Department of Education

General Physics 1
Grade 12
Ideal Gases and the Laws of Thermodynamics
Second Quarter – Week 8

Kim Marie Anne Taroy

Writer

Mark Archei O. Javier

Validator

Eduardo M. Kondo
Armida S. Oblinada
Quality Assurance Team

Schools Division Office – Muntinlupa City

Student Center for Life Skills Bldg., Centennial Ave., Brgy. Tunasan, Muntinlupa City
(02) 8805-9935 / (02) 8805-9940

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Most Essential Learning Competencies

1.Enumerate the properties of an ideal gas and solve problems involving

ideal gas equations (STEM_GP12GLT--llh-57-58);

2.Interpret PV diagrams of a thermodynamic process and compute the work

done by a gas using dW=PdV ((STEM_GP12GLT--llh-60-61);

3.State the relationship between changes in internal energy, work done,

and thermal energy supplied through the First Law of
Thermodynamics (STEM_GP12GLT--llh-62;

4.Differentiate the following thermodynamic processes and show them on a

PV diagram: isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, adiabatic, and cyclic and
calculate the efficiency of a heat engine (STEM_GP12GLT--llh-63);

5.State the Second Law of Thermodynamics, explain how entropy is

a measure of disorder and describe reversible and irreversible
processes. (STEM_GP12GLT--lli-67-70);

Directions: Read and encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. What is the volume of a container that contains 10 moles of air at standard
temperature and pressure (STP)?
a. 1 L b. 22.4 L c. 224 L d. 1000 L

2. Which of the following best describes the given figure?

a. system undergoing expansion with
varying pressure
b. system undergoing compression with
varying pressure
c. system undergoing expansion with
constant pressure
d. system undergoing compression with
constant pressure

3.What is the change in internal energy of a system if it absorbs 500 J of heat

and do 700 J of work?
a. 1200 J b. -1200 J c. 200 J d. -200 J

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 3. Which of the following correctly represents a heat engine?

a. b. c. d.

4. Which of the following systems exhibits decreasing entropy?

a. an animal dies, and its remains gradually decay
b. an earthquake demolishes a building
c. a plant utilizes sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce sugar
d. a power plant burns coal and produces electrical energy

For you to be able to answer the lessons in this module, you should be knowledgeable
in units of the parameters and their conversions.
Convert each quantity to its desired units.

1. 10 atm = ______ torr 6. 332°C = ______ K

2. 1kPa = ______ atm 7. 10 cal = ______ J
3. 5 m3 = ______ cm3 8. 20 kcal = ______ J
4. 25 cm3 = ______ L 9. 30 psi = ______ torr
5. 75°C = ______ °F 10. 500 K = ______ °F

Properties of an Ideal Gas

 the particles have negligible volume

 no intermolecular forces between the particles
 collision of particles is perfectly elastic with no energy loss
 follows the ideal gas law, PV = nRT, where P = pressure, V = volume, n =
number of moles, R = gas constant (0.821 atm·L/mol·K, T = absolute
temperature

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Pressure-Volume (PV) Diagrams of a Thermodynamic Process

 the area under the curve of a PV diagram represents the work done by the
gas/system, and it can be calculated as dW = PdV
 when the volume increases (expansion), the work is positive
 when the volume decreases (compression), the work is negative
 when the volume is constant, the work is zero

First Law of Thermodynamics

 states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed but it can be converted to
other forms with the interaction of heat, work, and internal energy. It is
expressed mathematically as ΔU = Q - W.

 The sign conventions for heat and work are:

o heat gain (+Q) o work done by the system (+W)
o heat loss (-Q) o work done on the system (-W)

Thermodynamic Processes

 Thermodynamic process is defined as change in state (pressure, volume,

temperature, or mass) of a system. Its various types are:
o Adiabatic – no heat transfer between the system and surroundings
o Isothermal – the temperature remains constant
o Isochoric – the volume remains constant
o Isobaric – the pressure remains constant
Heat Engine, Heat Pump, and Refrigerator

 a heat engine is a system that converts thermal energy (heat) to mechanical

energy (work). However, not all heat is converted to work
 heat pump and refrigerator are reversed heat engine. Work is applied to the
system so that the heat from the cold body is delivered to the hot body
 a refrigerator focuses on removing heat from a specific area, while a heat pump
focuses on dumping heat to a specific area
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
 The measures of performance can be expressed as 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
.
 In a heat engine, input energy is from the hot reservoir (QH) and the desired
output is the mechanical work (W).

Second Law of Thermodynamics

 states that the change in the entropy of the universe can never be negative
 Clausius Statement: It is impossible for any process to have as its sole result
the transfer of heat from a cooler to a hotter body
 Kelvin-Planck statement: It is impossible for any system to undergo a process
in which it absorbs heat from a reservoir at a single temperature and converts

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 the heat completely into mechanical work, with the system ending in the same
state in which it began

Reversible and Irreversible Process

 Reversible processes are processes in which both the system and its
surroundings can be simultaneously returned to their initial states after the
process has been completed

 Irreversible processes are the opposite of reversible process. These processes

can proceed spontaneously in one direction but not the other

Ideal Gas: Cause and Effect: Fill the table with decrease, increase, or no effect when
parameter/s in a system changed. Assume that the other parameters are constant.

Parameter Parameters that Change Effect

Temperature P1 = 740 torr; P2 = 20 psi

Volume T1 = 200°F; T2 = 50°C

Volume n1 = 1 mol; n2 = 2 mol

Temperature P1 = 12atm; V1 = 100 L; P2 = 6 atm; V2 = 1 m3

Pressure V1 = 10 L; T1 = 253°C; V2 = 5 L; T2 = -10°C

PV Diagram and Work: Match the given PV diagrams with the appropriate
descriptions and tell whether the work done by each system is positive, negative, or
zero.

1. 2. 3.

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 4. 5.
a. the system undergoes expansion with constant pressure
b. the system undergoes expansion with varying pressure
c. the system undergoes compression with varying pressure
d. the system does not undergo compression nor expansion
e. the system undergoes compression with constant pressure

1st Law of Thermodynamics: Draw each system and calculate the change in internal
energy.
Example: A system absorbs 200 J of heat and 50 J of work is done on the system.

1. A system lost 1500 J of heat and 1900 J of work is done on the system.
2. A system absorbs 800 J of heat and 600 J of work is done by the system.
3. A system lost 950 J of heat and 1420 J of work is done by the system.
4. A system absorbs 75 kJ heat. It undergoes expansion at 15 kPa from 1 m3 to 6
m3.
5. A system absorbs 8 kJ heat. It undergoes
compression at 2 kPa from 6 m3 to 2 m3.

Thermodynamic Processes: Complete the

crossword puzzle.

1. In an adiabatic process, the change in

internal energy is solely due to _______.
2. In an isobaric process, the area under the
curve of a PV diagram is in a shape of _______.
3. A process when a system is thermally
isolated, or the process occurred very fast.
4. A pressure cooker is an example of
__________ process.
5. Phase Change such as condensation of
water vapor to liquid water is an _________
process.

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 6. Boiling water in an open container is an example of __________ process.
7. In an isothermal process, the change in internal energy is _______.
8. The graph of an isochoric process in a PV diagram is a ______________ line.

Heat Engine, Refrigerator, and Heat Pump

Given the system diagram, desired output, and input parameters, name each
system (heat engine, refrigerator, or heat pump). Also, derive the measure of
performance of each system in terms of QH and QC. Note that in heat engines,
refrigerator, and heat pumps, QH = QC + W.

2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Write true if the statement is true, and false if not.
1. The change in entropy of the universe can be negative.
2. Kelvin-Planck statement is also called the refrigerator statement as heat pumps
require work input.
3. All processes can proceed spontaneously in one direction but not the other.
4. Processes that involves friction are irreversible.
5. No engine can produce 100% efficiency.

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  Ideal gas follows the ideal gas law, PV = nRT
 The area under the curve of a PV diagram represents the work done by the
system
 First Law of Thermodynamics describes the relationship of work, heat, and
internal energy of a system by the equation: ΔU = Q + W
 Heat engine transforms heat to mechanical energy, and its efficiency is
𝑾 𝑸
given: 𝒆 = 𝑸 = 𝟏 − ቚ𝑸 𝑪 ቚ
𝑯 𝑯

 Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the entropy of the universe is

always increasing.

Ideal Gas Law

Consider the scenario: A personnel forgot to open the vent of a storage tank that is
being cleaned by a hot gas. The hot gas inside the tank was left to cool when the tank
collapsed. Explain why the tank collapsed in the context of ideal gas law.
1st and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Describe a thermodynamic process that you encountered in real life and describe
how they followed the 1st and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics.
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

Directions: Read and encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following statements is false?
A. The entropy change of a system cannot be negative.
B. The entropy change of any engine is always greater than zero.
C. The entropy change of the universe is always positive.

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 D. The entropy change of a system can be zero.
2. Which of the following is false?
A. The PV diagram of an isothermal process is not a straight line.
B. The PV diagram of an adiabatic process is a straight line.
C. The PV diagram of an isochoric process is a straight line.
D. The PV diagram of an isobaric process is a straight line.
3. Which process produces zero work?
A. isobaric B. isochoric C. adiabatic D. isothermal

4. A heat engine has an efficiency of 30%. If it produces 1000 J, how much heat
is rejected by the engine?
A.300 J B. 3,333 J C. 700 J D. 2,333 J
5. A system undergoes isobaric process such that its volume changed from 120
L to 500 L. If its pressure is 2 atm, what is the work done on the system?
A.760 J B. -760 J C. 77 kJ D. -77 kJ
Reference/s:
Commission on Higher Education. (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High School:
GENERAL PHYSICS 1. Quezon City, Philippines: EC-TEC Commercial.

Answer Key
Pre-test: Looking Back: Activity 1: Activity 2:
1. C 1. 7600 6. 605.15 1. increase 1. B – positive
2. B 2. 0.00987 7. 41.84 2. decrease 2. C – negative
3. D 3. 5x106 8. 83,680 3. increase 3. E – negative
4. B 4. 0.025 9. 1,551 4. increase 4. A – positive
5. C 5. 167 10. 440 5. no effect 5. D - zero
Activity Activity 4: Activity 5: Activity 6: Post Test:
3:
1. work 1. heat engine 1. False 1. A
1. 400 J
2. rectangle 𝑄𝐶 2. False 2. B
𝑒 = 1−
2. 200 J 𝑄𝐻
3. adiabatic 2. refrigerator 3. False 3. B
3. -2370 J
4. isochoric 𝑄𝐶 4. True 4. D
4. 0 J 𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
5. isothermal 𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐶 5. True 5. D
5. 16 kJ 3. heat pump
6. isobaric
𝑄𝐻
7. zero 𝐶𝑂𝑃 =
𝑄𝐻 − 𝑄𝐶
8. vertical