1. What is an animal?

An animal is any living organism that are multicellular eukaryote lacking a cell wall that
eventually forms all 7 organ systems.
2. Why is cephalization important?
Cephalization is the development of the anterior head area containing nerves and brain-like
structures. It is important as it allows important senses to be concentrated in a specific area
which increases intelligence and response speed to stimuli and the environment.
3. Describe the tentacles of a squid.
They have a total of 10 tentacles, with two larger ones. Tentacles have suction cups that let
them hold onto their prey, like an echninoderm. Especially for prey capture and feeding.
4. Describe an octopus in terms of symmetry, cephalization, body cavity, and cell
specialization. What group (phyla) would you put them into?
Octopuses are bilaterally symmetrical with radial symmetry of their arms around their mouth.
They have the most complex brain of any invertebrate with 9 brains that allow advanced nerve
concentrated control and response to stimuli. Their body cavity is triploblastic and they are
coelomate with a true coelom (all advanced invertebrates have a true coelom) and mesoderm.
Their cells are specialized too. I would put them into phylum mollusca due to their advanced
coleom and organ systems, specifically in subphylum cephalopod.
5. What is the benefit of segmentation?
Segmentation allows more controllable movement and different joints that are able to move,
unlike non-segmented animals such as Platyhelminthes that cannot move in a controlled
manner. Each segment has its own nerves and muscle tissues, which lets the organism have
better and efficient movement. Segmentation also allows the animal to develop more body
parts, and in some, aids in regeneration.

6. Give three reasons why a giant crab cannot emerge from the ground and attack Tokyo
For one, crabs cannot reach the giant height like the movies. Their locomotion is also restricted
to simple movements like crabs moving side to side, so it would be diffiult to “emerge” from the
ground as they do not have the joints for those actions.

7. Rank classes of arthropoda from most developed to least. Justify.

Insects (have been on earth the longest, most time to develop), crustaceans, chelicerata, etc.
8. Why are coelomates superior to other body plans.
Coelomates are triploblastic, meaning they have an endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. They
also have a body cavity which is formed in the mesoderm that allows better organization of
different organs and body systems. It also is important as it holds up the central gut in animals;
without being coelomate, the lack of space would cause the animal to have limited space to
grow. Coelomates also have more surface area in their body cavity for circulation and gas
exchange, as well as waste removal.
9. Describe the importance of the water vascular system in sea stars
The water vascular system is crucial to the survivability of sea stars. They use their water
vascular system to transport nutrients, locomotion, and gas exchange, as well as catch food by
suctioning their tube feet onto clams and releasing water with one leg to create suction from
the water potential of the circulating water. They have a water vascular system instead of
pumping blood like other organisms, and it keeps them living and functioning.
10. List the parts and functions of the earthworm digestive system.
They have their mouth which they use to eat dirt and take its nutrients down the pharynx which
takes the dirt into the esophagus, then the crop that stores food connected to the gizzard that
use ingested stones to grind up the dirt and separates its nutrients, then is further chemically
broken down by the intestines, where nutrients are absorbed by the bloodstream and walls and
leftover waste is excreted through the anus.
11. Leeches are well-developed, specialized animals. Give support.
They adapted suckers that enable them to suck blood for food. They can also carry 10x their
weight in blood. (cont.)
12. Why were sponges mistaken for plants
Because they were non-motile and sessile (attached to the ground), as well as lacking major
organs and frequent branching. They were found to be animals after changes in their water
currents and diameter of their opening to their central cavity.
13. Describe cnidarian reproduction
Cnidarians reproduce asexually and sexually, based on their stage of either a medusa or polyp.
In the polyp stage, they reproduce asexually by budding or splitting in half usually, sometimes
producing gametes and reproducing sexually. Medusas reproduce sexually through eggs and
sperm. They are hermaphrodites and can produce both sperm and egg from the same
organism.
14. Why can tapeworms lack a digestive system? What is the benefit of this?
Tapeworms can lack a digestive system as they have adapted to feeding from already digested
food in humans. It allows them to not need a specialized digestive system
15. Give 3 reasons why cephalopods are considered to be the most advanced mollusks.
They have advanced cephalization and have 9 brains in an organism (octopi),
16. Why are worms on cement often found dead?
Because worms and annelida breathe through their skin, so they must be kept moist and wet to
not dry out (in the soil). If they are on the cement, they cannot breathe and quickly die as they
shrivel and dry up from sunlight and lack of moisture from the soil.
17. How do spiders trap, kill and eat their prey
Spiders create webs or webbed burrows and wait for their prey to get caught on the sticky
webbing. They then inject venom from their fangs in the caught prey to paralyze them and
cause their insides to turn to liquid, which the spider sucks up.
18. Chooses a parasitic animal and describe its life cycle
Ascarsis, a type of parasitic roundworm (nematoda) lay their eggs in uncooked meat, dirty
veggies and other unsanitary foods which are ingested by humans and hatched in intestines.
The parasitic worms then penetrate the digestive lining into the blood and crawls into the lungs
when they need oxygen. Ascaris also penetrates mouth and trachea, and cause the cough up of
blood. The worms pop albeoli and make their way up the airway, where they are yet again
swallowed.
19. A porifera is placed in a container of green water, made of yellow and blue particles.
After a while, you notice that the container’s water is slowly going yellow. What do you
think is happening? What cells power this process?
Porifera filter water for bacteria and tiny particles through their pores on their outer layer. Collar
cells and amoebocytes, cells for cell movement and nutrient delivery, power this process by
inducing intake of water and release of less nutrient rich water.
20. What are bivium?
A bivium are the two rays on one side of an echinoderm closest to the madreporite, which is a
pore that releases water from the echinoderm, or sea star, aiding in the water vascular system.
21. What is the coolest thing about comb jellies?
Comb jellies get their name from eight rows of plates made of fused cilia that they use to move
through the water, which is how they got the name COMB jellies.
22. How could you find the ventral side of an earthworm?
You can find it by finding the sperm grooves on the bottom of the earthworm, as the ventral
side is the side facing the ground for an earthworm. If cut open, you can see the ventral side by
locating the ventral nerve cord that exists along the earthworms body.
23. How do insects reproduce?
They reproduce through internal feritlization, where sperm is transferred to a female in a “bag”
(spermatophore) from secreted male systems. Insects can also reproduce asexually.