Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Handwashing protocol among the

Grades 8 and 12 Students

A Research Presented to the

Faculty of Brokenshire College Senior High School
Madapo Hills, Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Practical Research 2

Fediles, Ephraim Vince V.

Quiban, Michelle Jane L.
Udtohan, Rhea Lynne T.
Lorete, Althea Nicole C.
Alcano, Genie Rose M.
Peralta, Ishir Klint V.
Amparo, Kay S.

May 2021
 RESEARCH ADVISER’S CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that the research proposal entitled "Assessing Knowledge,

Attitude and Practices of Handwashing protocol among Grade 12 STEM stu-

dents Of Brokenshire College" by Ephraim Vince Fediles, Michelle Jane Quiban,

Rhea Lynne Udtohan, Althea Nicole Lorete, Genie Rose Alcano, Isher Klint Peralta.

And Kay Amparo has approved by the undersigned and is ready for Title defense.

Research Adviser

1
 Brokenshire College
BASIC EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
Madapo, 8000 Davao City, Philippines
Tel. No. 224-64-14 loc 130/133/142/178

APPROVAL SHEET

This research entitled “Assesing Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of

Handwashing protocol among Grade 12 STEM students of Brokenshire College
” prepared and submitted by Ephraim Vince V. Fediles, Michelle Jane L. Quiban,
Althea Nicole C. Lorete, Genie Rose M. Alcano, Ishir Klint V. Peralta in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for APP 7 (Inquiries, Immersion and Investigation) is
hereby recommended for approval has been examined and is recommended for ap-
proval and acceptance.

ERIC A. TOMIMBANG

Research Adviser

Approved by the ORAL EXAMINATION PANEL MEMBERS

DULCE MARIE A. MARTINEZ, MAEd JEVIELYN P. TAN NERLY

Panel Member Panel Member

APPROVED TO CONDUCT THE STUDY

DULCE MARIE A. MARTINEZ, MAEd

Principal

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to express their gratitude to the people who helped

them in their research journey.

First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty for the blessings

and most especially for the strength, wisdom, and knowledge He gave to the re-

searchers for them to finish their research study.

Second, to the Research Adviser, Mr. Eric Tomimbang and of course to the

Research Teachers, Ms. Christine Faith Gamas and Ms. Prescilla Ruth Bicaldo for

helping and guiding the researchers in every step of the way to be able to write the pa-

per despite of the difficulties brought by the pandemic.

Third, to the panel members, Ms. Dulce Marie Martinez and Mrs. Jevelyn Per-

alta for their comments and suggestions during the research defense and for using

their time to help the researchers improve their study.

Fourth, to the respondents who willingly participated in the study and an-

swered the questionnaire with honesty and provided data that are needed in the study.

Also, to the statistician, Ms. Lady Love Boniel who computed the data gathered with

an accurate result.

The last but not the least, to the parents who supported their children, physi-

cally, mentally, and of course, financially. Without their help, conducting a research

would not be made possible for the researchers.

The Researchers

3
 ABSTRACT

Hand washing plays a vital role to one’s health and well-being especially dur-

ing the pandemic. Hand washing has been implemented for decades, but the proper

handwashing is not commonly practiced. Furthermore, this study has expanded the

knowledge, attitude and practices of handwashing protocol with respect to the partici-

pation of junior high and senior high school students in doing the modality of knowl-

edge, attitude and practices of handwashing protocols. The participants of this inquiry

were fifty students from grade 8 junior high department and fifty students from the

academic, and technical-vocational-livelihood track of the grade 12 senior high school

department in one of the most reputable schools in Davao City. Furthermore, infor-

mants underwent in-depth survey through answering in google form. After a thorough

analysis of the data, majority of the students are well aware of the importance of

hand-washing and has positive attitude and practices towards the hand-washing pro-

tocol. Finally, this study has provided several important implications on how to ad-

dress the said phenomenon, suggested relevant insights for health and safety, and con-

sidered vital related topics which necessitate future undertakings.

Keywords: handwashing protocols, hygiene practices, knowledge, attitude, junior

high, senior high, quantitative research

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

Table of Contents v

List of Tables viii

List of Figures ix

INTRODUCTION

Rationale ` 1

Research Objectives 3

Research Hypothesis 4

Review of Related Literature 4

Theoretical Framework 13

Conceptual Framework 13

Scope and Limitation 14

Significance of the Study 14

Definition of Terms 15

METHOD

Research Design

Research locale

Population and Sample

Research Instrument

5
 Data Collection

Ethical Consideration

Statistical Tool

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Discussion

Conclusion

Recommendation

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

CURRICULUM VITAE

6
 LIST OF TABLES Page

Table 1a. Profile of the respondents based on the grade level

Table 1b. Profile of the respondents based on gender

Table 2. The level of knowledge of the respondents

Table 3. The level of attitude of the respondents

Table 4. The level of practices of the respondents

Table 5. The significant difference in the level of knowledge

Table 6. The significant difference in the level of attitude

Table 7. The significant difference in the level of practices

LIST OF FIGURES Page

7
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 2. Map of Brokenshire College, Madapo, Davao City

Figure 3. Data Collection

8
 INTRODUCTION

Rationale

Hand washing is one of the simplest and effective ways to prevent the spread

of flu and other infectious diseases (Rhode Island, 2020). During this time of pan-

demic, hand washing plays an important role to all individuals for it is the easiest way

for them to keep themselves safe from the sores of Covid-19 as well as from other

contagious lethal disease such as tuberculosis, pneumonia and dehydration due to di-

arrheal disease. Hand washing is one of the simplest and effective ways to prevent the

spread of flu and other infectious diseases (Rhode Island, 2020). During this time of

pandemic, hand washing plays an important role to all individuals for it is the easiest

way for them to keep themselves safe from the sores of Covid-19 as well as from

other contagious lethal disease such as tuberculosis, pneumonia and dehydration due

to diarrheal disease.

Also, Industrial Safety and Hygiene News (2018) presented some of the in-

fections and diseases that we able to get or transmit if we don’t wash our hands thor-

oughly, these are noroviruses, respiratory illness such as influenza and common cold,

nosocomial infection that includes Escherichia coli virus and Methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus or commonly know as MRSA, and lastly was called Hepatitis

A in which it able to spread through contaminated food that we eat. Also, there are a

lot of other diseases cause by infectious diseases such as pink eye, salmonellosis,

mononucleosis, hand-foot-and mouth disease, cytomegalovirus, and human respira-

tory syncytial virus (Yanek,2020).

 2

Thus, Department of Health or DOH and NHS presented 7 essential steps of

proper handwashing in which they also recommended to give enough time at least 20

seconds or sing a “Happy Birthday” song twice as the time duration of handwashing.

The first step of proper handwashing it to wet hands with water between 35°C and

45°C of water temperature and apply hand soap afterwards. Then, rub palm together

circularly in clockwise and counterclockwise and also rub the back of hands which

the fingers were linked to other hands. Next, interlinked the fingers while hands fac-

ing each other than cup or interlock the fingers together. Next, clean the thumbs as

well as the fingernails. Then, rub the palms with the fingers in circular motion. Lastly,

rinsed your hands with warm running water thoroughly and dry it with clean towel or

disposable paper towel (Burton, 2019).

Also, according to Centura Health (2020), it is really important to wash hands

frequently with soap and water wherever you are because it prevents illnesses and in-

fections to others, it removes germs from multiple sources and it helps the rise in an-

tibiotic resistance. Since during healthcare, hands are considered as the main pathway

of germs transmission (WHO, 2009). Davis (2015), stated that in year 1846, Dr. Sem-

melweis proves his hypothesis was correct that one of the factors on the rate from

childbed fever is due to the lack of proper hygiene and sanitation. Then he highly ad-

vised the other medical staff to start washing their hands and instruments with soap

and chlorine solution to prevent the pale particle enters inside the body of a women.

The study of 305 children in United States particularly in Detroit, children who wash

their hands four times a day they found out that 24 percent fewer sick days due to res-

piratory illness and 51 percent fewer days lost of stomach upset (Education World,

2016).
 3

Moreover, proper handwashing is a common word which most people have

known, but at some point, some lack the knowledge about it. Even professional

healthcare workers who have enough knowledge about the importance of proper

handwashing, their practices and behavior do not correlate on what they have learned.

Burton (2019) stated that 61% as estimated number of healthcare professionals glob-

ally didn’t clean their hands correctly. Erasmus et. Al (2009) after they conducted a

study in total of 65 respondents consisting nurses, physicians and medical students

they found out that the reasons having poor hand hygiene among hospital workers be-

cause based on the result of their survey medical students stated that they copy the be-

havior showed by their superior which often shows noncompliance on proper hand

hygiene and physicians also mentioned that the reason of their noncompliance arise

because hand hygiene as prevention from infectious disease is too weak to convince

them.

Currently this year, Baker, Barton, Tan and Winegar of Ask the Scientist presented

the study in the Journal of Environmental Health who conduct study about the hand

washing techniques of 3,749 number of people using public restroom. They found out

that only 67 percent of the given respondent washed their hands with soap and water

and in 67 percent there were only five percent of people who follow the proper hand

washing. Also, 23 rinsed their hand but they did not use soap. And 10 percent for who

did not washed their hands at all after using toilet.

Research Objectives

This study is conducted to describe the knowledge, attitude and practices of

hand washing protocol among the Grades 8 and 12 students of Brokenshire College. It

aims to achieve the following:

 4

1. Identify the profile of the respondents:

a. Grade Level

b. Gender

2. Identify the level of knowledge of the respondents about handwashing proto-

cols

3. Identify the level of attitude of the respondents towards handwashing proto-

cols

4. Identify the level of practices of the respondents on handwashing protocols

5. Determine whether there is a significant difference in the level of knowledge

about handwashing protocols among the respondents when grouped according

to:

a. Grade Level

b. Gender

6. Determine whether there is a significant difference in the level of attitude to-

wards handwashing protocols among the respondents when grouped according

to:

a. Grade Level

b. Gender

7. Determine whether there is a significant difference in the level of practices on

handwashing protocols among the respondents when grouped according to:

a. Grade Level

b. Gender

Research Hypotheses

This study tested the following null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.
 5

H01 There is no significant difference in the level of knowledge about hand-

washing protocols when respondents are grouped according to profile.

H02 There is no significant difference in the level of attitude about handwash-

ing protocols when respondents are grouped according to profile.

H03 There is no significant difference in the level of practices about handwash-

ing protocols when respondents are grouped according to profile.

Review of the Related Literature

Handwashing Protocol

Washing hands especially in these days become a necessity to an individual to

stay healthy and away from the virus that’s spreading worldwide that can be transmit-

ted through the traces of virus such as droplets that are left on different surfaces, and

when touched, a person is now infected. According to Boshell (2016), hands are liable

for the spread of 80% of regular infections and hand washing stays one of the simplest

and least expensive approaches to forestall the spread of microscopic organisms and

nonetheless, 1 out of every 5 individuals do not wash their hands and those who wash

their hands, only 30% of them uses cleaner. A recent study by the Society for Health-

care Epidemiology of America found that the World Health Organization’s (WHO) 6-

step hand washing technique was more effective at removing bacteria than the simple

“Wash Your Hands for 20 Seconds” method and be able to wash hands properly can

prevent sickness and avoid infection from various places.

Hand washing is the rubbing of all surfaces of the hands together with the use

of soap and water. It should be done after arrival at work, before coming home from

work, between customer interactions, after removal of gloves, when hands are clearly
 6

soiled, before eating, after excretion of body waste (urination and defecation), after

contact with body fluids, before and after intrusive procedures have been conducted,

and after handling polluted equipment. Depending on the situation, the exact amount

of time needed for hand washing varies. To extract transient flora from the palms, a

washing time of 10 to 15 seconds is suggested. Typically, high-risk areas, such as

nurseries, need around 2 minutes of hand washing. Generally, soiled hands need more

time (Jemal, 2018). According to Better Health Channel (2020), one of the most es-

sential aspects of infection prevention is hand hygiene. The purpose of hand washing

is to eliminate bacteria from the hands, acquired through daily activities. It is recom-

mended that nothing be worn below the elbows (except for a simple band) to ensure

optimal hand hygiene, and that the fingernails be clean and trimmed.

A study of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2020 also states that

washing hands to help prevent the spread of bacteria should be upon using the re-

stroom or changing nappies, before, during and after meal preparation, prior to eating,

before and after attending to those who are ill or other members of the family, after

garbage management or garden work, and after treating animals. Washing hands is

necessary, thus all must practice it properly. The first thing to do is wet your hands.

For 20 seconds, apply soap and lather well. Rub your hands together quickly over

your hands and wrists on all surfaces. In washing hands, the important parts needed to

be washed are the backs of elbows, between fingertips, and under the nails. If neces-

sary, before hand washing remove rings and watches or make sure to move the rings

under them to wash, as microorganisms may live under them. Rinsing thoroughly un-

der running water is the best way to remove the soap traces. Use a clean towel or an

air drier to dry hands. Using paper towels (or single-use disposable towels) is safest.

Utilize running water. Instead of a tub of standing water that may become polluted by
 7

use. Washing hands with soap and water can kill considerably more disease producing

species than washing hands with water alone. In general, particularly at work, it is

easier to use liquid soap than bar soap. Just one aspect of hand hygiene is handwash-

ing. It is normally necessary to look after your skin, as your skin is your most effec -

tive protection against infection.

Hand hygiene is now considered to be one of the most significant elements of

infection control operations, according to Mathur (2011). He also stated that through

simple measures such as proper hand hygiene, people are coming back to the basics of

infection prevention. This is because enough scientific evidence supports the finding

that hand hygiene alone can minimize the risk of cross-transmission of infection in

healthcare facilities if implemented properly. There is now undisputed proof that strict

compliance with hand hygiene decreases the risk of infections being cross-transmit-

ted. With "Clean Care is Safer Care" as the key agenda of the World Health Organiza-

tion's global initiative on public health services, it is time for advanced countries to

find a foundation.

The investigation sought to understand the connection between information on

hand washing, character and training of middle school students and provide important

data of hand washing by students and help them develop a good practice. Data were

collected by a normalized self-control survey between Sep.20 to October 6, 2006 from

Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, research on hand washing and

public awareness in 2005 with a combined 710 understudies in 1, 2, 3 tests in 6 center

schools in urban cities 490 students from four schools organized in a city area, 220

out of 2 in each rural region. Investigated information using SPSS WIN 12.0 pro-

gram, which uses multiple measurable techniques. The effects of the analysis are as

follows. To begin with, the total number of middle hand washing times of middle
 8

school students is daily. 66.1% of students use a cleaner and most students wash their

hands for a few seconds (44.7%). In the experience of teaching hand washing, “Yes”

is 24.3% which is huge in hand washing knowledge, mentality and practice. In the re-

lationship of hand washing information, disposition and practice, there is a measur-

able importance between mental and hand washing knowledge and has shown a posi-

tive connection to knowledge. Hand washing gestures are significantly different from

information and thought and the constant connection reflects a positive connection

with knowledge and behavior (Choi et al., 2014). Looking at the outcome for the re-

evaluation with hand washing information, behavior and skills as reliable factors,

hand washing information presented realistic importance to gender, school type and

private place. There are also realistic values between mental and hand washing

knowledge and between hand washing skills and religion, knowledge and level of

money, habits. (Han, 2003) In the conclusion of the gathered data there are predicted

outcomes in hand washing, gesture and skill information. With no chance of advising

them on information, their habit is more certain and on the off chance that they be-

come proficient in information and more inspiring gestures, their training is dynamic.

To upgrade the trend of hand washing for middle school students, the hand washing

must be maintained. Preparation plans should also be made by gender, type of school,

financial level, local location, and a thorough investigation into the preparation of

hand washing.

According to Lee (n.d.), the study was investigated to know what is the impact

of handwashing training program on information, mentality and practice of hand-

washing in primary school. The respondents were 484 matured teenagers in

Gyeonggi-do. The data were collected from Sep. 1 to Dec. 21, 2009. The results were

1) The handwashing training bunch has shown high score than E bunch scored 29.15
 9

and the C bunch scored 27.52. The E bunch has high score in mentality in handwash-

ing than the C bunch because the E bunch scored 39.60 and the C bunch scored 36.96.

The E bunch shows high score than the C bunch shows low score. The E bunch

scored 45.90 and the C bunch Scored 44.67. Overall, the trial bunch indicate high

score in information, demeanor, practice and cognizance of handwashing. This shows

that the handwashing was practicable. It is necessary to use order and different hand-

washing instructions in school program.

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been regarded as an interna-

tional concern and a pandemic as an epidemic disease, beginning with the declaration

of the World Health Organization (WHO). The goal of this study is to evaluate the

prevention of awareness and practices among residents of Ethiopia against the

COVID-19 pandemic. An online cross-sectional study was carried out on popular so-

cial media such as Facebook, Telegram, and email among a sample of Ethiopian resi-

dents through social platforms of the author’s network. To recruit participants, snow-

ball sampling was hired. In doing so, we successfully obtained the responses of 341

participants. The majority of respondents were 80.5% male. Approximately 91.2 per-

cent of participants heard about the COVID-19 pandemic. 93.8 percent of the 341 par-

ticipants understood that keeping a social distance and regular hand washing respec-

tively had stopped the COVID-19 pandemic. This shows that there was a high level of

prevention of participants’ knowledge of COVID-19 by maintaining social distance

and frequent handwashing. Of the 341 participants, however, only 61%, 84% prac-

ticed social distance and frequent handwashing towards COVID-19, respectively.

Most of the participants knew how to protect themselves from the novel coronavirus

(COVID-19), but there was a great deal. The problem of transforming this knowledge

of prevention into reality. This shows that the difference in prevention and implemen-
 10

tation of COVID-19 in practices is between societies in combating the spread of

COVID-19. Consequently, the agency in question should concentrate on providing the

community with information and education on the application of prevention expertise

in practice (Bekele et al., 2021).

Behavior towards Handwashing

Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic affects almost every nation and area in the

world. Washing hands, along with other preventive measures, is one of the most sig-

nificant prevention measures. The objective of the study was to classify recorded

Vietnamese handwashing practices during COVID-19 and associated factors. The on-

line survey was created using the Kobo Toolbox framework. This survey was at-

tended by 837 people.The estimation of frequencies and percentages was used for all

independent variables. A relevant amount of 0.05 was used for univariate linear re-

gression. The theoretical model has been equipped with multiple linear regression.

Predictors gathered. According to Huong et al.,2020, soap was the prime option for

79% of respondents to wash their hands. However, only 26.3 percent practiced prop-

erly laundering their hands, and only 28.4 percent washed their hands for at least 20

seconds at all necessary times. Even though 92.1 percent of their hands were washed

after contacting public areas (e.g., lifts, doors), after removal of masks, only 66.3 per-

cent were used for hand washing. Handwashing activities have been reported better

by women than by men (OR=1.88; CI: 95 percent: 1.15-3.09). Improved hand wash-

ing information has been instrumental in improving the recorded hand washing (OR =

1,30; 95% CI: 1,20-1,41). The COVID-19 pandemic information on Internet, social

media, newspapers, and television was possibly responsible for worse hand washing

practice at least in part. Although the number of people who reported washing their

hands was very high, only a quarter had corrected the hand washing practices re-
 11

ported. Hand washing communication strategy should stress both the minimum hand

washing time needed and the six hand washing measures.

A systematic analysis of global handwashing found that handwashing is still

far from widely done after potential interaction with excreta. The world average hand

washing prevalence was estimated at 19%. Although only 43 studies from 19 different

countries were based on this result, the studies show significant variability in areas of

the same levels of revenue. Countries of high income with hand-washing frequency

data show rates ranging from 48% to 72% and countries of low incomes ranging from

5% to 25%.

To our knowledge, this is the first systematic analysis of the prevalence of re-

ported handwashing. We used data from studies that used direct observation of hand-

washing behavior rather than self-reported behavior, since self-reporting is known to

substantially overestimate real handwashing rates (Biran et al. 2008). However, due to

increased handwashing behaviour, the presence of an observer has repeatedly been

shown to result in skewed outcomes (Ram et al. 2010; Pedersen et al., 1986; Munger

& Harris 1989). We would expect such bias to inflate our estimate, which means that

19% is definitely an overestimate of the global handwashing prevalence.For this pur-

pose, it is even more important to recognize handwashing promotional techniques that

are successful and create long-lasting changes in behavior.

A short-term intervention study that recorded observations of the quantity of

soap usage and used an objective measure of disease (rectal swabs) showed substan-

tial reductions in shigellosis transmission after handwashing relative to a non-hand-

washing control group (Khan 1982). This comparatively high-quality research (in

terms of both exposure and outcome evaluation) offers compelling evidence that
 12

when there is appropriate incentive for individuals to comply, hand hygiene has the

potential to reduce the risk of diseases.

Attitude towards Handwashing

Agbana et al., (2020) stated that proper hand hygiene has been described as an

efficient means of infection prevention and control in the hospital and also outside the

hospital setting, and is used to stop the spread of corona virus (COVID-19). Health

workers are the ones who commonly acquired virus due to their close contact with pa-

tients who have the virus. Ignaz Semmelweis, an Australian- Hungarian physician

also known as the Father of Hand Hygiene discovered the importance of hand wash-

ing in 1858. It is said that good hand hygiene helps to reduce the transmissions of in-

fection in and out a setting. Even though hand hygiene is described as an effective and

important control measures to prevent infection, the reinforcement of doing so is un-

acceptably low (Braimoh & Udeabor, 2013). On 2018, Majeed et al. stated that some

factors that affect the practice of hand washing, includes lack of knowledge and

awareness of the guidelines or protocols, not having enough time, lack of soap and

some causes skin irritation, non-availability of tap water, and the common reason is

forgetfulness. The use of alcohol-based hand rubs is a good alternative as running wa-

ter is not available everywhere. With the use of alcohol as an alternative, people are

assured that they will be less infected by the viruses.

According to Nair et al. (2014), hand hygiene is recognized as the leading

measure to avoid microorganism cross-transmission and to reduce the occurrence of

infections associated with health care. According to Pratinidhi et al., hand washing

and other basic personal hygiene are not frequently practiced even though it’s the

most common form of hygiene in developing countries, and an effective measure to

 13

control the spread of viruses and diseases. The fact that hand washing is not fre-

quently practiced due to some of the reasons mentioned above, hand rubbing with the

use of alcohol is an alternative in the practice of hand washing. A simple way of hand

washing can keep everyone safe and has a less chance to be infected by various dis-

eases. Schools are the best setting of health promotion and let the students to imple-

ment the proper hand washing behavior and positive hand washing intentions at home

(2020).

Theoretical Framework

Health Behavior Theory of Hand Hygiene

Most assessments of hand hygiene have measured information (cognitive do-

main) and practices (behavioral domain). Many researchers' goals, according to Zim-

merman & Noar (2005), are to understand both the factors of health behaviors and the

process of health behavior change. With the help of the Theory of Planned Behavior

(TPB), which predicts a person's goal to participate in a particular time and space, it

makes the individual behavior be driven by behavior intentions, where behavior inten-

tions are a function of three determinants: an individual’s attitude toward behavior,

subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (Ajzen, 1991). According to this

theory the prompt reason of a planned behavior in the case of hand hygiene is an

intention to conduct the behavior, which, in turn, is shaped by personal attitude,

perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms (a person’s perception of the so-

cial pressure to perform or not perform the behavior). This theory connected us re-

searchers to our existing knowledge about the assessments of hand hygiene among

Senior High school students and Junior High school students. After the researchers ar-

ticulated this theory’s assumption, the researchers have been forced to address ques-

tions of why and how.

 14

Conceptual Framework

Profile of
Independent the
Variable Knowledge,
Dependent Variable
respondents: Attitude, and
Grade level Practices of Grades
Gender 8 and 12 Students

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 shows the variables of the study from which the independent variable is the
knowledge, attitudes, and practices of grades 8 and 12 students, and the dependent
variable is the hand washing protocol. This study aimed to assess the student’s knowl-
edge, attitude, and practices towards the hand washing protocol.

Scope and Limitation

This study will focus on the knowledge, attitude and practices of grades 8

and 12 students of Brokenshire College regarding the hand washing protocol. It will

not include the elementary and college students of Brokenshire College. Thus, this

study is only limited on the participation of the two mentioned grade levels. Outside

the scope of the study is its limitation which will not be included in the study con-

ducted.

Significance of the Study

The result of the study will be beneficial to the following:

Students. This study will help students to be able to know the appropriate attitude and

behavior towards hand washing.

 15

Parents. Parents are concerned for their child's health and by conducting this study,

this research will provide awareness on what would be the proper way of do-

ing hand washing protocol. This will inform the parents if their child is doing

the hand washing protocol properly.

Future Researchers. This study will guide them to know what are the knowledge, atti-

tude and practices of students in terms of hand washing protocol.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined according to the use of the study:

Attitude. Determines the manners of the participants the way they think and feel about

the hand washing protocol

Handwashing. Determines the act of washing one's hands in relation to the hand

washing protocol

Practice. Determines how often the grade 12 STEM students wash their hands

Protocol. A system of rules on the proper way to act in terms of hand washing

Students. The JHS and SHS students who will participate in the study, specifically

the grades 8 and 12 students

 METHOD

This section presents the Research Design, Research Locale, Population and

Sample, Research Instrument, Data Collection, Ethical Consideration, and Statistical

Tool to be used in the study.

Research Design

The researchers will use the descriptive-comparative research design in order

to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices among the grade 8 and grade 12 stu-

dents towards the hand washing protocol. Descriptive-comparative research is a fact

finding approach that studies the nature and status of a group of persons, a class or

events, conditions and others. This is a design where the researchers considers two

variables and establishes a formal procedure to compare and include that one is better

than the other if significant difference exist. It examines describe records, analyzes

and interprets gathered data (McCombes, 2019). The study used descriptive-compara-

tive research design in a way that the data will be collected through survey that will

not be controlled by the study and also, the data will be based on the respondents’ re-

action to the survey and how they respond to it.

Research Locale

The research study will be conducted at Brokenshire College located in

Madapo Hills, Davao City, Davao Del Sur, Philippines, for the S. Y.2020-2021. Bro-

kenshire College is a private, non-profit college operated by the United Church of

Christ in the Philippines in Davao District, Philippines (UCCP). It was founded as the

Brokenshire School of Nursing in 1954 and now offers health sciences, theology,

business, teacher training, medicine, as well as vocational and K-12 education pro-

grams. Under the K-12 program is the Senior High School in which the Brokenshire
College offers two tracks; Academic and Technical Vocational Tracks. Under the

Academic Track are the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Strand

(STEM), Accountancy and Business Management Strand (ABM), and Humanities

and Social Sciences Strand (HUMSS). While under the Technical Vocational Track

are the Home Economics (HE) and Information and Communication Technology

(ICT). This study focuses on Assessing Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Hand

washing protocol among the Grade 12 STEM students of Brokenshire College specifi-

cally the sections Freedom, Excellence, and the STEM students in section Fellowship.
 Figure 2. Map of Davao City and Location of Brokenshire College

Population and Sample

The population of the study is comprised of the grade 8 and grade 12 students

of Brokenshire College, Madapo Hills, Davao City S.Y. 2020-2021. The sample size

of 100 was selected for the study using the Cluster sampling technique. The popula-

tion of 100 sample will come from two grade levels which is the grades 8 and 12 stu-

dents in Brokenshire College; 50 students from grade 8 and 50 students from grade

12. The results that will be gathered from the sampling will be used as the Re-

searcher’s Data.

Research Instrument

The study will utilize three self-reported questionnaires adapted from a previ-

ous study of Mbroh, Linda Afia, which is entitled “Assessing Knowledge, Attitude

and Practices of Hand Hygiene Among University Students” on 2019 as an instru-

ments for data gathering to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practices towards

handwashing protocol among the grades 8 and 12 students of Brokenshire College.

 The questionnaire consists of three scales: knowledge, attitude and self-re-

ported practice regarding handwashing. To be able to know the profile of the respon-

dents, the first part of the questionnaire requires the name, grade level as well as the

gender of the students to elicit information that is needed in the study.

The first scale is the hand hygiene knowledge which will be assessed through

the 10 questions which is answerable by “correct” or “incorrect” depending on their

knowledge towards handwashing. For ever correct answer, 1 point is given and 0 for

ever incorrect answer. KSCORE will be used to calculate the knowledge. The higher

the value of the variable KSCORE the more knowledgeable a student is when it

comes to handwashing. A score of more than 75% was considered good, 50-74%

moderate and less Than 50% poor. The cut off values to determine good, moderate

and poor levels will be adapted from previously published study (Mbroh, 2019).

Knowledge towards Handwashing

Range of Means Description Interpretation

8.00 – 10.00 Very High This indicates that the respondents are

very highly knowledgeable in terms of

handwashing.

6.00 – 7.99 High This indicates that the respondents are

highly knowledgeable in terms of hand-

washing.

4.00 – 5.99 Moderate This indicates that the respondents are

moderately knowledgeable in terms of

handwashing.
 2.00 – 3.99 Low This indicates that the respondents are

slightly knowledgeable in terms of hand-

washing.

0.00 – 1.99 Very Low This indicates that the respondents are

not knowledgeable in terms of hand-

washing.

The second scale would measure participants' attitudes toward handwashing

using a seven-point semantic differential scale with the use of various descriptors to

explain how they felt about performing handwashing. Individual items assessed the

level of inconvenient, irritation, frustration, and practicality associated with conduct-

ing proper hand hygiene at the required times, as well as whether hand hygiene is

viewed as beneficial or optional. The sum of the things was used to measure attitude:

the higher the score, the better the attitudes toward hand hygiene. More than 75% was

considered good, 50-74% was considered moderate, and less than 50% was consid-

ered poor. The cutoff values for evaluating good, moderate, and poor levels will be

adapted from a previous study (Mbroh, 2019).

Attitude towards Handwashing

Range of Means Description Interpretation

This indicates that the respondents have

1.80 – 2.00 Very Positive a very positive attitude towards hand-

washing.
 This indicates that the respondents have
1.60 – 1.79 Positive
a positive attitude towards handwashing.

This indicates that the respondents have

Neither Positive nor
1.40 – 1.59 neither a positive nor a negative attitude
Negative
towards handwashing.

This indicates that the respondents have

1.20 – 1.39 Negative
a negative attitude towards handwashing.

This indicates that the respondents have

1.00 – 1.19 Very Negative a very negative attitude towards hand-

washing.

Respondents were asked to choose from four options: always, sometimes,

never, and not applicable when answering 29 questions about their handwashing prac-

tices. For all questions, the answer "always" earns 4 points, "sometimes" 3 points,

"never" 2 points, and "not applicable" 1 point in the assessment of self-reported hand

hygiene practices.

Self-reported practices towards Handwashing

Range of Means Description Interpretation

This indicates that the respon-

3.26 – 4.00 Always dents always practice handwash-

ing.
 This indicates that the respon-

2.51 – 3.25 Sometimes dents sometimes practice hand-

washing.

This indicates that the respon-

1.76 – 2.5 Never
dents never practice handwashing.

This indicates that handwashing is

1. -1.75 Not Applicable
not applicable to the respondents.

The researchers The researchers contextualized

Data Collectionsubmitted a letter to
the principal of Brokenshire College survey questionnaires for the

to formally ask a permission to respondents from the high school

conduct the study. students of Brokenshire College.

The researchers gathered data by letting the informants answer the questions by sending or

posting google document forms where the questions are already provided by the

researchers. The data were collected by the researchers and be seen through google

document form.

After the collection of data, the researchers analyzed and

interpreted the gathered information using statistical tool.

 Figure 3. Data Collection Procedure

Ethical Considerations

The Ethical Consideration is a key element of a research. The researcher has to

stick to the goal of presenting reliable data, facts and error prevention (Chetty, 2016).

According to Kaewkungwal & Adams (2019), the values and principles of ethical be-

havior should be considered by researchers in designing and conducting research us-

ing human data.

The process of data collection started when the grades 8 and 12 students of

Brokenshire College were asked for their willingness to voluntarily participate in the

study. The respondents were informed that they can make a withdrawal of their partic-

ipation anytime and the researchers assured that there will be no harm or negative im-

pacts to their involvement in any projects both in the present and in the future. The re-

spondents were also informed that their identifying information will not be accessed

by anyone but the research team. The researchers made an assurance that the re-

sponses will be treated with confidentiality and will be used solely for the study.

Statistical Tool

In determining the level of consciousness, attitude and practices of the re-

spondents towards Hand washing Protocol descriptive statistics was being used.

Bhandari (2020) stated that descriptive statistics was used to summarize, organize and

simplify data set or the collected responses from a sample or entire population. With

the help of providing graphical or analytical data using central tendency by getting its

mean and t-test for comparative analysis. In addition, CFI (2015) defines statistical

mean as the average or the most common value that we found in a particular set or
collection of numbers. Also, t-test were being used to determine if there are signifi-

cant difference between the means of our two variables or groups in which it also use-

ful for testing assumption that will be applicable to test a population (Kenton & West-

fall, 2020).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents, analyzes, and interprets the data gathered from the

study. The first part describes the profile of the respondents based on the grade level
and gender. The second part describes the level of knowledge of the respondents

about handwashing protocol. The third part describes the level of attitude of the re-

spondents towards hand washing protocol. The fourth part describes the level of prac-

tices of the respondents on hand washing protocol. The fifth part describes the signifi-

cant difference in the level of knowledge about hand washing protocols among the re-

spondents when grouped according to grade level and gender. The sixth part describes

the significant difference in the level of attitude towards hand washing protocols

among the respondents when grouped according to grade level and gender. The sev-

enth part describes the significant difference in the level of practices of hand washing

protocols among the respondents when grouped according to grade level and gender.

Profile of the respondents

Table 1.a describes the profile of respondents in terms of grade level. The tar-

get respondents would be all in 100 students with a total of 50 respondents in grade 8

and 50 respondents with the in grade 12 both get the same percentage for a total of

100.

Table 1.a

Profile of the respondents in terms of grade level

Grade level Frequency Percentage

Grade 8 50 50

Grade 12 50 50

Total 100 100

Table 1. B describes the profile of the respondents in terms of gender. The

level of practices on handwashing protocol the male gender respondents total is 37 re-
spondents while on the other side the female's gender we got 63 respondents with a

total of 100. The total Frequency and percentage have no difference.

Table 1.b

Profile of the respondents in terms of gender

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 37 37

Female 63 63

Total 100 100

Hand hygiene is now considered to be one of the most significant elements of

infection control operations, according to Mathur (2011). The investigation sought to

understand the connection between information on hand washing, character and train-

ing of middle school students and provide important data of hand washing by students

and help them develop a good practice.

Level of Knowledge

Table 2 presents the data on the level of knowledge in terms of hand-washing.

Based on the data collected and as shown on the table, the respondent's level of
knowledge has the mean of 7.72 and the standard deviation of 1.03. As interpreted in

the range of means criteria, it resulted to high level of knowledge. This explains that

the respondents are highly knowledgeable with regards to hand-washing.

Range of Means Description Interpretation

This indicates that the respondents are very

8.00 – 10.00 Very High highly knowledgeable in terms of hand-

washing.

This indicates that the respondents are

6.00 – 7.99 High highly knowledgeable in terms of hand-

washing.

This indicates that the respondents are mod-

4.00 – 5.99 Moderate erately knowledgeable in terms of hand-

washing.

This indicates that the respondents are

2.00 – 3.99 Low slightly knowledgeable in terms of hand-

washing.

This indicates that the respondents are not

0.00 – 1.99 Very Low
knowledgeable in terms of handwashing.

Table 2

Level of Knowledge of the Respondents about Handwashing Protocols

 Mean Std Dev Description

Interpretation This indicates that the respondents

7.72 1.03 High are highly knowledgeable in terms

of handwashing.

The high level of knowledge of the respondents indicated that the students

know the basic of hand-washing and its purpose and effects. Hand hygiene is now re-

garded as one of the most important aspects of infection control procedures, Accord-

ing to Mathur (2011). Hand washing gestures differ significantly from information

and thought, and the constant connection reflects a positive relationship with knowl-

edge and behavior (Choi et al., 2014). There are also realistic values between mental

and hand washing knowledge, as well as between hand washing skills and religion,

knowledge and income level, and habits (Han, 2003)

Level of Attitude

Presented in Table 3 are the data on the level of attitude of the respondents to-

wards hand-washing protocol. Based on the table shown, that in the level of practice
that the respondents hand wash, the mean is 1.93 and the standard deviation is 0.04,

which is interpreted as having a very positive attitude towards hand-washing. The ta-

ble implies that the respondents are always practiced having positive attitude towards

the hand washing protocol based on their level of practice.

Range of Means Description Interpretation

This indicates that the respondents have a

1.80 – 2.00 Very Positive
very positive attitude towards handwashing.

This indicates that the respondents have a

1.60 – 1.79 Positive
positive attitude towards handwashing.

Neither Posi- This indicates that the respondents have nei-

1.40 – 1.59 tive nor Nega- ther a positive nor a negative attitude to-

tive wards handwashing.

This indicates that the respondents have a

1.20 – 1.39 Negative
negative attitude towards handwashing.

This indicates that the respondents have a

1.00 – 1.19 Very Negative
very negative attitude towards handwashing.

Table 3

Level of Attitude of the Respondents towards Hand-washing Protocols

Mean Std Dev Description

This indicates that the respondents
have a very positive attitude to-
wards hand washing.
 Interpretation

1.93 0.04 Very Positive

This agrees with the Safety and Health Magazine Website (2020) on the sur-

vey research the conducted that the results show 9 out of 10 respondents are washing

their hands more frequently, more thoroughly or longer. Additionally, 78% are wash-

ing their hands at least six times a day – up from 37% before the pandemic began –

while 20% are washing their hands 16 or more times a day. Seventy-seven percent

said they’re washing their hands multiple times a day for at least 20 seconds, per Cen-

ters for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations. Results of the previous

survey showed that 57% of respondents washed their hands for only five to 15 sec-

onds. If soap and water aren’t available, CDC recommends the use of a hand sanitizer

that contains at least 60% alcohol.

Level of Practices

Table 4 presents the level of practices of the respondents on hand washing

protocol. Based on the table shown, that in the level of practice that the respondents

hand wash, the mean is 3.56 and the standard deviation is 0.29, which is interpreted as

the always practicing the hand washing protocol. The table implies that the respon-

dents are always practicing the hand washing protocol based on their level of practice.

Range of Means Description Interpretation

This indicates that the respon-

3.26 – 4.00 Always dents always practice handwash-

ing.

2.51 – 3.25 Sometimes This indicates that the respon-

 dents sometimes practice hand-

washing.

This indicates that the respon-

1.76 – 2.5 Never dents never practice handwash-

ing.

This indicates that handwashing

Not Applica-
2. -1.75 is not applicable to the respon-
ble
dents.

Table 4

Level of Practices of the Respondents towards Hand washing Protocols

Mean Std Dev Description

Interpretation This indicates that the respondents

3.56 0.29 Always always practice handwashing.

This agrees with the Occupational Health & Safety (2020) website that, the

Bradley Corporation performed its Healthy Hand Washing survey during the coron-

avirus outbreak to assess the virus's effects on Americans' hygiene practices. The ma-

jority of Americans, according to the survey, follow the Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention's (CDC) hand washing guidelines. Ninety percent have responded that

they wash their hands more frequently and 78 percent say they wash their hands six

times or more every day. Prior to the outbreak, only 37% of people washed their

hands frequently compared to now

Significance on the Level of Knowledge when grouped according to Grade level and

Gender

Table 5 depicts the significant difference in the level of knowledge about hand

washing protocols among the respondents when grouped according to Grade level and

Gender. The results for the Grade level shows that the T-value (54.04) is greater than

the P-value (0.000) which means that there was a significant difference between the

two (2) grade levels (grades 8 and 12). The results for the Gender shows that there

was a significant difference between the Male and Female respondents because the T-

value is 53.25 while the P-value is 0.000. It is shown that the level of knowledge of

Grade 8 and Grade 12 students is different when it comes to hand washing protocol.

Also, the knowledge of both male and female students about the hand washing proto-

col is not the same.

Table 5

Difference in the level of knowledge about hand washing protocols among the respon-

dents when grouped according to Grade level and Gender

T- Stat P-value Interpretation

Grade level 54.04 0.000 Significant

Gender 53.25 0.000 Significant

There is a measurable importance between mental and hand washing knowl-

edge and has shown a positive connection to knowledge. According to Choi et al.

(2014), the hand washing information presented realistic importance to gender. Also,

knowledge of students towards hand hygiene in primary school is affected by grade of

student (Buda et al., 2017). The results of the mentioned studies and our study showed

that there is indeed a significant difference in the level of knowledge when respon-
dents were grouped according to their grade level and gender. The results of the level

of knowledge of grade 8 and grade 12 students have shown to have a difference from

each other. Also, the results of the level of knowledge based on the gender of the re-

spondents have shown to have a significant difference. The reason why the studies are

similar from each other could be because as a student go to higher grade level, his or

her knowledge about such protocol also increases, and for the gender, it could be be-

cause females more likely to describe themselves as very clean and considered

hygiene habits very important (IPSOS Public Affairs 2018). Significance of the

Level of Attitude when grouped according to Grade level and Gender

Table 6 presents the level of attitude towards hand washing protocol. Based on

the table shown, for grade level, the t-stat is 91.2 and the p-value is 0.00, which is in-

terpreted as having significant difference. It is also shown that for gender, the t-stat is

90.66 and the p-values is 0.00, which is interpreted as having significant difference.

The table implies that there is a significant difference in the level of attitude towards

handwashing protocols among the respondents when grouped according to grade level

and gender.

Table 6

Difference in the level of attitude towards handwashing protocols among the respon-

dents when grouped according to Grade level and Gender

 T- Stat P-value Interpretation

Grade level 91.2 0.000 Significant

Gender 90.66 0.000 Significant

This agrees with Agbana et al., (2020) that hand washing attitude affects the

proper hand hygiene that is efficient to prevent the spread against the corona virus

(COVID-19). The importance of attitude towards hand washing protocol has been

discovered since the year 1858. Our group has provided data about how significant

the attitude of the respondents towards hand washing protocol regardless their grade

level and section.

Difference in the level of practices when grouped according to Grade level and Gen-

der

Table 7 describe the level of practices on hand washing protocol among the re-

spondents grouped according to Grade level and Gender. Based on the table 7 shown

for grade level, it states that the t-stat is 119.74 and its p-value is 0.000, which is inter-

preted as having significant difference between the two (2) grade level (grades 8 and

12). It also shown the result for the gender, in which the t-stat is 119.60 and its p-

value is 0.000 which it also signifies that there are significant differences between

Male and Female respondents. In other words, the table indicates that both grouped of

respondents the Grade level and Gender have significant differences when it comes

with the level of practices on handwashing protocol.

Table 7

Difference in the level of practices towards handwashing protocols among the respon-

dents when grouped according to Grade level and Gender

 T- Stat P-value Interpretation

Grade level 119.74 0.000 Significant

Gender 119.6 0.000 Significant

In consonance with this, Buda et. al (2018) discussed that area of residence,

maternal educational status, age, sex of the students, grade level and availability of

handwashing materials were considered as the factors that can affect the knowledge,

attitude and practices of school children towards handwashing protocol. The result of

our study was the same with the study created by Hong et. al. (2020) who stated that

handwashing was better by women than men, it was reported from their study that

women are mostly practiced proper handwashing compared to men after contacting

public areas such as lifts and doors, and also after removal of mask.

Conclusion

Handwashing is the simplest and effective ways to prevent the spread of viruses and

infectious diseases. This study revealed that with regards of the level of knowledge,

attitude, and practices towards handwashing. It was reported that majority of the re-

spondents have sufficient knowledge about handwashing . And they always having

positive attitude towards handwashing and always practicing handwashing protocol.

However, it was reported that there are significant difference with level of knowledge,

attitude and practices when it comes to Grade level and Gender of the respondents.

On the other hand, Grade level and Gender were considered as factors that can affect

the level of knowledge, attitude and practices of the respondents towards handwash-

ing protocol.
Recommendations

The Conclusion drawn from the findings of the study have the researchers following

reccomendations:

1. Students may apply handwashing not just in school but also in other places es-

pecially before eating and sanitize as well.

2. Parents may use this study to teach their children the proper way of handwash-

ing.

3. Future Researchers may use this study as a guide to their future research re-

lated to the knowledge, attitude and practices of students in terms of hand

washing protocol.
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APPENDICES
Appendix A

Approval Sheet

Appendix B

Research Questionnaire
Name: Grade Level:
Gender: Email Address:

Dear Respondents,
We, the researchers are conducting a study entitled “Knowledge, Attitude, and
Practices Towards Handwashing protocol among the grades 8 and 12 Students.” We
would like to ask for your spare time to answer the following questions with full hon-
esty. Rest assured that all the data that we will gather will be treated with utmost con-
fidentiality.
I. Knowledge towards Hand Hygiene
Direction: Choose whether the following questions are correct or incorrect based on
your knowledge about Hand Hygiene.

1. Cold water should be used for handwashing

( ) Correct ( ) Incorrect
2. Medium hot water should be used for handwashing
( ) Correct ( ) Incorrect
3. Hot water should be used for hand washing
( ) Correct ( ) Incorrect
4. There is no need to remove watches and bracelets when washing hands
( ) Correct ( ) Incorrect
5. There is no need to remove rings when washing hands
( ) Correct ( ) Incorrect
6. There is no need to wash wrists
( ) Correct ( ) Incorrect
7. Hands need to be washed at least 15 seconds
( ) Correct ( ) Incorrect
8. Hands need to be dried after washing
( ) Correct ( ) Incorrect
9. Hand hygiene practices prevent an individual getting infection
( ) Correct ( ) Incorrect
10. Hand washing is part of personal hygiene
( ) Correct ( ) Incorrect

II. Attitude towards Hand Hygiene

Direction: Answer the statement by choosing which two best describe your attitude
towards handwashing.
I feel practicing hand hygiene is:
( ) Inconvenient ( ) Convenient
( ) Not frustrating ( ) Frustrating
( ) Not practical ( ) Practical
( ) Troubling ( ) Reassuring
( ) Irritating ( ) Soothing
( ) Optional ( ) Necessary
( ) Harmful ( ) Beneficial

III. Self-reported practices of Hand Hygiene

Direction: Rate the following statements based on how often you practice the follow-
ing.
1. I wash my hands before meals
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
2. I wash my hands after meals
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
3. I wash my hands before using the restroom
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
4. I wash my hands after using the restroom
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
5. I wash my hands when I come home.
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
6. I wash my hands after handshaking.
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
7. I wash my hands before going to bed
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
8. I wash my hands after using public transportation
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
9. I wash my hands after waking up in the morning
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
10. I wash my hands after touching animals
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
11. I wash my hands after handling animal waste
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
12. I wash my hands after handling animal food
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
13. I wash my hands only if they are soiled
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
14. I wash my hands before preparing meals
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
15. I wash my hands after money exchange
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
16. I wash my hands after blowing my nose
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
17. I wash my hands after sneezing
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
18. I wash my hands after coughing
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
19. I wash my hands after touching garbage
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
20. I wash my hands before touching sick people
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
21. I wash my hands after touching sick people.
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
22. I wash my hands after combing my hair
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
23. I wash my hands after cleaning my home
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
24. I wash my hands after washing dishes
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
25. I wash my hands after doing laundry
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
26. I wash my hands before preparing food
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
27. I wash my hands after preparing food
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
28. I wash my hands after changing diapers
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable
29. I wash my hands after handling babies
( ) Always ( ) Sometimes ( ) Never ( ) Not Applicable

Source: Mbroh, Linda Afia, "Assessing Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Hand
Hygiene Among University Students" (2019). All Theses, Dissertations, and Other
Capstone Projects. 950. https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/950

Appendix C

Summary of the Raw Data

CURRICULUM VITAE
 PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Ephraim Vince V. Fediles
Address: Prk. 2 Upper Licanan, Panabo City
Email Address: fedilesephraimvince@gmail.com
Contact Number: 09514135457
Civil Status: Single
Gender: Male
Citizenship: Filipino
Age: 18
Date of Birth: February 19, 2003

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Licanan Elementary School (S.Y. 2009-2015)
Secondary: A.L Navarro National High School (S.Y. 2015-2019)
Brokenshire College (S.Y. 2019-2021)
 PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Michelle Jane L. Quiban
Address: #76-A Purok 10 Bucana, Davao City
Email Address: michellejanequiban@gmail.com
Contact Number: 224-1528
Civil Status: Single
Gender: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Age: 18
Date of Birth: June 25, 2002

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Lamb of God Sped Center (S.Y. 2009-2015)
Secondary: Brokenshire Science High School (S.Y. 2015-2019)
Brokenshire College (S.Y. 2019-2021)
 PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name: Rhea Lynne T. Udtohan
Address: Km. 4, Hilltop Village, Bajada, Davao City
Email Address: rhealynneudtohan@gmail.com
Contact Number: 09304604168
Civil Status: Single
Gender: Female
Citezenship: Filipino
Age: 18
Date of Birth: May 23, 2003

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Doña Pilar Elementary School (S.Y. 2009-2010)
San Roque Central Elementary School (S.Y. 2010-2012)
Bantacan Elementary School (S.Y. 2012-2015)
Secondary: Bantacan National High School (S.Y. 2015-2019)
Brokenshire College (S.Y. 2019-2021)
 PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Althea Nicole C. Lorete

Address: New San Isidro Buhangin , Davao City

Email Address: Xammycassidy@gmail.com

Contact Number: 09092823151

Civil Status: Single

Gender: Female

Citizenship: Filipino

Age: 18

Date of Birth: April 3, 2003

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary: San Isidro Elementary School (S.Y. 2009-2015)

Secondary: Holy Cross of Agdao (S.Y. 2015-2016)

Davao City National High School (S.Y. 2016-2019)

Brokenshire College (S.Y. 2019-2021)

 PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Genie Rose M. Alcano

Address: Purok 6 Lower Mahayahay, Langub, Davao City

Email Address: genierosealcano@gmail.com

Contact Number: 09485622482

Civil Status: Single

Gender: Female

Citizenship: Filipino

Age: 19

Date of Birth: May 11, 2002

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary: Ma-a Central Elementary School (S.Y. 2009-2015)

Secondary: Ma-a National High School (S.Y. 2015-2019)

Brokenshire College (S.Y. 2019-2021)

 PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Name: Ishir Klint DV. Peralta

Address: Gem village, Garnet Jade Street Ma-a, Davao City

Email Address: klintperalta35@gmail.com

Contact Number: 09271107040

Civil Status: Single

Gender: Male

Citizenship: Filipino

Age: 19

Date of Birth: March 30, 2002

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary: Fatima De Davao School (S.Y. 2008-2015)

Secondary: The Masters Academy - Homeschool Program (S.Y. 2015-2018)

Malayan Colleges Mindanao (S.Y. 2018-2019)

Brokenshire College (S.Y. 2019-2021)

 PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Name : Kay S. Amparo
Address: Uuhsa Village, Ulas, Davao City
Email Address: kayamparooo@gmail.com
Contact Number: 09090931910
Civil Status: Single
Gender: Female
Citizenship: Filipino
Age: 18
Date of Birth: November 03, 2002

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Primary: Talomo Central Elementary School (S.Y. 2009-2015)

Secondary: Talomo National High School (S.Y. 2015-2019)

Brokenshire College (S.Y. 2019-2021)