CEP233 – FUNDAMENTALS OF

SURVEYING
PART 1

ENGR. RANDY G. POLICARPIO

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 TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department

BRIEF HISTORY OF SURVEYING

BRIEF HISTORY OF SURVEYING

Surveying is one of the oldest arts practiced by man. From the earliest times it has always been
necessary to mark boundaries and divide tracts of land.
• Surveying had its beginning in Egypt about 1400 BC
 Land along the Nile River were divided for taxation.
 “ROPE-STRETCHERS” Egyptian surveyors were created to relocate the land divisions where divisions
were washed away by annual floods. Measurements were made with ropes having knots at unit
distances.
 Extensive used of surveying in building of Egyptians monuments.

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF SURVEYING

• Greeks: Expanded Egyptians work and developed Geometry.

 Developed one of the earliest surveying instruments – Dioptra
 A dioptra is a classical astronomical and surveying instrument. It is
used to measure angles.

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF SURVEYING
• Romans: developed surveying into science to create the Romans roads, aqueducts and land
division systems.
 Developed several instruments:
 Groma – cross instrument used to determine lines and right angles.
 Libella – “A” frame with plumb bob used for leveling.
 Chorobates – 20 feet straight edge with oil in notch for leveling.

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF SURVEYING

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF SURVEYING

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF SURVEYING
• Middle Ages: land division of Romans continued in Europe.
 Quadrans – square brass frame capable of turning angles up to 90 degrees and has a graduate scale
developed by an Italian named Von Piso.

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 BRIEF HISTORY OF SURVEYING
• 18th and 19th Century in the New World: Need for mapping and marking land claims caused
extensive surveying, especially by the English.
 1785: United States began extensive surveys of public lands into one mile square sections.
 30 states surveyed under the U.S. Public Land System (also called the Rectangular System).
 1807: United States Geological Survey funded to establish an accurate control network and mapping.
• 20th Century and Beyond: As technology advances, population increased, and land value increased
caused development of licensure for surveyors in all states.
 Educational requirements for licensure is required.
 Development of Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM), using global Positioning Systems (GPS), construction machine
control, and lidar or laser radar (scanning) mapping.
 Involvement in rebuilding of the infrastructure and geographic information systems (GIS).

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 UNITED STATES RECTANGULAR SYSTEM

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 EDM AND GPS

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 CONSTRUCTION MACHINE

LOADER EXCAVATOR DUMP TRUCK

GRADER (LEVELING MACHINE) COMPACTOR BULLDOZER

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 CONSTRUCTION MACHINE CONTROL

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 LIDAR MAPPING

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 LASER SCAN MAPS

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 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

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 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

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