Venturimeter and

orificemeter
Kongu polytechnic college
C.Srikanth
Venturimeter Indroduction

 The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid
flows through a constricted section (or choke) of a pipe. The Venturi effect is
named after its discoverer, the 18 th-century Italian physicist Giovanni Battista
Venturi.
Background

 In inviscid fluid dynamics, an incompressible fluid’s velocity must increase as

it passes through a constriction in accord with the principle of mass
continuity, while its static pressure must decrease in accord with the principle
of conservation of mechanical energy (Bernoulli’s principle). Thus, any gain in
kinetic energy a fluid may attain by its increased velocity through a
constriction is balanced by a drop in pressure.
 By measuring pressure, the flow rate can be determined, as in various flow
measurement devices such as Venturi meters, Venturi nozzles and orifice
plates.
Venturi tube

 The simplest apparatus is a tubular setup known as a Venturi tube or simply a

Venturi (plural: “Venturis” or occasionally “Venturies”). Fluid flows through a
length of pipe of varying diameter. To avoid undue aerodynamic drag, a
Venturi tube typically has an entry cone of 30 degrees and an exit cone of 5
degrees.
 Venturi tubes are often used in processes where permanent pressure loss is
not tolerable and where maximum accuracy is needed in case of highly
viscous liquids.
Orificemeter Introduction

 An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, for reducing
pressure or for restricting flow (in the latter two cases it is often called a
restriction plate).
 Body orifice, any opening in the body of a human or animal
 Orifice plate, a restriction used to measure flow or to control pressure or
flow, sometimes given specialised names:
 Calibrated orifice, used to control pressure or flow
 Restrictive flow orifice, used to control flow
 Miss Shilling’s orifice, used to control flow in the engines of early Spitfire and
Hurricane fighter aeroplanes
 Back Orifice, a controversial computer program designed for remote system
administration
Application

 Orifice plates are most commonly used to measure flow rates in pipes, when
the fluid is single-phase (rather than being a mixture of gases and liquids, or
of liquids and solids) and well-mixed, the flow is continuous rather than
pulsating, the fluid occupies the entire pipe (precluding silt or trapped gas),
the flow profile is even and well-developed and the fluid and flow rate meet
certain other conditions. Under these circumstances and when the orifice
plate is constructed and installed according to appropriate standards, the
flow rate can easily be determined using published formulae based on
substantial research and published in industry, national and international
standards.
 An orifice plate is called a calibrated orifice if it has been calibrated with an
appropriate fluid flow and a traceable flow measurement device.
 Description
 An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in it, which is usually placed in a
pipe. When a fluid (whether liquid or gaseous) passes through the orifice, its
pressure builds up slightly upstream of the orifice[1] but as the fluid is forced
to converge to pass through the hole, the velocity increases and the fluid
pressure decreases. A little downstream of the orifice the flow reaches its
point of maximum convergence, the vena contracta (see drawing to the right)
where the velocity reaches its maximum and the pressure reaches its
minimum. Beyond that, the flow expands, the velocity falls and the pressure
increases. By measuring the difference in fluid pressure across tappings
upstream and downstream of the plate, the flow rate can be obtained from
Bernoulli’s equation using coefficients established from extensive research.[