy risk of inconsistencies
occurring. RbsinebIeyIgEkERbTinñn½y enaHeyIgEkERbTinñn½yEt 1 kEnøgeT b:uEnþpÞúyeTA
vijRbsinebI data items rkSaTukelIsBI 1 kEnøg ehIyRbB½n§min)andwgBIbBaðaenH
enaHRbB½n§RtUvEtR)akdfaral;c,ab;cMlg item (all copies of the item) rkSa
consistent. KYreGayesaksþayeRBaH DBMS PaKeRcInmin)anrkSa consistency eday
sV½yRbvtþeT.

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- More information from the same amount of data

enAeBleyIgRc)ac; operational data bBa©ÚlKñaeFVIeGay organization
manlT§PaBkñúgkarbegáItB½t’manbEnßm (derived additional information) ecjBITinñn½y
dUcKña.
- Sharing data
CaTUeTA people rW department EdleRbI files eRcInEtCam©as;kmμsiT§ files enaH
pÞúyeTAvij database EdlCakmμsiT§én organization TaMgmUlRtUvEtGaceRbIR)as;eday
authorized users. RbsinebIman users eRcIn eBlenaHkareRbIR)as;Tinñn½yk¾kan;Et
eRcInEdr ehIyeyIgGacbegáIt application fμIeRbIR)as;Tinñn½ykñúg database manRsab; nig
bEnßmTinñn½yEdlminTan;)anrkSaTuk CaCageFVIkarkMnt;tMrUvkarTinñn½yTaMgGs;sarCafμI.
- Improved data integrity
Database integrity sMedAeTAelI validity nig consistency énTinñn½yrkSaTuk.
Integrity CaTUeTAbgðajtamryHBakü constraints (Constraints Ca consistent rules
kMnt;elI database mineGaybMBan). Constraint GackMnt;elI data items kñúg single
record rW relationship rvag records. ]TahrN_³ integrity constraint kMnt;fa
employee’s salary minGacelIsBI $4,000 ehIy DBMS eRcInEteFVIkar enforce
integrity constraints.
- Improved security
Database security sMedAelIkarraraMgcUleRbIR)as;Tinñn½ykñúg database BI
unauthorized users. RbsinebImin)ancat;viFankarkarBareGay)ansmrmüenaHeT
karRc)ac;Tinñn½ycUlKñamanlkçN³sμúKsμajCag file-based system ehIyCaTUeTA
DBMS eFVIkarkMnt; database security kñúgTMrg;Ca user names nig passwords
sMrab;kMnt; authorized user. CagenHeTAeTot eyIgGackMnt;siT§bEnßmeToteTAelI
authorized user kñúgkareRbIR)as;Tinñn½ydUcCa retrieval, insert, update, delete.
]TahrN_³ DBA GaccUleRbIR)as;ral;Tinñn½yTaMgGs;kñúg database b:uEnþ branch
manager GaccUleRbIR)as;Tinñn½yEdlBak;B½n§nigkargarrbs;Kat;Etb:ueNÑaH.
- Economy of scale
karbBa©ÚlKñaral; operational data TaMgGs;én organization eTAkan; database
ehIybegáIt applications eFVIkarCamYyRbPBTinñn½yenaH GacCYykat;bnßytMélkñúgkar

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cMNay. luyFøab;cMNayeTAelI department nImYy²cMeBaHkarGPivDÆn_ nigEfrkSa

file-based system GacbBa©ÚlKña RbEhlCaTTYl)an lower total cost naMeGayman
economy of scale. Combined budget GaceRbIR)as;sMrab;Tij system
configuration EdlsmrmüeTAnwgtMrUvkar organization ehIyRbEhlCapÞúknUv one
large, powerful computer rW a network of smaller computers.
- Balance of conflicting requirements
tMrUvkarrbs; user rW department Gacman conflict
CamYytMrUvkarrbs; user epSg
eTot. enAeBlEdl database sßiteRkamkarRKb;RKgrbs; DBA, DBA GacsMerccitþeFVI
karksag nigeRbIR)as; database Edlpþl;nUvkareRbIR)as;RbPBTinñn½yl¥bMputcMeBaH
organization TaMgmUl.
- Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
DBMS PaKeRcInpþl;nUv query language rW report EdlGnuBaØatieGay users
eFVIkarsaksYr ad hoc question ¬sMnYrEdlekIteLIgPøam²¦ nigTTYl)anB½t’manTaMgenaH
esÞIrEtPøam²elI terminal rbs;BYkeKedaymincaM)ac;TamTareGay programmers sresr
software TajB½t’manTaMgenaHBI database eT. ]TahrN_³ branch manager Gac
bgðajral; flats TaMgGs;Edlman monthly rent elIsBI $400 edayXøabBa¢a SQL elI
terminal dUcxageRkam³
SELECT *
FROM Property_for_Rent
WHERE type = ‘Flat’ AND rent > 400
- Increased productivity
DBMS )anpþl;nUv standard functions mYycMnYnEdl programmers CaFmμta
EtgEtsresrenAkñúg file-based application. karpþl; functions TaMgenHén DBMS
GnuBaØatieGay programmers CBa¢wgKitbEnßmeTAelI specific functions NaEdl users
RtUvkaredayKμan)armÖBI low-level implementation details. DBMSs CaeRcIn)anpþl;
pgEdrnUv fourth-generation environment edaypÞúknUv tools sMrab;CYysMrYl
karGPivDÆn_ database applications ehIylT§plenHeFVIeGayekIn programmer
productivity nigkat;bnßyeBlevlaksag (CamYytMélcMNaypgEdr).

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- Improved maintenance through data independence

enAkñúg file-based system karBN’naTinñn½y (description of data) nig logic
sMrab;eRbIR)as; (accessing) Tinñn½yRtUv)anRc)ac;bBa©ÚleTACamYy application program
nImYy² eFVIeGay programs BwgBak;elITinñn½y. RbsinebImankarEkERbeTAelIrcnasm<½n§
Tinñn½y (structure of the data) ]TahrN_³ EkERb address EdlkMnt; 40 tYGkSreTACa
41 tYGkSr rIkarEkERbeTAelIviFIEdlTinñn½yrkSaTukelI disk (a change to the way the
data is stored on disk) tMrUveGaymankarEkERbsmrmüeTAelI programs Edlb:HBal;.
pÞúyeTAvijcMeBaH DBMS EdlpÞúk data descriptions dac;edayELkBI applications eFVI
eGaykarEkERb applications minb:HBal;dl; data descriptions eT enHKWCalkçN³
data independence.
- Increased concurrency
enAkñúg file-based system RbsinebIvaGnuBaØatieGay users 2
rWeRcIneRbIR)as; file
EtmYykñúgeBldMNalKñaenaH vaGacmankarb:HTgÁicKñaeTAvijeTAmkbNþaleGaymankar
)at;bg;B½t’man (loss of information) rWCagenHeTAeTot loss of integrity. DBMS
CaeRcInGacRKb;RKgkarcUleRbIR)as; database kñúgeBlEtmYy)an ehIyGackarBarbBaða
enHmineGayekIteLIg.
- Improved backup and recovery services
File-based systems CaeRcIn)andak;karTTYlxusRtUveTAelI users edIm,Icat;
viFankarkarBarTinñn½yBIbBaðaekItmaneLIgenAelI computer system rW application
program EdlTamTareGayeFVIkar backup Tinñn½yerogral;yb;. enAeBlmanRBwtþikarN_
bBaðamYyekIteLIgenAéf¶bnÞab; enaHeyIgRtUvEt restore backup ehIyral;kargarEdl)an
bBa©Úlcab;taMgBIeBl backup RtUv)at;bg;edayTamTareGaybBa©ÚlsarCafμI. pÞúyeTAvij
modern DBMSs pþl; facilities edIm,Ikat;bnßycMnYnRbtibtþikarEdl)an)at;bg;.

5. 2. Disadvantages
KuNvibtþirbs; DBMS man³
- Complexity
karpþl;TukCamunnUv functionality én good DBMS eFVIeGay DBMS man
lkçN³sμúKsμajsaMjaMu (extremely complex piece of software). Database
designers and developers, data and database administrators, and end-users RtUv

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Etyl; functionality eGay)anc,as;edIm,ITajplRbeyaCn_BIva. kMhusmin)anyl;

RbB½n§GacbNþaleTAdl;karsMerccitþksagminl¥ (bad design decision) EdlGacbgá
eGaymanplvi)akdl; organization.
- Size
PaBsμúKsμaj nigPaBTUlMTUlay (complexity and breadth) én functionality
eFVIeGay DBMS Ca software manTMhMFMeFg EdlRtUvkar disk space CaeRcIn
megabytes nigTamTar memory smrmüedIm,IdMeNIrkareGaykan;EtRbesIr.
- Cost of DBMSs
Cost of DBMSs ERbRbYlKYreGaykt;sMKal; GaRs½yeTAnwg environment nig
functionality Edlva)anpþl;eGay. ]TahrN_³ a single-user DBMS sMrab;
a personal computer RbEhlCatMél $100 eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday a large
mainframe multi-user DBMS sMrab;pþl;esvadl;GñkeRbIR)as;CaeRcInmantMéléføNas;
RbEhl $100,000 eTA $500,000 elIsBIenHeTot vaRtUvkaréføEfTaMRbcaMqñaM (annual
maintenance cost) eTotpg.
- Additional hardware costs
tMrUvkar disk space sMrab; DBMS nig database GaceFVIeGaymankarTijbEnßm
storage space EfmeTot. elIsBIenHeTot edIm,IsMerc)an performance RtUvkarvacaM)ac;
Tij a large machine sMrab;dMeNIrkar DBMS naMeGaymankarcMNaybEnßmeTot.
- Cost of conversion
kñúgkrNImYycMnYn cMNayeTAelI DBMS nig extra hardware RbEhlCaminsUv
mansarHsMxan;b:unμaneTebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgcMNayelIkarbMElg existing application
eGaydMeNIrkarelI new DBMS nig hardware. karcMNayenHrYmbB©ÚalTaMgcMNay
kñúgkarbNþúHbNþalbuKÁlik (cost of training staff) eGayecHeRbIR)as;RbB½n§fμI
nigRbEhlCacMNayelIbuKÁlikCMnaj (specialist staff) edIm,ICYyeTAelIkarbMElg
nigdMeNIrkarRbB½n§enaH. karcMNayenHCaehtuplmYysMxan;bMputEdl organizations
mYycMnYnenAEteRbIR)as;RbB½n§cas;rbs;eKdEdl edayminbþÚreTA modern database
technology. Bakü legacy system CYnkaleRbIR)as;sMrab;sMKal; older and inferior
system.

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- Performance
File-based system RtUveKsresrsMrab; specific applications NamYyEtmþg
dUcCa invoicing dUcenH performance CaTUeTAEtgEtl¥. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday
DBMS EdlsresrkñúglkçN³TUlMTUlayedIm,IbMeBjbMNg applications CaeRcIn
dUcenH applications mYycMnYnRbEhldMeNIrkarmin)anelOneT.
- Higher impact of a failure
karRKb;RKgFnFanBIkEnøgEtmYy (centralization of resources) begáInlT§PaB
EdlGaceFVIeGayRbB½n§qab;manbBaða. edaysar users nig applications TaMgmUl
BwgBak;TaMgRsugeTAelI DBMS dUcenHRbsinebI DBMS manbBaðaeTAelIEpñkNamYy
vaGacbNþaleGaymankarb:HBal;dl;RbB½n§TaMgmUl.

Review Questions
1. cUrBnül;eGay)anek,aHk,aynUvBaküxageRkam
(a)data
(b)database
(c)database management system
(d)data independence
(e)security
(f)integrity
(g)views
2. cUrBiBN’nadMeNIrkarelI file-based system RBmTaMgKuNvibtþirbs;vapgEdr?
3. cUrBiBN’nasmasPaBTaMg 5 én DBMS environment?
4. cUrBiBN’natYnaTIbuKÁlxageRkamkñúg database environment
(a) data administrator
(b) database administrator
(c) logical database designer
(d) physical database designer
(e) application programmer
(f) end-users
5. cUrBiBN’naGMBIKuNsm,tþ nigKuNvibtþén database management system?

rrYss
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