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CLINICAL

 THERAPEUTICS  3A  –  MIDTERMS  CASE  2:  ONCOLOGY  


FEU-­‐NRMF  Institute  of  Medicine    
Facilitator:  Dr.  R.Z.  Duenas    
 Medcine2017  
2.   Performance  Score  (Eastern  Cooperative  Oncology  
 

CANCER  TREATMENT  MODALITIES  


1.   Primary  induction  chemotherapy   Group):    
-   drug  therapy  administered  as  primary  treatment  in   -   used  as  a  standard  criteria  for  measuring    how  the  
pt  who  present  w/  advanced  diseases  w/o   disease  impacts  a  patient’s  daily  living  abilities  
alternatives     (known  to  physicians  and  researchers  as  a  patient’s  
*For  hematologic  malignancies  like  leukemia     performance  status)  
 
-   describes  a  patient’s  level  of  functioning  in  terms  
2.   Neoadjuvant  chemotherapy:    
of  their  ability  to  care  for  themselves,  daily  activity,  
-   use  of  chemotherapy  in  pts  w/  localized  cancer  
and  physical  ability  (walking,  working,  etc.)  
-   surgery  /radiotherapy  available  but  less  completely  
effective  
*In  this  modality,  one  of  the  goals  is  to  ↓the  mass  size.  In  open-­‐
close  surgery,  the  surgeon  is  not  be  able  to  perform  excision  of  
the  tumor  because  it  has  already  spread;  he  can  only  take  tissue  
samples  for  biopsy,  if  it  is  indeed  a  malignancy,  chemotherapy  
can  be  started.  
 

3.   Adjuvant  chemotherapy  :    
-­‐   adjuvant  to  surgery/radiotherapy  
-­‐   goal  is  to  reduce  incidence  of  both  systemic  &  local  
recurrence  
*The  mass  is  smaller  &  can  be  removed  surgically;  however,  if  
the  histopathologic  study  evidence  of  lymph  node  spread,  the  
patient  has  to  undergo  intervention  through  adjuvant    
chemotherapy.   Normal  value  =  Zero  
 
*If  beyond  the  normal  value,  chemotherapy  will  not  be  done  
4.   Concurrent  chemo  radiation   because  the  patient  is  weak.  The  patient  must  be  able  to  
-   Treatment  with  chemotherapeutic  agents  &   care  for  himself  before  starting  the  chemotherapy.  
chemotherapeutic  radiation  are  done  together    

-    a  common  modality  among  cervical  &  breast   3.   Laboratory  Tests    


cancer  patients   ü   CBC    
-   If  Hb  is  low,  transfuse  *in  religions  that  prohibit  
-    Chemotherapy  is  usually  done  in  an  outpatient  
blood  transfusion,  give  EPO  (erythropoietin)  or  Fe-­‐
setting.     sucrose.  
  -   If  WBC  is  low,  give  GMCSF.    
PARAMETERS  TO  ASSESS  /  ADMINISTER  PRIOR  TO   -   If  platelets  are  low,  give  platelet  concentrate).  
CHEMOTHERAPY   ü   Kidney  function  –  Serum  Creatinine  
1.   BSA  &  AUC   ü   Liver  function  test  –  Transaminases  (ALT/AST)  
a.   Body  Surface  Area  (height  and  weight)     ü   Electrolytes-­‐  Na+,  K+,  Mg2+  
ü   There  should  be  no  signs  of  infection  in  the  pt  
before  chemotherapy  
 

  4.   Pre  and  Post  Medications  


  o  Pre  Medications    
b.   Area  Under  Curve  (for  Carboplatin)     -   given  30  minutes  to  1  hour  before  the  therapy  
-   get  the  GFR  by  assessing  the  serum  creatinine   -   GOAL:  to  prevent  the  expected  signs  and  
Computation  using  the  Calvert’s  Formula   symptoms  associated  with  chemotherapy    
                                 Dose=  AUC  x  (GFR  +25)   §   Emesis:  most  common  
Where:  
Dose=  total  dose  in  mg   à   ONDANSETRON  +  DEXAMETHASONE  +  H2  
AUC=  desired  AUC  in  mg/ml  x  min   BLOCKER  OR  PPI  
GFR=  glomerular  filtration  rate   ü   Ondansetron  –  antiemetic  by  5HT3  
25=  average  non-­‐renal  clearance  of  adults   receptor  blockade  
 
1  
CLINICAL  THERAPEUTICS  3A  –  MIDTERMS  CASE  2:  ONCOLOGY     Medcine2017  
Facilitator:  Dr.  R.Z.  Duenas    
ü   Dexamethasone  –  for  enhanced  activity  of   2.   Toxicity:  it  does  not  overlap  with  the  toxicity  of  other  
ondansetron;  but  can  cause  GI  upset   drugs  in  combination,  dose  adjustment.  (Calvert’s  
ü   H2  blocker  or  PPI  –  for  GI  upset  caused  by   Formula)  
dexamethasone  or  any  cortecosteroids   3.   Optimum  scheduling:  the  treatment  free  interval  
should  be  the  shortest  time  necessary  for  recovery  
 

à   METOCLOPRAMIDE:  D2  receptor  antagonist  


of  normal  tissues.  
 

à   APREPITANT(NK  (neurokinin)  receptor  


antagonist)-­‐  also  used  combined  w/  5HT   4.   Mechanism  of  Interaction:  based  on  biochemical,  
antagonist  &  dexamethasone     molecular  and  pharmacokinetic  mechanisms  of  
§   Hypersensitivity  à  give  anti-­‐histamine  (H1   interaction  between  an  individual  drug.  
blocker)  DIPHENHYDRAMINE     5.   Avoidance  of  arbitrary  dose  changes  
 
 
§   Anticipatory  vomiting  or  vomiting  caused  by  
Adverse  drug  reactions  of  chemotherapeutic  drugs  can  
anxiety  à  give  BENZODIAZEPINE  (a  sedative-­‐
be  classified  into:  
hypnotic  that  can  reduce  anxiety)  
*  The  patient  must  be  relaxed  when  they  undergo  therapy  
Infusion   Allergic  
 
Hot  flushing   Shortness  of  breath  
o  Post  Medications:  
Rash   Generalized  hives/itching  
-   Take  home  medications  
ü   Plasil   Back  pain   Changes  in  blood  pressure  
ü   Dexamethasone  (Decilone)   Chills   Anaphylaxis  
ü   Proton  Pump  Inhibitor     Tachycardia  
ü   H2  receptor  antagonist     Nausea  
ü   5HT3  and  NK  antagonist  are  rarely  used    

because  they  are  expensive   Most   adverse   drug   reactions   are   mild,   but   severe  
  forms   may   occur.   Anaphylaxis   is   a   rare   severe   allergic  
5.   Hydration  (most  common:  PNSS)   reaction   that   occurs   with   platinum   and   taxane   group.   The  
-   to  prevent  adverse  effects  due  to  cytotoxic  drugs   following   drug   reactions   may   occur   either   during   infusion   or  
-   IV  fluids  can  be  used  as  either  pre-­‐  or  post-­‐ following   the   completion   of   infusion.   Drugs   that   commonly  
hydration  to  maintain  renal  blood  flow  &  urine   cause   adverse   reactions   include   carboplatin,   cisplatin,  
output,  which  enhances  elimination  of  a   docetaxel,  liposomal  doxorubicin,  oxaliplatin  and  paclitaxel.    
 
potentially  nephrotoxic  drug   *see  diagnostic  criteria  &  algorithms  on  the  last  pages  
 

6.   Cytoprotective  agents   CASE:  57  year  old  nulligravid  


-   To  lessen  toxicity;  protection  of  normal  cells   •  Came  in  for  abdominal  enlargement  of  3  mos.    
-   agents  that  produce  additive  or  synergestic   •  Family  history:  breast  malignancy  &  colonic  CA    
antitumor  effects  without  treatment-­‐limiting   •  She  underwent  exploratory  laparotomy  for  ovarian  
overlapping  toxicities.;  used  to  lessen  toxicity   malignancy  with  extension  to  the  peritoneal  surface  
  and  omentum.    
THE  IMPORTANCE  OF  DRUG  COMBINATION   •  Histopath  revealed:  (+)  Mucinous  
1.   Provides  maximal  cell  kill  within  the  range  of   Cystadenocarcinoma,  left  ovary  with  extension  to  
toxicity   peritoneal  surface  &  omentum  ,  Stage  IIIC    
2.   Provides  a  broader  range  of  interaction  between  
drugs  and  tumor  cell  within  different  genetic  
abnormalities  on  a  heterogenous  tumor  population.  
3.   May  prevent  or  slow  the  subsequent  development    
of  cellular  drug  resistance.   •  Plan:  administer  chemotherapy  (Paclitaxel,  
  Carboplatin,  &  Bevacizumab  based  on  NCCN)  
THE  ROLE  OF  DRUG  COMBINATIONS:   •  Lab  work-­‐ups:  normal.  ECOG=0.  Wt:135lbs,  Ht:  149cm.    
1.   Efficacy:  drugs  that  are  somewhat  effective  (those   •  Pre-­‐meds  were  given.  Vital  signs  were  monitored  
with  complete  remission)  against  the  same  tumor   during  chemotherapy  à  rashes  on  face  &  subsided  
when  alone  should  be  selected.   after  several  medications  were  given.  She  was  sent  
home  with  medications  and  was  scheduled  for  the  
next  cycle.    
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CLINICAL  THERAPEUTICS  3A  –  MIDTERMS  CASE  2:  ONCOLOGY     Medcine2017  
Facilitator:  Dr.  R.Z.  Duenas    
 
PACLITAXEL  
Objectives:  
ü   To  provide  a  proper  treatment  modality  for  the   •   Taxane  Derivative    alkaloid  ester  derived  from  the  
disease     Pacific  yew  (Taxus  brevifolia  )  &  the  European  yew  
ü   To  prevent  the  occurrence  of  adverse  drug   (Taxus  baccata  )  
reactions   •   MOA:  a  mitotic  spindle  poison  through  high-­‐affinity  
ü   To  improve  the  quality  of  life  of  the  patient   binding  to  microtubules  à  enhancement  of  tubulin  
  polymerization  à  promotion  of  microtubule  
Role  of  chemotherapy  in  the  patient:     assembly  à  inhibition  of  mitosis  and  cell  division  
-   Adjuvant  chemotherapy  since  she  is  in  stage  IIIC,   •   Significant  activity  in  solid  tumors:      
after  giving  the  standard  treatment  w/c  is  surgery,   ü   Ovarian  &  Advanced  breast  
patient  still  needed  chemo  to  remove  cancer  cells   ü   non-­‐small  cell  &  small  cell  lung  
that  metastasized   ü   head  and  neck  &  esophageal  
  ü   prostate,  &  bladder  cancers    
Parameters  to  assess  in  the  patient   ü   AIDS-­‐related  Kaposi’s  sarcoma.    
1.   BSA   •   Metabolism:  Liver  P450  system  
•   Excretion:  80%  of  the  drug  excreted  in  feces  via  the  
hepatobiliary  route.    
•   Dose  reduction  is  required  in  patients  with  liver  
           
2.   The  patient  in  this  case  has  an  ECOG  equal  to  zero   dysfunction.    
(0)  so  she  is  qualified  to  undergo  further  work-­‐ups   •   Aministered  in  a  vehicle  ethanol    &  cremophor  
and/or  treatment   (responsible  for  hypersensitivity  during  1st  cycles)  
3.   Laboratory  Tests   •   Acute  toxicities:  Nausea,  vomiting,  hypotension,  
-   Biopsy  already  done   arrhythmias,  hypersensitivity  (rash)  
-   CBC,  chemistry  profile  with  liver  function  tests   •   Delayed  toxicities:  Myelosuppression,  peripheral  
-   CA-­‐125  and  other  tumor  markers   sensory  neuropathy  
*CA-­‐125:  will  be  used  to  monitor  treatment  response   •   Hypersensitivity  reaction  incidence  is  reduced  by  
4.   Pre/Post  medications  of  the  patient:  Ondasetron  +   slowing  of  infusion  rate  &  premedication  w/,  
Dexamethasone    &  Diphenhydramine   diphenhydramine,  dexamethasone  (2°  only),  H2  
*dexamethasone’s  primary  role  here  is  enhancement  of   blocker  (for  GI  upset  caused  by  dexamethasone)  
the  effect  of  ondasetron,  it  is  only  secondary  for    
hypersensitivity  reactions   Computation  for  Paclitaxel  dosage:  46  mL  IV  over  3  hrs  
  -   Dose  needed:  175mg/BSA(m2)  IV  over  3  hrs  
PRIMARY  ADJUVANT  THERAPY  *take  note  of  the  doses!   -   Available  preparation:  300mg/50mL  per  vial  
 

Day  1.  Paclitaxel  175mg/m2  IV  over  3  hours;  followed   Computation:    *ratio  &  proportion  lang  to,  wag  mastress  J  
by  Carboplatin  AUC  5-­‐6  IV  over  1  hour;  and   Mg  needed  by  pt:  (175mg/  m2)(1.59)  =  278.25mg    
Bevacizumab  7.5  mg/kg  IV  over  30-­‐90  minutes.  Repeat   mL  needed  for  mg  based  on  available  prep:    
every  3  weeks  x  5-­‐6  cycles.  Continue  Bevacizumab  for   -­‐>  278.25mg  :  x  mL  =  300mg  :  50mL    
up  to  12  additional  cycles     -­‐>  x  =  46mL  
OR    
Day  1.  Paclitaxel  175mg/m2  IV  over  3  hours;  followed    
by  Carboplatin  AUC  6  IV  over  1  hour.  Repeat  every  3   CARBOPLATIN    
weeks  x  6  cycles.  Starting  Day  1  of  Cycle  2:  Give   •   One  of  the  platinum  analogs  which  are  inorganic  
Bevacizumab  15mg/kg  IV  over  30-­‐90  minutes  every  3   metal  complexes  
weeks  for  up  to  22  cycles.     •   2nd  generation  platinum  
  •   Usually  synergize  with  alkylating  agents,  
  fluoropyrimidines  &  taxanes  
  •   Site  of  action:    
  à  primary  binding  site:  N7  of  guanine  
  à  covalent  interaction  with  N3  of  adenine,  O6  of  cytosine  

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CLINICAL  THERAPEUTICS  3A  –  MIDTERMS  CASE  2:  ONCOLOGY     Medcine2017  
Facilitator:  Dr.  R.Z.  Duenas  
 
•   MOA:  Form  intrastrand  and  interstrand  DNA  cross   Management  of  drug  reactions:  
link;    Binds  to  nuclear  and  cytoplasmic  proteins   A.  For  Paclitaxel  &  Carboplatin    hypersensitivity  
•   Broad  spectrum  against  solid  tumors   reaction  (rash)  
•   Acute  toxicity:  GI  problems  (Nausea  &  vomiting)   1.   Stop  infusion  &  administer  H1  blocker;  if  it  needs  
*lesser  compared  to  other  platunim  analogs   immediate  action,  give  corticosteroid  
•   Delayed  toxicity:  Myelosupression  (major  dose-­‐ (Hydrocortisone  is  most  fast  acting)  
limiting  toxicity),  renal  toxicity,  rarely  peripheral   2.   Rechallenge  with  a  slower  infusion  rate  once  
neuropathy   vitals  become  stable.  Administer  H1  blocker,  
 
dexamethasone  and  H2  blocker  as  
Computation  for  Carboplatin  dosage:  
premedication.  
-   Recommended  by  NCCN:  AUC  5-­‐6  IV  over  1  hr  
3.   If  repeat  mild  reaction,  do  not  
-   Normal  GFR  for  Filipinos:  60-­‐90mL/min  
rechallenge/readminister.  Potential  candidate  
-   GFR  set  by  FDA  (USA):    125mL/min  
for  desensitization  
Calvert’s  fomula:  
 
Dose  =  AUC  x  (GFR  +25)  
B.   For  possible  peripheral  neuropathy  by  paclitaxel  
                   =  5  x  (60mL/min+25)  or  6  x  (60mL/min+25)  
-   Replace  with  DOXETAXEL  (expensive)  for  patients  
                   =  425mL  or  510mL  IV  over  1hr  
at  risk  (those  with  old  age  and/or  with  DM)  
 
 
 
C.   For  Bevacizumab  adverse  effects  
BEVACIZUMAB  
-­‐  It  causes  delay  in  wound  healing  and  since  patient  
•   Recombinant  humanized  monoclonal  antibody   just  got  an  operation,  ideal  time  to  give  is  ≥  28  days  
•   MOA:  Inhibits  VEGF  interactions  with  its  receptors:   post-­‐op  (source:  A  review  on  bevacizumab  and  
–   Target  either  the  VEGF  ligand  w/  antibodies   surgical  wound  healing:  an  important  warning  to  
or  soluble  chimeric  decoy  receptors   all  surgeons.)  
–   Direct  inhibition  of  the  VEGF  receptor-­‐  
associated  tyrosine  kinase  activity  by  small    
molecule  inhibitors     *Note:  The  next  pages  contain  the  general  algorithms  in  diagnosis,  
•   Inhibits  tumor  vascular  permeability  but  enhances   staging  and  management  of  ovarian  cancer  from  NCCN,  please  read  
tumor  blood  flow  &  drug  delivery   through  them  because  doc  may  ask  questions  from  there.    
•   Acute  toxicities:  hypertension  &  infusion  reactions    
•   Delayed  toxicities:  arterial  thromboembolic  events,    
GI  perforations,  wound  healing  complications,    
proteinuria      
•   Available  preparations  in  the  Philippines:  100mg/4ml    
vial  and  400mg/16  ml  vial.    
•   In  the  NCCN  2015  Guidelines:  administered  at  a  dose    
of  7.5  mg/kg  IV  over  30  to  90  minutes  at  Day  1.  It  is    
repeated  every  3  weeks  for  5  to  6  cycles.    
Bevacizumab  is  continued  for  up  to  12  cycles.    
    Sources:    
Computation  for  Bevacizumab  dosage:   NCCN.  (2015).  Epithelial  Ovarian  Cancer/  
  Fallopian  Tube  Cancer/  Primary  Peritoneal  
-   Patient’s  weight=  135  lbs  OR  61.36kg                                 Cancer  Guidelines.  NCCN  Guidelines  .  
-   Dose  needed:  7.5mg/kg  IV       3B  Report  and  Case  notes  
Basic  Pharmacology  2B  Manual  ’14-­‐‘15  
-   Available  Preparations:    100mg/4mL  vial;  400mg/16    
mL  vial      
Computation:    
Mg  needed  by  pt:  7.5mg/kg  x  61.36kg  =  460.2mg    
*doc  says  to  always  go  for  the  nearest  dose/vial  but  do    
not  go  beyond  recommended  dose.  So  for  the  patient,  1    
vial  of  400mg/16mL  is  already  enough.  It’s  better  to    
have  underdosage  than  overdosage.    
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CLINICAL  THERAPEUTICS  3A  –  MIDTERMS  CASE  2:  ONCOLOGY     Medcine2017  
Facilitator:  Dr.  R.Z.  Duenas    
NCCN  GUIDELINES:  

 
 

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CLINICAL  THERAPEUTICS  3A  –  MIDTERMS  CASE  2:  ONCOLOGY     Medcine2017  
Facilitator:  Dr.  R.Z.  Duenas    

 
 

 
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CLINICAL  THERAPEUTICS  3A  –  MIDTERMS  CASE  2:  ONCOLOGY     Medcine2017  
Facilitator:  Dr.  R.Z.  Duenas    

 
 

7  
CLINICAL  THERAPEUTICS  3A  –  MIDTERMS  CASE  2:  ONCOLOGY     Medcine2017  
Facilitator:  Dr.  R.Z.  Duenas    

 
 

8  
CLINICAL  THERAPEUTICS  3A  –  MIDTERMS  CASE  2:  ONCOLOGY     Medcine2017  
Facilitator:  Dr.  R.Z.  Duenas    

   
9  

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