Name: Jhazel Mae C.

Maturan_________ Rating: __________________________

Laboratory Schedule: T TH: 4:00PM-5:00PM Date performed: September 1 – 7, 2023
Instructor: Daryl Salas

Exercise 2
SCIENTIFIC METHOD

I. INTRODUCTION
The scientific method is a systematic way of solving a problem. It may vary from one field
of inquiry to another, but the basic steps are the same. The essential steps consist of the following:
(1) Defining a problem, (2) Formulation of hypothesis, (3) Testing of hypothesis, and (4) Drawing
of logical conclusion.

A problem is defined when a question based on observation will arise (how, who, what,
where, which, and why). Observation must be done through collections of data by gathering
observable and measurable evidence. A hypothesis is an educated guess that will explain the
tentative solution to the problem. It is often started to show the relationship between cause "if"
and effect "then. The hypothesis can be tested through experiments and further observations.
Then a logical conclusion based on the results will be formulated.

This process sometimes involves accepting or rejecting the hypothesis. Sometimes it

requires that the hypothesis should be modified in the light of new things. Should this be the case,
the hypothesis could be tested anew.

II. Objectives:

III. Materials:
Mongo seed (Vigna radiata) water
Ballpen/prencil with eraser 6 small empty cans (preferably sardine can
Record notebook 3 pieces black cellophane
garden soil graphing paper

IV. PROCEDURE
1. Prepare six (6) small empty sardine cans with moist garden soil.
2. Plant 10 mongo seeds about 1 centimeter below the surface of the soil in each can.
3. Label three (3) cans as "illuminated" (Treatment A) and the remaining three (3) cans as
"unilluminated" (Treatment B).
 4. Place the cans labeled "illuminated” in an area exposed to sunlight and cover the cans
labeled "unilluminated" with black cellophane or keep them in a dark place.
5. Allow two (2) days for germination and initial development. Water the cans daily or if
necessary and record any observations made.
6. Starting on the third day of the experiment, measure the height (in centimeters) of five
(5) plants per can for five (5) days using a ruler.
7. Record the heights of the plants in a record notebook. Follow the same procedure daily
until Day 5.
8. Take note also of the color of the stem and leaves and the general conditions of the
plants as Day 1 data.
9. Tabulate your observations (See Tables 1 and 2). Using a graphing paper, graph the data
on the mean height of the plants against the number of days. Do this experiment for
seven days (7) days.
10. Make a scientific report that includes the following: State of the problem, Hypothesis,
Methodology, Results, Observations, Discussion of Results, Conclusion, and
References/Literature Cited. Do this by accomplishing the attached Data sheet below.

SCIENTIFIC REPORT:

1. Statement of the problem

2. Hypothesis
3. Materials and methods
4. Results and Observations: Write your results and observations as part of the
scientific report.

Statement of the Problem

In general, this experimental research seeks to determine whether there is a significant

difference between the illuminated and unilluminated mongo seeds in 5-days.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the mean height of unilluminated monggo plants per day in 5 days?

2. What is the mean height of illuminated mongo plants per day in 5 days?

3. Is there a significant difference between the average height of unilluminated and

illuminated mongo plants after 5 days?
Hypothesis:

𝑯𝟎 = There is no significant difference between the average height of illuminated and

unilluminated plants per day in 5 days.

Materials and Methods

For the materials, the researchers used monggo seeds, 6 sardine cans, as well as a very
fertile soil that contained rice hull, making the soil healthy for growing plants as well and also acts
as an organic fertilizer to the plants both for illuminated and unilluminated plants for faster results.
Moreover, rice hulls boost up germination or even after germination in 1-3 days, allowing the plants
to grow more vital and healthier (Trail, n.d.). The 6 sardine cans is divided into half, making 3 cans
for illuminated monggo plants and another 3 cans for unilluminated monggo plants. The cans are
watered daily to make sure that the soil is most, allowing them to grow. To measure the average
height of the plants, the researchers used a ruler to measure the height in centimeters.

The researchers used the True experimental research design. Meaning, the researchers
contained two types of groups for this study: The experimental, and the control group. The control
group was the illuminated monggo plants, and the experimental group was the unilluminated
monggo plants. The unilluminated monggo plants were put into a dark area of the room, as well
as partially covered with a black cellophane. This way, the researchers can establish the significant
difference between the two and can answer the following research questions. The duration of the
experiment took only 5 days to determine the result of the experiment. To test the hypothesis, the
researchers used a graph to compare the difference between the illuminated and unilluminated
monggo seeds to test the hypothesis.

A. Drawing of the one-week-old "illuminated" and "unilluminated" mongo set-up.

Illuminated mongo set-up Unilluminated mongo set-up
B. Table 1. Height (cm) of the plants in Treatment A (illuminated) within the 5-day measured
period.

Plant No.1 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
1 1.4 1.7 1.1 15 13.5 15 18.5 19.6 18.2 22.6 23 23 25 24 24
2 0.9 1.7 1.0 14.2 13.5 14 18 18.5 19 20 22.8 22 22 25 23.3
3 1.1 2.0 0.7 14 15 9 18.5 18.3 16 22.6 22.4 21.5 25 24.5 22.5
4 1.4 2.4 1.3 14.5 16 14 18.2 18 13.5 20.5 22 19 21.5 22.5 20.5
5 1 2.4 1.3 15 16 14 18.3 18 12.5 21 21 18.5 21 23 20.5
Total 5.8 10.2 5.4 72.7 74 56 91.5 92.4 79.2 106.7 111.2 104 115 119 110.8
Average 1.16 2.04 1.08 14.54 14.8 11.2 18.3 18.48 15.84 21.34 22.24 20.8 23 23.8 22.16
Height
Mean (for the 1.43 13.51 17.54 21.46 22.99
3 replicates)
Stem and Leaf Stem: White Stem: Gray – Stem: White Stem: White Stem: White-
Color Leaf: Yellow Pale White Leaf: Yellow (but Leaf: Now light- whitish green
Leaf: Yellow turned light green due to little or
green on the way indirect
to the University exposure to
lab) sun-light

Leaf: Light-
green
General - Healthy - The plant was - The stem is long - Needed - The stem is
Conditions of in a very dark and fragile, and support to a long, thin, and
Plants - Monggo seed room, making cannot stand on standee. not sturdy, and
covering is the plant grow its own without a needed a
yellow faster and support/standee - Some stems support or a
looking for are so fragile standee to keep
- The stem is sunlight. - The leaves are that they are the stem from
long and thin closed, thin, and almost cutted bending or
- Easy to smaller off and needed a breaking.
bend/Fragile compared to scotchtape.
illuminated. - The leaves are
- Leaves are - The leaves are small and
closed and thin. small and closed.
closed.
C. Table 2. Height (cm) of the plants in Treatment B (unilluminated) within the 5-day measured
period.

Plant No.1 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3 R1 R2 R3
1 0.4 1.0 1.0 4.5 5.5 5 6 9.5 8.5 7.5 10.8 9.2 7.5 11.7 10
2 0.5 1.0 1.2 5 5.5 5.5 5.5 8.5 7.8 7 10.5 8.8 7 11.5 9.5
3 0.3 0.9 1.0 3 5 5 5 8.5 8 6.5 10.5 8.9 6.6 11 9
4 0.4 1.1 1.4 4.5 5.5 6 4.8 8 7 6 9 8 6.5 10.5 9
5 0.4 1.0 1.0 3.9 7.5 5.4 4 7.5 7.5 5.5 8.5 8.4 5.8 9.5 8.5
Total 2 5 5.6 20.9 29 26.9 25.3 42 38.8 32.5 49.3 43.3 33.4 54.2 46
Average Height 0.4 1 1.12 4.18 5.8 5.38 5.06 8.4 7.76 6.5 9.86 8.66 6.68 10.84 9.2
Mean (for the 3 0.84 5.12 7.07 8.34 8.91
replicates)
Stem and Leaf Stem: Purple Stem: Purple Stem: Purple Stem: Purple Stem: Purple
Color Leaf: Green Leaf: Green (lower part) and (lower part), (lower part),
green (upper and green and green
part) (upper part) (upper part)
Leaf: Green Leaf: Green Leaf: Green
General - Mongo seed - The plant is - The plants are - The plants are - The stem is
Conditions of cover is white very sturdy sturdy still sturdy but sturdy
Plants to green. some are a bit
- The leaves are - The stem is bent. - The leaves are
- The plant is a bit bigger short in length - The stems are large and wide
healthy, compared to short in length open.
unilluminated - The leaves are compared to
ones. large and wide unilluminated, - The stem is
open. but the leaves short in length
are large and but has a strong
wide. foundation.

- The
foundation is
still good and
still doesn’t
need a standee.
Figure 1. Daily variation in mean height of the seedlings in Treatment A and Treatment B

Average height of the seedlings in Treatment A and Treatment B

25

20

15

10

0
Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

Treatment A (lluminated) Treatment B (Unilluminated)

Legend:

Treatment A

Treatment B

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section tackles the results and discussion of the said study

1. What is the mean height of unilluminated monggo plants per day in 5 days?
The results reveal that the average height of unilluminated monggo plants per day in 5 days
revealed a longer height compared to the illuminated monggo plants. The results were as
follows: 1.43 cm, 13.51 cm, 17.54 cm, 21.46 cm, and 24.99 cm. The height of the unilluminated
monggo plants grew distinct over time, particularly on Day 2 where it grew to a whopping 13.51
cm. This result meant that the unilluminated monggo plant grew as it looked for sunlight as
well as the need for photosynthesis. Not only that, but the color of the leaves is yellow, and the
color of the stem is white as well, meaning the plant looked malnourished on the outside as it
lacked energy exchange, which is why it’s easy to bend at the 2nd till the 5th day. The following
observation is supported by Ward (2020) as his study also revealed that monggo beans that
grew in dark areas often spend much more cellular respiration to grow taller just to look for
sunlight, but at the same time grow significantly weaker knowing that their energy overtime is
lacking as they lacked the proper photosynthesis.
 Not only that, but the results also relate to the statement of Jerett (2021), aligning to the fact
that plants conserve their energy by constant cellular respiration, as an alternative for keeping
the plant growing and taller to find that light to undergo photosynthesis. Moreover, Jerett
(2021) added that plants have limited chemical energy In the dark, supporting the result of a
fragile stem, yellow leaves, as well as the fast growth of the stem. On the 3 rd to 5th day, it got
direct exposure to sunlight, which again, allowed photosynthesis to take place, finally giving the
leaves green hue.
2. What is the mean height of illuminated monggo plants per day in 5 days?

The mean height of illuminated mongo plants per day in 5 days are as follows: Day 1: 0.84 cm,
Day 2: 5.12 cm, Day 3: 7.07 cm, Day 4: 8.34 cm, Day 5: 8.91 cm - The plants developed a lot
from Day 1 to Day 2, about 12.08 cm. - From Day 2 to Day 3, they continued to grow, although
only by about 4.03 cm. - Continuing this pattern, they grew 3.92 cm from Day 3 to Day 4. - Finally,
from Day 4 to Day 5, they expanded little more, about 1.53 cm. So, the illuminated mongo
plants grew the most between Day 1 and Day 2, and then their growth continually slowed over
the next few days. As supported by Kirkland (n.d.), The light reduces the length of the stem by
sending hormones downward from the tip. Hormones are not blocking stem growth in the dark.
Therefore, it explains why the growth of the illuminated mung beans are being slowed.

VI. QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER THOUGHT AND STUDY

1. What is the importance of experimentation?
The significance of experimenting is that it allows us to broaden our knowledge by proving
hypotheses that will aid in the development of society or other aspects of our lives in the future.

2. Why should we keep a record of your data and observations?

We humans tend to forget. We require tools to check the outcomes of our observations on a regular
basis. We cannot recall specific information of data and observations if we do not make records of
them.

3. What is the basis for making your conclusions?

The results of our hypotheses serve as the basis for my conclusions. Before we can
conclude anything, we've discovered, we need satisfy the questions.

4. Does the amount of sunlight affect the growth and color of the plants? Why?
As indicated in our results and discussion, the amount of sunlight had an effect on the development
and color of the plants, with lighted plants growing slowly compared to unilluminated plants, which
grew quickly. So, a greater amount of light will make the plant healthier (as we have noticed); less
sunlight will make the plant taller (as we have also seen). The coloration differs as well; a greater
amount of light makes the plant more saturated than no/less sunlight exposure. The sun light
causes the plant to produces a high quantity of pigments such as chlorophyll, which explains why
the plant appears pale when there is no or little sun light.
 VII. CONCLUSION

Summing up, using the scientific method as a tool for problem solving or answering questions is
significant. Making such experiments is difficult, but following specific measures will certainly help you. It is
essential to come up with a hypothesis prior to conducting the activity in order to know and compare your
knowledge before and after performing the task. You will eventually be glad for learning something.

We observed major differences between lit and non-illuminated plants during our activities.
The lighter the plant receives, the greener and healthier it becomes, yet it grows slowly in height. On the
other hand, no/little sunlight is taken in by the plant, resulting in less saturation and a thinner stem, but
rapid growth in height. Because their stems are weak and easily bent, determining their height requires a
lot of caution. If we measure them carelessly, they will not be grown for the 5-day experiment.

As our activity ended, we learned about how sunlight impacts the growth and color of a plant,
particularly the mung bean.

References

Awaliah, Nadya (2023). The Effect of Light on Mung Beans (Vigta radiata L.) Growth. Department of
Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture Brawijaya University, Malang.
https://www.scribd.com/doc/315614095/The-Effect-of-Lights-on-The-Mung-Bean-Growth

Kirkland, P. (n.d.). March Phenomenon: Light vs. Darkness. // Center for STEM Education. Center for STEM
Education. https://stemeducation.nd.edu/resources/scientific-phenomena/april-phenomenon

Jerrett, A. (2023). Do Plants Grow Faster in Light or Dark? sciencing.com. Retrieved from
https://sciencing.com/do-plants-grow-faster-in-light-or-dark-
12380615.html?fbclid=IwAR2_rOJbL_kdtQnmyi47njFstMUMBCB0foSHxeI69LT4HhckILhSwEB64RI

Trail, P. (n.d.). Rice Hull Gold - 10 On-Farm uses of rice hulls. ECHOcommunity.
https://www.echocommunity.org/en/resources/9f9bcb3a-ed2e-4209-bf90-38a759ff3340

Ward, K. Mung bean lab report - examining the effect of light on growth. (2020, Jun 02). Retrieved from
http://studymoose.com/mung-bean-lab-report-examining-effect-light-growth-new-essay