DECLARATION BY PROJECT SUPERVISOR

PROJECT SUPERVISOR'S FULL NAME.

TSC/PERSONAL EMPLOYMENT NO.

INSTITUTION NAME

INSTITUTION CODE NO.

EXAMINATION SERIES

1. SUPERVISOR'S ROLE IN THE PROJECT

My role was:

2. DIRECT HELP AND REFERENCES TO WHICH THE CANDIDATE WAS REFFERED BY THE PROJECT SUPERVISOR

3.PROBLEM EXPERIENCED BY THRE CANDIDATE IN CARRYING OUT THE PROJECT

4.I hereby declare that:-

(a)I have supervised the project in accordance with the regulations of the Kenya National Examination council.

(b)The work presented by the candidate in the report which I have assessed is the candidate's own original and authentic work.

(c)There was no evidence of direct extermal assistance or help nor copying from other candidates.

(d)I will be held responsible and accountable for any irregularities that may be detected in the work I have assessed.

(e)I have been fair and objective in my assessment.

SIGNATURE.

DATE

2021 The Kenya National Examination Council

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Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..

DEDICATION........................

DECLARATION...........

CERTIFICATE OF SUPERVISION.....

CHAPTER ONE......

1.0 Introduction.......................

1.1 Branches of surveying....

1.1.0 Topographic surveying................

1.1.1 Curves......

1.1.2 General objective........

1.1.3 Specific objectives............................

1.1.4 Tasks..................

1.1.5 Justification of study.....................................

1.1.6 Scope and Limitation..............................

CHAPTER TWO...................

2.0Introduction........

2.1 Engineering surveying.

2.2 Curves..........

2.2.1 Horizontal curves....

2.2.2 Elements of a simple circular curve....

2.3 Curve setting procedure............

2.3.1 Data acquisition....................

2.3.2 Reconnaissance......
 2.4 Actual survey.................

2.4.1 Establishing of horizontal control.......

CHAPTER THREE..........

Methodology......

3.1Search data............. 13

3.2 Reconnaissance......................... 13

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3.3 Designing of the curve..

..13

3.4 Personnel.......

3.5 Traverse....................... .13

3.6 Traverse computations..............

3.7 curve setting.............. ...14

3.8 Co-ordinate data produced.................... 16

CHAPTER FOUR.................
17

4.0 Introduction...................
4.1 Data analysis.......... .17

4.2 Findings.......

4.3 Conclusion......................

4.4 Recommendation........
REFFERENCES..
18
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my gratitude to the many people who have assisted me in carrying out this project to a
successful.

My special thanks to Mr. Wainaina for assisting me on coming up with the project and on how to go about it, also
grateful for encouragement given to me by my fellow colleagues and thanks also goes to K.I.S.M community as a
whole for supporting me materially.

May God bless you, mightily.

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DEDICATION
I dedicate my regards to my brother, Christopher for the great assistance throughout my project and the accomplishment in undertaking my
course. I also pass my dedication to my parents for material and moral support in my academics.
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this trade project has been carried out through my own effort,research and find-ings.

NAME;GEOFFREY NDOCHA

SIGN;

DATE;

INDEX NO:4071030165

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CERTIFICATE OF SUPERVISION

I certify that this project has been supervised and submitted for the examination with the approval of my supervisor,

SUPERVISOR'S NAME;

SIGN;
DATE;

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ABSTRACT

The project entails a reverse cure at Kenya institute of Surveying and Mapping aimed at producing a reverse curve that will aid in the design

of a modern parking lot.It was achieved by providing horizontal control.This traverse was achieved by running a closed traverse from test 30

with opening orientation to test O and Kism 1.The traverse closed at Kism 6 with closing orientation of Kism 4 and Kism 5, with an accuracy

of 1:20,000, which is third order

Co-ordinate method of producing a curve was used to obtain the curve.The curve was plotted with the aid of auto card software and the

curve was produced.

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

Land surveying is the art and science of making measurement on relative positions of features on above or below the earth surface and
presenting the data numerically or graphically.

To major of engineers, surveying is the process of measuring length, height differences and angles on site either for the preparation of large
scale plans in order that engineering works can be located in their correct positions on the ground.

Surveying has occurred since human built the first large structures in ancient Egypt, arope stretcher would use simple geometry to re-
establish boundaries after the annual floods of the Nile river. The al-most perfect square and north south orientation of the great pyramid of
the Giza built(2700-BC,affirm the Egyptians command of surveying. The Groma instrument originated in Mesopotamia, early 1* mil-lennium
BC)the prehistoric monument at Stonehenge (C2500BC) was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry.

A mathematician Liu Hue described ways of measuring distant object in his work suenjing or the sea is-land mathematically manual
published in 263AD.

The roman recognized land survey as a profession.The established the basic measurement under which the roman Empire was divided
such as tax register of conquered lands (300AD). Roman surveyors were known as Gromatic.

In medieven Europe, beating the bounds maintained the boundaries of a village parish.This was practice

of gathering a group of residence and walking around the parish or village to establish a communal

memory of the boundaries. In England,Williams the conqueror commissioned the domes day book in

1080 it recorded the names of all the land owners, the areas of the land they owned, the quality of the

land and specific information of the area content and inhabitants, this did not include map showing ex-

act location.

With time the art of surveying has been modernized to more accurate instruments and more vigorous surveying techniques.

1.1 Branches of surveying

1.1.0 Topographic surveying

Topographic surveying is done to determine the natural features of the country and result in the pro-duction of topographic map of an area.

Hydrographic surveying-this is a type of surveying concerning mapping of information on water bodies such as mapping the bathymetric
contours under them.

Engineering survey-this is a type of survey requires for the preparation of design and drawings on engi-neering works like road construction.

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Cadastral survey-this is done in order to determine location and land boundaries.

Geodetic survey-this is carried out on national and international basis in order to locate point large dis-tant apart.

1.1.1 Curves

A curve is a smooth turning section of a road or railway which joins two straights of different gradients. It can be set on horizontal or vertical
ground. This project entails a proposal of a reversed curve on a road to be constructed which is to be set out to direct the vehicles to the
new parking lot.

Problem statement

In recent times the number of clients and employees vehicles at national titling center has increased, therefore there is need for parking slot.
An improved horizontal curve has to be set out to direct vehicles to the new parking slot.This will reduce congestion at Kenya institute of
surveying and mapping (KISM).

1.1.2 General objective

The main objective of the project is to set out a reversed curve at KISM compound.

1.1.3 Specific objectives

Setting out a reversed curve on the ground.

Plotting and designing of the curve.

1.1.4 Tasks

Search data

Reconnaissance

Horizontal control by traverse method

Plotting and designing of the curve

Setting out the curve on the ground

1.1.5 Justification of study

The finding of this project would be of importance to the civil engineers who composes the study of newly designed road to locate for the
designed curve and be able to build the designed section of the road.

1.1.6 Scope and Limitation

This project will be limited to setting out a reversed curve only and will not entail the supervision of the progress of the construction. Since
the available parking lot could not accommodate all the employees and the clients at the national titling center and the institute as it should
be. The main purpose of setting out a reversed curve is to enhance proper parking slot to create enough space for both employees and
clients to park their vehicles.

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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction

Surveying being an art of making relative large precise measurement with a minimum of accuracy and with a minimum of expenditure on
time and labor.Surveying has been classified into,

Geodetic survey-involves large areas on the earth surface and curvature is taken into consideration.

Plane survey- small areas are considered and it is also taken that the earth is flat, surveying has been grouped into the following branches,

Cadastral surveying

Topographic surveying

Engineering surveying

Hydrographic surveying

2.1 Engineering surveying

This surveying is an important disciplinary that serves construction projects such as building,highways tunnel for transport system and utility
system, harbors and bridges.

Engineering survey involves,

Project planning
Quality control of construction projects to enable the projects progress according to their design sand and give tolerances.Monitoring the
performance and health condition of completed structures and fa-cilities.

2.2 Curves

Curves are provided whenever road changes direction from left to right and vice versa. Curves is a criti-cal element in pavement
design.They are provided with maximum speed limit that should be followed strictly.Following speed limit becomes essential as the exceed
in speed may lead to the changes in vehi-cle becoming out of control while negotiating a turn and thus increase odds of fatal accidents.

There are two types of curves provided primarily for the comfort and ease of motorists in the road namely,

Horizontal curves

·Vertical curves

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2.2.1 Horizontal curves

Horizontal curves are provided in the road to change the direction or alignment of a road.Horizontal curves are the provision of a gradual
change in direction.Horizontal curves are grouped into;

a)Horizontal curves
A simple arc provided in the road to impose a curve between the two straights.

b)Compound curves
This is the combination of two simple curves combined together to a curve in the same direction.

c)Reverse curve
Combination of two simple curves combined together to a curve in different directions.

d) Transition or spiral curve

A curve that has a varying radius. It is provided with a simple curve and between the simple curves in a certain curve. Two forces normally
act on the vehicles first force which attract the vehicle towards the ground is gravity. The second is centripetal force, which is an external
force required to keep on curve path.

2.2.2 Elements of a simple circular curve

1. Intersection point of the two straights (1)

Intersection(Q)

III. Tangents point(T1,T2)

IV.Tangent distance (T1-1 andT2,1)=R tan Q/2

V.Chord distance (T1,B,T2)=2 R sin Q/2

VI. Arc distance(T1AT2)=RQπ/180

VII. Radius of the curve(R)

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VIII. Apex distance (IA)=R(sect/2-1)

IX. Rise(verse sine) (AB)=R(1-cos Q/2)

X. Centre of the arc circle(O)

Full chords:pegs are fixed of regular interval along the curve.Each interval is equal to the length of a unit chord.Chords are represented
by a series of chord instead of arcs.The unit should be 20m or less.

Initial sub-chord sometimes the chain age of the first tangent point workout to be very odd number.To make it round number, a short
chord is introduced at the start of the curve.

2.2.3 Vertical curve

Vertical curve is provided to change the slope on the road and may or may not be symmetrical. They are parabolic and not circular like
horizontal curves.

Identifying the proper grade and the safe passing sight distance is the main design criteria of the vertical curve in crest vertical curve
the length should be enough to provide safe stopping sight and sag vertical curve the length is important as it influences the factor such
as headlight sight distance ride comfort and drainage requirements.

Vertical curves have been categorized into;

a) Sag curve;are those which change the alignment of the road from uphill to downhill.

b) Crest/summit curve; crest curves are those which change alignment of the road from downhill to uphill.
PVI

PVC

Gradients are usually expressed as a percentage, therefore when gradient are expressed as a percentage,therefore when gradient are
expressed as a ratio, it is necessary to change them to percentage for calculation reason. The algebraic difference between the
intersection gradients is known as the grade angle.

The grade angle between a 2% raising gradient and 3% falling gradient will be given by(+2-3) =5%.

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2.3.2 Reconnaissance
 This is the pre-visit of the area of interest in order to have a general over view or picture of what is required.It helps in
determining the position of locating the new control points in the re and also know what else is needed during survey
or before.

2.4 Actual survey

2.4.1 Establishing of horizontal control

This is the establishing of all the plan metric positions (northing sang easting)of specific control point.

This can be achieved through different methods as shown below.

2.4.2 Transverse

A transverse is an ordinary sequence of consecutive survey lines, lights and directions which have been determined field
measurements. The new methods are field to the main control points for orientation at the start and at the end for checks since it
is the principal of survey that all survey works must be checked.

Transverse networks have many advantages including;

A transverse can change to any shape and thus can accommodate a great deal of different ter-rains.

Only a few observations need to be taken at each station unlike other survey networks where both angular and linear
observations are made.

Transverse networks are free of the strait of figure consideration that happens in triangular sys-tems.

Scale error does not add up as transverse is performed. Azimuth swing error can also be re-duced by increasing distance
between stations.

1.Classified according to type.

Closed transverse.

This is a type of transverse that open at a known point and closes of another known control point.

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 Open transverse

transverse

It is also referred to as swinging transverse, hanging transverse, flying transverse.This is a that opens at a known control point but does not
close at any known point.

Loop transverse

It is also known as polygon transverse. This is a transverse which opens and closes at the same known point hence forming a polygon.

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2.Classified according to accuracy

First order,this is the highest ranked transverse in the accuracy classification category,the accuracy re-quired is 1:100000

Second order, this is also like the first order transverse but lower accuracy of between 1:50000-1:100000

Third order,this is the lowest order of all transverses.

There use is restricted to picking or fixing details in local survey, there accuracy is above 1:100000

3.According to instrument used.

1. Theodolite transverse

11. Compass transverse

II1. EDM transverse

IV.Sub-tense transverse

4. Classified according to the purpose of transverse e.g.cadastral

Triangulation: This is a surveying system that consists of a series of joined triangles lied over the ground in which all angles at the same
vertices of a triangle are measured and at least the length of one side is measured.

Trilateration: this is similar to triangulation in arrangement on the ground except that distance meas-urement for the sides
distance of triangle are taken instead of angles.
Global positioning systems; this is a system that uses receives to track data for satellite and compute position on the ground.

2.5 Methods of traversing

1. Plane table transforming

Chain traverse

Compass transverse

IV.Theodolite traversing

The most commonly used and also the most accurate is the theodolite traverse. It uses theodolite to measure angles (bearing to points) and
EDM to measure distances to points/lengths.

2.6 Sources of errors in traversing

2.6.1 Instrumental errors

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Non-adjust of plate bubble

Horizontal axis not being perpendicular to the vertical axis

Eccentricity of the inner and outer axis

Line of collimation not being perpendicular to the horizontal axis

2.6.2 Personal errors

The surveyor may not center the machine perfectly

Failure to level the instrument accurately

Poor bisection at the tangent

Poor focusing to avoid parallax

Poor booking by the surveyor assistant

2.6.3 Natural errors

High temperatures may cause irregular reflection thus developing errors

Strong winds cause vibration in the instrument leading to the wrong Vanier readings

2.6.4 Errors in adjustment of transverse

There are different methods of adjusting the transverse which include;

a) Bowditch's method

In this method the total error in the northing and easting is distributed in their proportion to the length of the curve.Corrections for the
northing= length of the transverse/total length x northing transverse.

Correction for easting= length of the transverse/total length x easting misclosure.

b)Transit rule

This method is used to adjust the transverse where angular measurements are more precise than the linear measurements.

Corrections for northing=northing of the station/arithmetic sum of all northing x total error in northing.

Correction for easting = easting of the station/arithmetic sum of all easting x total error in easting

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c)The third rule

Correction for northing=northing of the station/sum of all northing x2/2 (total error in northing)

Correction of easting= easting of the station/sum of easting'sx2/2(the total error in easting)

2.7 Transverse accuracy

This is computed for determination of accuracies for any measurement in transverse.

Accuracy= ✓dn2+de2

)distance

Where:dn=total change in northing

dn=total change in easting

2.8 Setting out curves

This is the process of establishing the Centre of a curve on the ground by means of pegs at interval 10-30 m.tangents and intersections
points are fixed on the ground correctly as per their positions.These tangent points are fixed such that they are of equal length.

2.8.1 Methods of setting out curves

1.Tracking from the chords

In the method offsets are taken from long chords towards point T1 and point T2 at the same standard length in order to make the position of
the curve. To determine their value of Y, the following formula is used;

Y=(R2b-X2)-(R2-(1/2)2)

Where R=the radius of the curve

X=standard chord distance

L=long chord length

2.Taking offsets from tangent

This is the method where tangent lengths are used to establish the point of the curve.The method is also suitable for short curves as in the
case of offsets from the long chord. In determining the value of Y, the following is used;

Y=X2/2R

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Where x=offset interval

R=Radius of the curve

3.Offsets from chord produce.

This method is applicable when the length and radius are very short.The assumption made is that the arc length is nearly equal to the
length of corresponding chord.For such assumption to work,the length should not exceed R/20 most used for low.

4. Deflection angle method (Rankine's method) theodolite and tape use.

In these methods deflection angles used to set out the curve, the method is common in curve setting.It is suitable for long curves and also
of high accuracy. Setting out data for the method includes computing of the angles for the chords. The tangent length and arc length are
also computed.To calculate the set-ting out angle, the following formula is used.

=11A/2Rx180/π
Where;11A=the standard chord length between any two successive curve points. The general formula now become,

D=C/2Rx180/π
Where C represents distance of the chord T1A

5.Setting out using total station.

In this method data is computed in similar way as theodolite and tape method but the chord distance from the tangent are computed using
the formula;

C=2Rsine
Where R is radius of the curve

θ is the total deflection angle for each point on curve.

2.9 Important setting out data.

Tangent length

Deflection angle

Apex angle

First sub-chord

Last/final sub-chord

Tangent points

Radius of the curve

Long chord

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CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

This involves field procedures that were adapted in data collection analysis and presentation.It shows step by step
all the methods and ways in which the raw data was obtained.It indicates the kind of equipment used and the
accuracy of the data obtained using the equipment.

3.1 Search data

The plan of the area of interest was obtained from survey plan FR NUMBER 283/18 records.All the boundaries
with corner co-ordinates of the beacon were shown on the plan.Some of the old control points were visible on the
plan and this helped in designing the curve in the area of interest.

3.2 Reconnaissance

This is prior visit to the area before the actual work starts.This enables the proper planning of the work on the actual day.This plan involves
determining of the old control points, man power requirement and other tools that may be required, also proposal and making of new
stations are crucial after determining the old control points

Test 30,was selected for starting/appending the transverse while KISM 6 was chosen to end/close the traverse

3.3 Designing of the curve.

The curve was designed to join the two straights (A-i).Tangent lengths were designed to be 25.534m and the curve is to begin from (l-A) T1
and end at T3 on line (l-D). T1was designed to start 36.601m from 1.

3.4 Personnel

This project involved five people in total. These being 1 (the surveyor),Geoffrey,(booker) and other three were interchanging the role in
carrying the instruments and clearing the obstacles along the line of sight.

3.5 Traverse

During reconnaissance there were enough control points identified on the ground and closed control was adapted. The traverse opened at
TEST 30 and checked with KISM 1.Then run through TR 1,TR 02, TR 03,KISM 4,TR 05,TR 06, TR 07 and closed to KISM 6 oriented to
KISM5 and KISM 7.

3.6 Traverse computations

The data obtained after field practice had a misclosure of-01'18" after reduction and bearing sheet pre-pared which was relied in

traverse.Computations which finally achieved a change of-0.09 in nothings and-0.03 in easting's,with this change an accuracy of 1: 10000

was achieved.Reduced bearings from

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the bearing sheet and distances from the field notes where used in computing this co-ordinate in refer-ence to TEST 30 and KISM 6 as the

control points.After getting these changes they are sum up getting nothing and easting individually.The summation is then added to the co-

ordinates of the control point of TEST 30 of which it is the coordinates of KISM 6 as by transverse.

Comparison between;KISM 6 as by datum and TEST 30 as by the transverse is done of which small er-rors are distributed by Bowditch

method,hence with distribution of these errors coordinates if all new points are identified.
3.7 curve setting

The two curves were designed to start at T1 and end at T2 (first curve) and the second curve to start at

T2 and end at T3. Line (I-T1) along (A-1) and (I-T3) along (I-D) were designed to be the tangents of the curve.

Since KISM 1, and KISM 7 and TEST O are known by their coordinates. The angle of intersection point was obtained and these helped to

determine the following since the radius of the first curve, arc length of the first curve and the radius of the second curve were designed to

be 100m, 50m respectively.

Tangent length(first curve)=25.534m

Deflection angle of the first curve)=28°38'52"

Standard chord=5m

Arc length (first curve) =50m

Long chord length(first curve)=30m

Full chords(first curve)=10

Tangent Length(second curve)=25.534m

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Deflection Angle(second curve)28°38'52"

Arc Length (second curve)=40.00m

Long chord(second curve)=20.00m

Using the above data, setting out angles was obtained using the following formula;

D=c/2R.180/π

Where c=chord length

Using the above setting out angles, the bearing of the ray from T1 to P1,P2,P3,P4,P5,P6,P7,P8,P9 and T2(first curve) and T2 to P11, P12,

P13, P14, P15, P16, P17 and T3 (second curve) were computed relatively to T1-1. Distances to curve points were obtained using the

formulae D=2Rsine
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3.8 Co-ordinate data produced

Using the bearing and distances obtained as follows;

Nothing's(-Y) Easting(-X) Point description

-138129.92 -16096.49 T1(start of the curve)

-138132.53 -16092.23 P1

-138135.35 -16088.10 P2

-138138.37 -16084.11 P3

-138141.59 -16084.29 P4

-138144.99 -16076.62 P5

-138148.58 -16073.14 P6

-138152.33 -16069.83 P7

-138156.24 -16066.72 P8

-138160.31 -16063.81 P9

-138164.51 -16061.11
T2(End of first curve and

start of

the second curve)

-138164.70 -16058.38 P11

-138172.71 -16055.39 P12

-138176.52 -16052.16 P13

-138180.13 -16048.70 P14

-138183.51 -16045.01 P15

-138186.65 -16041.13 P16

-138189.55 -16037.05 P17

-138192.19 -16032.80 T3(End of the second curve)

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SURVEY COMPUTATIONS Page No.

SURVEY FORM C/22

observed
tation
onented provisiunal Final
Beuring misclosure
correchan Bearing
@Tes+30
Bearing correction
85°44'14"

kismi +2" 85°44'16

142° HS
142° 45'16"
TeSTO
17"
Tri 328° l0' 328° 16' 5o"
328° si"
Tri -1" -1" 302°54'17"
16' 50" 302°54
(+1" '19 -2" 319° 49' 25"
148° "+3"
est 30
16' 48 "+3"
r2
15"+4"
Tr2. 302°
4"+4
5L' 16
22"+6"
122° 42"+6 9°49'28'-
Tri 54' 43"+5" 3"
Tr3 319 492 '53'+S"
51"+7"
Tr3
00"+71
57"+10"
139°49'
Tr2 '40" +i0
7°28 87°28 44
Tra 87°28' 8
'4
@Tru
8
"-4
 Tr3

Trs 125°38'S3"
267°28'
@Trs 125 "-5" no,en atsi
125° 38 38'
°
305°38' 5 349° 43 43"
157°
264° 45'09"
H7'
337°H6' 302° 55'58"
"-6"
TrL 349° 53
Tr6 157°4707
QTr6
349°43
Trs '50
"-
7"
kism6

@kismb
13
Tr6 118)
kism4 169°53'42"+8"
kisms 45'10" -10"
264°4518"
264° -5"
55'55'
302°56'03"

00.0-=38 00.0=08

58.20191- 29.2.6082-
15
erse Trav 0m 4·3 .954= -403
58.60191- 29.260881- 9
-16096·48 nce ta E
N
EA
 Datum DiS
okism
6

kisme

) 00 0.00 36.364m
2
.12 138129 -
6 8
"35·80 349°53'
0.
Tr 43
.9- 0.00

00 "-12.07 ywtx-911
3.038m
0
57°43
1 -16101.4 4093
01
35 -138117.
s Tr

m0·00 rs-Tr6
(-0.00)
"-14.76
9 19 -16121 -138102.59 Trh 5.326
$5.0℃
°3853
4-TrS

0.196m
-13810 10.0-
150.05 0.00
-13816
-16272.03 2 1
0
9. Tr3 87° 28
6.61
44"
Tr3-TrH
 68:712m

00.0-
0.00
1.70 -44.33
16227.70 - rzT 19°49
5250 25

00.0 T2-Tr3
) 0
-0.0
-16207.13 01 -1381 rT S 13.31 24,500m
5. 7
7 -20.
2°5412"

211-11

w818.58
00.0- 00. 0

0-138 00-
28°
Te 2 21
-16162.01 16'50"
248·01 3
-45.1
E(M) ia s est 30-
N(M)n AE
stat T1
ΔN oun

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VON2+8E2
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SURVEY COMPUTATIONS Page No:

SURVEY FORM C/22

d Length angle setting out (w) Northings Eastngs

Deflechon angle Bearing Distane (M) (m)

o°o
1o 00" -16092.49
' -138129.92
0°0' 00" 120°01 40"0.00
5 -13813253 -16092.23
10 25' 57
1° 25 59"121° 23'
374.999 -138135-35
5
1° 26' S7"
2° 51'Su 122° 53 - -16088-10
34"9.997 138138 37
1° 25'
· -16080.11
5 53" 4° 51"124° 19' 31"14.987
-16020.29
1° 25' 57" 5° 43 -138141. 59
5 48"125°45'28"19.968
-138144.99 -16076-62
7° 09' H5"127°
1° 25' 11'25"241939 -138148.58 -
5
57" 16073·14
8° 35' 42" 128° 33
1 -16069.83
5 25 57° 2229.889
.
°
-16066.72
10° 01' 39"130° 03'
10 -138152.33
5 19"34.824 -16063·81
25' S7"
1 11° 23' 36"131° 29'
25' 57" -16061.11
° 16"39.737138156·24
5
12 53 33"132° 55 13"44.625-138160.31
5 1 25'57"
14° 19' 30"134° 21 1044484-138164151
°
l 5" 25' 57"
10
 Deflection setting out Eashngs
Chord length Bearng astume vortaima
angle angle (m)

P、 O 0°O' 00" 0°0' 00" 148°40' 32"0.00 -138164.51

-16061.11
P2 1°49' 26"
5 1°47 26" 146° 53 06 4.999 -138168.70
-16058.38
P3 5 1° N3' 26" 3° 34'52"145°05 40'9.994 -138172.71
-
P4 5 2.55095
1
P5 5
°
47' 26"5° 22' 18"143° 18 14 -16052.16

14.979-
1 -16048.70
138176.527°09'44"141°
47 26"
°

P6 5
1 49 26" 30' 4819.949-138180.13 -160450)

°
42 26 8° 67 10"139° 43' -1601
P 5 1

PB 5
° 2224.899-138183-5110°44' 4

1
36"137° 55' 56 29.826-
43' 26"
° 138186.6512°
32'02"136°08 3034.723-
-16037.05

1
138189.5516° 19'
43' 26 -16032.80
°
28"134° 21'0439.586-
138192.18
 CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Introduction

This chapter deals with reduced data and shows how varied was the data used to get the final output.

The conclusions drown and suggestion to the problem addressed.

4.1 Data analysis

The data obtained from horizontal control had disclosure of-0.09 on northing and -0.003 on easting's giving an accuracy 1:10000 which is
acceptable for the transverse as per the objective.The setting out data was appropriate and produced smooth curve on the ground that join
two straights.

4.2 Findings

Sharp point on the road can be reduced in to smooth turning curve.

Smooth path marked on the ground was produced.

Problems encountered.

Area limitation therefore long curve cannot be set out.

Unfavorable weather i.e.some drizzling during the day.

4.3 Conclusion

Using the correct data, smooth curve can be easily set out on roads and other places including grills made on the stairs of story building.

Curve is a requirement for safety of our roads.

4.4 Recommendation

The national and county government should survey all major roads and establish curves whenever nec-essary.

I would also recommend that the curve and marked on those two roads be used in order to make this project really have meaning.

17

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 REFFERENCES
Surveying and leveling by N.N BASAK

Land surveying by RAMSAY J.P WILSON Third edition

Lecturers notes by Mr. Martin Kimathi Kenya institute of surveying and mapping

18

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 SETTING OUT A REVERSED CURVE AT KISM GROUNDS

0 0 0
0

0 0 0 0

0 0
0

0 0 0
0

0 0 .
0 .

. 0

0 0 0
0 0
.

0 0 1
6 9

0 0
0

0 2 6
1 5

3 6

6 1 -
-

1
-
1

1 -

-138000.0000

-138000,0000

S.O.K HQ

-138100.0000

-138100.0000

KISM EXTENTION

KISM COMPOUND
 CP

-138200.0000

-138200.0000

-138300.0000

-16300.0000-
- - - -

1620 1610 1600 159

0.00 0.00 0.000 00.0

00 00- 0 000
PRESENTED BY:GEOFFREY NDOCHA

PRESENTED TO:KENYA NATIONAL

EXAMINATION COUNCIL

COLLEGE NO:DL 181176

CENTER NO:4071030

INDEX NO:4071030165

PAPER NO:2312/307