PASSAGE 1

BODY LANGUAGE
According to surveys, people consider speaking in public more stressful than any other
task. Coitununications experts have studied public speakers and their audiences to learn what
makes a speech effective. They have discovered that while choosing the words of a speech
carefully is important, the body language used during the speech is also vital to its success.
Researchers estimate that at least seventy five percent of communication occurs through non-
verbal body language. This means that the actions of a speaker’s body during a speech will
determine how the audience responds to the words spoken.
Research indicates that the first things noticed by the audience are the speaker’s eyes and
facial expressions. People will think that a speaker who always looks at the floor and never
smiles is unfriendly. An effective speaker will look directly at the people in the audience and will
use facial expressions that match the tone of the speech. An experienced speaker knows when to
smile at the audience and when to display a more serious expression.
The speaker’s posture is the second-most noticed aspect of body language. (A) Speakers
may deliver their speech either standing or sitting. Ifa speaker sits, research shows it is important
to sit up straight. (B) Similarly, when a speaker stands. it is important that he or she stand up
straight while looking relaxed. C) A strong speaker will stand up straight with both feet on the
floor and lean slightly toward the audience. A speaker who slouches signals that he or she is not
interested in the subject and does not respect the audience. (D)
Finally, a speaker’s gestures can impact the effectiveness of a speech. Gestures are the
way in which hands and arms are used to communicate. The best advice for the inexperienced
speaker is to do nothing with the hands. Either rest them on the podium or clasp them behind the
back. Studies show that speakers should avoid folding their arms across their chests because the
audience interprets this gesture as a challenge.
Studies in communication show that body language used during a speech is as important
as the words spoken. In summary, how something is spoken is just as important as vhat is
spoken. Communications experts suggest that inexperienced speakers practice and rehearse their
body language in the sanie way they would write and practice the words. They recommend
practicing in front of a mirror first and (lien with a small group of friends.
Question 1. The word "stressful" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ______.
complicated
worrisome
relaxing
serious
Question 2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information of the
sentence “Researchers estimate that at least seventy-five percent of communication occurs
through non-verbal body language” in paragraph 1?
 Most of what we communicate is verbal.
We communicate with both words and body language.
Words and body language are equally important.
Most of what we communicate is non-verbal.
Question 3. Why does the author mention the importance of facial expressions?
Facial expressions can make people pretty or ugly.
Facial expressions are noticed by the audience.
Audiences dislike facial expressions.
Effective speakers ignore their facial expressions.
Question 4. According to the information in paragraph 2, what does an experienced speaker
know?
When to laugh
When to stop talking
When to smile
When to use his or her feet
Question 5. The word "display" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to______.
show
match
frown
videotape
Question 6. According to the passage, how should a speaker stand?
With arms folded across the chest
On one foot
Leaning on the podium
Straight up, on two feet
Question 7. What is the main purpose of paragraph 3?
To explain a speaker's posture
To explain a speaker's facial expressions
To explain a speaker's hand gestures
To explain a speaker's smile
Question 8. In which space (marked (A), (B), (C), and (D) in the passage) could the following
sentence be added?
If a speaker stands too stiffly, the audience will focus on his or her posture instead of what is
being said.
A
B
C
D
Question 9. The word "gesture" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to______.
feeling
action
idea
signal
Question 10. What is NOT advisable for speakers to do during their speeches?
Fold their arms across their chests
Rest their hands on the podium
Clasp their hands behind the back
Use body language
……………………………………………….
PASSAGE 2
Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15. 1452. in the small Tuscan town of Vinci. near
Florence. He was handsome. persuasive in conversation, and a fme musician and improviser.
About 1466 he apprenticed as a studio boy to Andrea del Verrocchio. In Verrocchio’s
workshop. Leonardo was introduced to many activities, from the painting of altarpieces and
panel pictures to the creation of large sculptural projects. In 1472. he entered the painter’s guild
of Florence, and in 1476 he was still mentioned as assistant. In Verrocchio’s Baptism of christ,
the kneeling angel at the left of the painting is by Leonardo.
In 1478 Leonardo became an independent master. His first commission. to paint an
altarpiece for the chapel of the Palazzo Vecchio, the Florentine town halt was never executed.
His first large painting. The Adoration of the Magi. left unfinished, was ordered in 1481 for the
Monastery of San Donato a Florence. Other works ascribed to his youth are the so-called Benois
Madonna, the portrait G:nerva de’ Benci, and the unfinished Saint Jerome. In 1482. Leonardo’s
career moved into high gear when he entered the service of the Duke of Milan. Ludovico Sforza.
having written the duke an astonishing letter in which he stated that he could build portable
bridges: that he knew the techniques of constructing bombardments and of making cannons: that
he could build ships as well as armored vehicles, catapults. and other war machines: and that he
could execute sculpture in marble. bronze. and clay.
 The most important of his own paintings during the early Milan period was The Virgin of
the Rock, two versions of which exist; he worked on the compositions for long time, as was
his custom. seemingly unwilling to flnlsh what he had begun.
From 1495 to 1497 Leonardo labored on his masterpiece. The Last Supper, a mural in the
refectory of the Monastery of Santa Maria Belle Milan. Unfortunately. his experimental use of
oil on dry plaster was technically unsound. and by 1500 its deterioration had begun. Since 1726
attempts have been made, unsuccessfully. to restore in a concerted restoration and conservation
program. making use of the latest technology, was begun in 1977 and is reversing sonic of the
damage. Although much of the original surface is gone. the majesty of the composition and the
penetrating characterization of the figures give a fleeting vision of its vanished splendor.
During his long stay in Milan. Leonardo also produced other paintings and drawings.
most of which have been lost, theater designs. architectural drawings. and models for the dome
of Milan Cathedral. His largest commission was for a colossal bronze monument to Francisco
Sforza. father of Ludovico. in the courtyard of Castello In December 1499. however, tite Sforza
family was driven from Milan by French forces: Leonardo left the statue unfinished and he
returned to Florence in 1500.
Question 1. What is NOT mentioned about the young Leonardo da Vinci?
He was physically attractive.
He was a talented speaker.
He was well-connected.
He was gifted in many fields of art.
Question 2. The word "apprenticed" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _______.
cleaned
painted
studied
mastered
Question 3. What can be inferred about Andrea del Verrocchio?
He was a novice writer.
He was a well-known artist.
He was Leonardo’s assistant.
He had many studios.
Question 4. How old was Leonardo da Vinci when he became an independent master?
22
24
26
 28
Question 5. Which was the first large painting by Leonardo da Vinci?
The Adoration of the Magi
Ginerva de' Benci
Baptism of Christ
Saint Jerome
Question 6. The word "catapults" in paragraph 3 is probably _______.

an animal
a weapon
a kind of food
A piece of art
Question 7. Which of the following sentences best paraphrases the information in the following
sentence in paragraph 4?
“He worked on the compositions for a long time, as was his custom, seemingly unwilling to
finish what he had begun.”
Leonardo felt the need to work on his works for as long a time as was needed to achieve
perfection.
For some reason, da Vinci took an extraordinarily long time to finish many creations.
Leonardo kept working until everything seemed perfect.
Leonardo would start many projects at the same time, but they would never finish
together.
Question 8. What happened to Leonardo’s painting, The Last Supper, in the early 15th century?
It was unsuccessfully restored.
It began to deteriorate.
It was left unfinished.
It was kept in a museum.
Question 9. The word "concerted" in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to _______.
musical
artistic
organized
painful
Question 10. What is NOT mentioned as a creation of Leonardo da Vinci’s while he was in
Milan?
 Theatre designs
Architectural drawings
Models of bronze horses
Models of domes for a cathedral

……………………………………………….

PASSAGE 3
There is no field of human endeavor that has been so misunderstood as health. While
health which connotes well-being and the absence of illness has a low profile, it is illness
representing the failure of health which virtually monopolizes attention because of the fear of
pain, disability. and death. This provides the medical practitioner power over the patient which
could be misused.
Till recently, patients had implicit faith in their physician whom they loved and
respected. not only for his knowledge bu also in the total belief that practitioners of this noble
profession. guided by ethics, always placed the patient’s interest above all other considerations.
This rich interpersonal relationship between the physician. patient. and family has. barring a few
exceptions. prevailed till the recent past, for caring was considered as important as curing. Our
indigenous systems of medicine like Ayurveda and yoga have been more concerned with the
promotion of the health of both the body and mind and with maintaining a harmonious
relationship not just with fellow beings but with nature itself, of which man is an integral part.
Healthy practices like cleanliness, proper diet, exercise, and meditation are part of our culture
which sustains people even in the prevailing conditions of poverty in rural India and in the
unhygienic urban slums.
These systems consider disease as an aberration resulting from a disturbance of the
equilibrium of health, which must be corrected by gentle restoration of this balance through
proper diet, medicines, and the establishment of mental peace. They also teach the graceful
acceptance of old age with its infirmities resulting from the normal degenerative process as well
as of death which is inevitable.
This is in marked conirast to the Western concept of life as a constant struggle against
disease. aging. and death which must be fought and conquered with the knowledge and
technology derived from their science: a science which, with its narrow dissected and
quantifying approach. has provided us the understanding of the microbial causes of
communicable diseases and provided highly effective technology for their prevention. treatment.
and control. This can rightly be claimed as the greatest contribution of Western medicine and
justifiably termed as high’ technology. And yet the contribution of this science in the field of
non-communicable diseases is remarkably poor despite the far greater inputs in research and
treatment for the problems of aging like cancer, heart diseases. paralytic strokes, and arthritis
which are the major problems of affluent societies today.
Question 1. Why has the field of health not been understood properly?
Difficulty in understanding the distinction between health and illness.
Confusion between views of indigenous and Western systems.
Highly advanced technology being used by professionals.
Disturbance of the equilibrium of health.
Question 2. The word “connotes” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________.
helps
cures
follows
confirms
Question 3. In India traditionally the doctors were being guided mainly by which of the
following?
High technology
Good knowledge
Professional ethics
Power over patient
Question 4. What caution have proponents of indigenous systems sounded against medical
practitioners?
Their undue concern for the health of the person.
Their emphasis on research on non-communicable diseases.
Their emphasis on curing illness rather than preventive health measures.
Their emphasis on restoring health for affluent members of society.
Question 5. Why, according to the author, have people in India survived in spite of poverty?
Their natural resistance to communicable diseases is very high.
They lead a healthy lifestyle.
They are always willing to conquer diseases.
They have easy access to Western technology.
Question 6. The word “aberration” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________.
observation
alternative
deviation
stimulation
Question 7. What is NOT crucially important for patients with diseases caused by
the disturbance of the equilibrium of health?
have an appropriate diet
take proper medicines
establish mental peace
have a personal doctor
Question 8. Which of the following pairs are mentioned as “contrast” in the passage?
Western concept of life and science.
Indian and Western concepts of life.
Western physician and Western-educated Indian physician.
Technology and science.
Question 9. Which of the following has been described as the most outstanding benefits of
modern medicine?
The findings of the real cause and ways to control communicable diseases
The evolution of the concept of harmony between man and nature
The special techniques to treat the problems of aging
The prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases
Question 10. All of the following diseases are mentioned as problems of aging EXCEPT ____
heart attack
paralytic strokes
arthritis
bronchitis
……………………………………………….

PASSAGE 4
Westerners still often refer to South-East Asia as “Japan’s backyard” or pan of the “yen block”.
They speak about Asian capitalism and, love it or loathe it, they assume there is only one son:
that pioneered by Japan The economic stars of the region - Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, and
Indonesia- have followed a distinctive path to development. As a result, they are now exporting
not Just goods, but ideas. The economic strategies of China and India look much more like those
followed in South-East Asia. rather than the North-East Asian model of Japan or South Korea.
There are three broad ways in which South-East Asian capitalism has differed from the
Japanese and Korean varieties. It is more open to foreign investment. It is less prone to try to
second-guess the market through a government industrial policy. It has been quicker to allow
financial markets The distinction is clearest over attitudes to foreign direct mvestment The
Japanese and the South Koreans have been determined to build up national champions and have
made it difficult for foreign-owned companies to set up shop. By contrast, the tigers of South-
East Asia have built their booms by welcoming foreigners. Singapore now has an economy
dominated by multinational companies. The expon industries of Thailand and Malaysia are also
heavily reliant on foreign firms.
The distinction between North-East and South-East Asia is more blurred when it comes
to industrial policy. There is much admiration in South-East Asia for the Japanese and South
Korean governments’ sponsorship of steel, shipbuilding, and other heavy industries. The
Japanese are trying to persuade Vietnam of the virtues of their style of economic planning. Both
Indonesia and Malaysia have tried nurturing winners, in aerospace and cars respectively But such
efforts remain peripheral. In Indonesia, the framework for growth has been established by a
determinedly orthodox group of economists who have concentrated on macroeconomic stability
and opposed subsidies. Malaysia s state-backed car industry has yet to prove itself commercially
viable. By contrast. Thailand seems likely to become the regional hub for motor manufacturing.
South-East Asian countries have also been much qwcker to let financial markets flourish.
In the early stages of South Korean and Japanese industrialization, businesses in search of credit,
had little option but to go to the banks, whose lending decisions were, in turn, heavily influenced
by the government. By contrast, the stock markets of Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia were
cleared for take-off early on the path to economic development, allowing companies to raise
more money without heavy borrowing South-East Asians have also been more wilma to let
foreigners invest in their stock markets
If Asia’s two underdeveloped giants - China and India - manage the kind of economic
miracles achieved in other parts of Asia, they seem likely to do it the South-East Asian way.
Both countries have set out to court foreign direct investment China took in 35 billion worth in
1994 alone India got into the game much later But even its nominally Communist politicians are
now eagerly scouting the world for foreign investors. Both countries still have large state sectors.
But both now see their nationalized industries primarily as a burden that must be reformed, rather
than as the fulcrum of an economic strategy. Finally, both China and India, like the South-East
Asians, have encouraged companies to raise capital through their frenetic stock markets.
Question 1. Which of the following has not been referred to as a star of South-East Asia?
Malaysia
Singapore
South Korea
Indonesia
Question 2. What does the word “those” in paragraph 1 refer to?
economic stars
 economic strategies
goods
ideas
Question 3. The word “pioneered” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ________.
applied
dismissed
launched
achieved
Question 4. What is the most distinctive difference between South-East Asia and Japanese and
Korean varieties?
attitudes to industrial policy
attitudes to foreign direct investment
attitudes to financial markets
attitudes to export industries
Question 5. South-East Asia countries highly appreciate Japan and South Korea because of their
______.
sponsorship of heavy industries
framework for growth
macroeconomic stability
opposed subsidies
Question 6. The word “orthodox” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _________.
prohibitive
provided
approved
expedient
Question 7. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT ________.
India and China follow the economic policies of South-East Asian nations entirely out of
choice.
The communist politicians of India are against foreign investment in India.
Indonesia tried to nurture its automobile industry.
Thailand can be regionally famous for motorbike manufacturing.
Question 8. Which of the following statements cannot be inferred from the passage?
 All South-East Asian economies are galloping along at a stable annual economic
growth rate
South Korea’s attitude to foreign investment is more flexible than those of Japan.
South-East Asian countries’ attitudes to foreign investment is more flexible than those of
Japan and South Korea.
The Indian economy follows the South-East Asian model more closely than it follows
the North-East Asian model.
Question 9. The word “frenetic” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to __________.
imbalanced.
calm
volatile
mature
Question 10. What is the best title for this passage?
Asia’s development
Asia's competing capitalism
the comparison between South-East Asia and Japan
the differences between South-East Asia and South Korea
……………………………………………….