ENZYMES

Are proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies.
They build some substances and break others down. All living things have enzymes.
Our bodies naturally produce enzymes. One of the most important roles of enzymes is
to aid in digestion. Digestion is the process of turning the food we eat into energy.

Numerous enzymes can be found inside each cell of the human body.
Each cell's internal chemical operations can be aided by enzymes.
Each enzyme can be recycled multiple times by a cell because they are not damaged
throughout the process. Specific tasks that are essential to the body's operation and
general health are assisted by enzymes
ENZYME ACTION

An enzyme attracts substrates to its active site, catalyzes the chemical reaction by
which products are formed, and then allows the products to dissociate (separate from
the enzyme surface). The combination formed by an enzyme and its substrates is called
the enzyme–substrate complex. When two substrates and one enzyme are involved,
the complex is called a ternary complex; one substrate and one enzyme are called a
binary complex. The substrates are attracted to the active site by electrostatic and
hydrophobic forces, which are called noncovalent bonds because they are physical
attractions and not chemical bonds.
Examples of Enzyme Action:
The enzyme sucrase breaks down a sugar called sucrose. Lactase breaks down
lactose, a kind of sugar found in milk products. Some of the most common
digestive enzymes are: Carbohydrase breaks down carbohydrates into sugars

MOLECULAR LEVEL REACTION

-MECHANISM OF ENZYME REACTION-

ENZYME-SUBSTRATE COMPLEX
(ENZYME CATALYST CHEMICAL REACTIONS)
An enzyme molecule (E) and the substrate molecule or molecules (S) collide and react
to form an intermediate compound called the enzyme-substrate (E–S) complex. (This
step is reversible because the complex can break apart into the original substrate or
substrates and the free enzyme.) Once the E–S complex forms, the enzyme is able to
catalyze the formation of product (P), which is then released from the enzyme surface:

The complex of the enzyme and substrate is held together by hydrogen bonds as well
as other electrostatic interactions. On the enzyme surface, there is a cleft or pocket
where the structural elements or functional groups involved in these interactions are
found. The enzyme's active site is this area where the enzyme mixes with the substrate
and converts it to a product.

Active site
Is the part of an enzyme that directly binds to a substrate and carries a reaction. It
contains catalytic groups which are amino acids that promote formation and degradation
of bonds.
LOCK AND KEY MODEL
- Lock-and-key model is a model for enzyme-substrate interaction suggesting
that the enzyme and the substrate possess specific complementary geometric
shapes that fit exactly into one another.
- This hypothesis was proposed by Emil Fischer in 1894