LAPS CONSTITUTIONAL LAW- A

Passage – 1
Right to religion with respect to the practices has been in question time and again, this time
the controversy spiked on banning students from entering college in Karnataka, the matter is
now sub-judice. A few years back, Sabarimala issue was in a similar light concerning
religious practices and the right to equality. The current issue does not only deal with the
right to freedom of religion but it opens up to the maintenance of religious standards in
institutions and further on to the aspect of secularism practised.
The question of burka or hijab is not in controversy for the first time, in 2015 during the
widespread cheating cases leading to the cancellation of the All India Pre-Medical Entrance
Test, CBSE notified the wearing of light dress, with other dressing guidelines. This was
challenged by one Nadha Raheem, Justice K.V. Chandran presiding over the matter held
that a blanket order prescribing the dress code cannot be allowed in the light of the diversity
of religions and cultures present in India. The freedom of religion is a fundamental right that
provides an indiscriminate right to practice, profess, and propagate their respective religion
freely enshrined in Articles 25-28. Although the right is not absolute, there are certain
restrictions subject to public order, morality, health, and provisions of Part III of the
Constitution, unlike the unrestricted rights provided in the American and Australian
Constitutions (Shirur Mutt Case, 1954). Further exceptions to Article 25 are provided in
Clause 2 (b), which states two exceptions; first, laws providing for social welfare and social
reform, and second, the opening of all Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all
classes and sections of Hindus. This Clause has protected the reforms like the prohibition of
sati, devdasi, bigamous marriage, etc. Syenda Taher held that Clause 2 (b) was not
intended to cover the ambit of religion which constitutes essentials.
Article 28 provides for freedom to attend religious instructions or worship in certain
educational institutes. This provision creates a distinction between educational institutes as
completely maintained by the State, established under some trust but administered by the
State, and those only recognized or aided by the State. In the first category, there is a
complete prohibition of giving religious instructions, but in the later categories, it is allowed
but without any compulsion.
Article 25 does not only works on the religion but also on the religious practices, the Apex
Court in Ratilal Panachand Gandhi has observed that religious practices in pursuance of the
religion are congruent to the faith in the tenets of that religion. Although such religious
practice in question must be proved to have been practised and followed since time
immemorial, it forms a basic tenet of the faith of the individual (Seshammal Case, 1972).
Ergo, it is of great importance that such practice should form an integral and essential part of
the religion.
1. What was previously held by the Indian supreme court with regards to the Hijab rights?
a)The supreme court held that wearing hijab is an unquestionable right and is as a part of
fundamental rights under article 25
b) The supreme court has not dealt with the topic of the right to wear Hijab previously.
c)The supreme court held that a blanket order prescribing the dress code cannot be allowed
in the light of the diversity of religions and cultures present in India.
d)The supreme court held that a prohibition on wearing Hijab will lead to further litigation and
complexities as India is a diverse nation altogether.
2. Which of the following statements is false in the light of the above given passage?
a)Right to freedom of religion and practice has always been a question of contention in India
time and again.
b)Article 28 provides for freedom to attend religious instructions or worship in certain
educational institutes.
c)The distinction created in educational institutions under article 28 is only notable in paper
and has never been practically applicable.
d) Article 25 does not only work for religion but also works for religious practices.
3. Diju was a new sect founded by Swami Chinmayananda. In Diju religion there was a
practice of smearing meat around the house and the premises on the day of Naraka
Chaturdashi. This practice was abolished by the supreme court in one of the judgements.
The Digu sect challenged the same, stating it was violating their right to practise and profess
religion. Decide.
a) The right to practise and profess the religion of the Digu sect is being violated in the given
case.
b)Since Digu is a new sect and it was not while the constitution was being founded, the
provisions are not applicable.
c) The right to practise and profess the religion of the Digu sect is not being violated in the
given case.
d) The court is justified in banning the practice of smearing meat around the house and
premises.
4. What is a precondition for allowing a religious practice as an essential part of the
religion under article 25?
a)The religious practices must be practised by the majority of the population and must hold a
special place in the religion.
b) The government of India must have recognised that practise as an essential part of the
religion
c) The practice must be followed by the said religion from time immemorial.
d) The practise must be a fundamental part of the religion and it should be of great
importance
5. What major difference does the Indian laws regarding right to practise religion hold while
comparing with the other foreign laws?
a) Since India has a number of religions and plethora of practices, Indian laws hold a great
importance.
b) Indian laws are unrestricted and have been imprinted in the part -III of the constitution.
c) While religious practices laws in other countries are unrestricted, Indian laws have certain
restrictions.
d)The passage does not mention any difference between the right to religious practices in
India and other countries.

Passage –2
Change is the only constant. This is also true when it comes to interpretation of statutes.
While the fundamental core of our legal principles remains universal and classic, their
interpretations change and evolve with time. One such example of evolution could be the
interpretation of the relationship between Article 14, Article 19 & Article 21 under Part III of
the Indian Constitution
Article 14, it provides for equality before law and equal protection of the law. It means that no
person is deprived of his equality among other citizens of our country. The provision also
gains importance because the enactment of such a provision leads to the abolishing of
certain inhuman customary practices of our country. The provisions of this article also
envisage certain legal rights like protection of law which purely means that the law should be
the same for every person with some necessary exceptions.
According to the Golden Triangle rule established by the infamous Maneka Gandhi v. Union
of India, Article 14, Article 19 & Article 21 are connected with each other. They are
complementary to each other and grant the most basic rights to the Indian citizens and even
non-citizens of India in some cases. Right to equality, right to basic freedoms and right to life
& personal liberty - all must be read together and collectively interpreted. As per the Golden
Triangle jurisprudence, if someone's personal liberty has been encroached - it must
necessarily pass the test of violation of all the three articles in order to be categorized as
"infringement of personal liberty".
Article 19 provides certain absolute rights such as freedom of speech and expression,
freedom of movement, freedom of forming associations and unions, etc. This Article brings
about important changes in the society as it provides various rights to the people so that
there is harmony among the people of our country. Even though this Article covers a vast
area of operation, it does not provide a person the freedom to do anything and everything as
per his whims and fancies. Various other provisions of the Article provide restrictions to
various issues affecting public tranquillity and security.
Article 21 is applicable even during the time of election wherein people have the sole right of
electing the best person as their representative. No person has a right to compel anyone to
elect the person other than his/her wish. Even though voting is not a fundamental right but a
'statutory right', the court, in the judgment of the case PUCL v. Union of India[8],
distinguishes "right to vote" and the "freedom of voting as the species of the freedom of
expression" under Article 19 of the Constitution. There are various other major judgments in
cases regarding enforcement of fundamental rights. For example, the case of Kesavananda
Bharati v. Union of India[9], which is considered as a landmark among cases regarding the
enforceability of constitutional rights in favour of the citizens. The judgment in the said case
makes it clear that even the Central or State Government has certain limitations in
encroaching into a person's rights, mainly fundamental rights.
1. What is the basic thumb-rule of doctrine of Golden triangle according to the
passage?
a)The doctrine of Golden triangle suggests that while applying the said three articles the
other has to be imperatively taken into consideration as they don't exist without the other.
b)According to the golden triangle the three articles are contemporary to each other and
grant the most basic rights to the Indian citizens and even non-citizens of India in some
cases.
c) Golden triangle is the term used by Dr. BR Ambedkar in constitutional assembly debates
in the year 1949.
d)The golden triangle thumb rule is that article 21 takes the precedence while article 14
comes next followed by article 19.
2. How can one categorize "infringement of personal liberty"?
a) Infringement of personal liberty can be considered after looking into violation of article 21.
b)Infringement of personal liberty can be taken into consideration only after taking into
consideration all the three articles o the golden triangle.
c)It must necessarily pass the test of violation of all the three articles in order to be
categorized as "infringement of personal liberty".
d) Both (b) and (c)
3. Which of the following statements is false in the light of the above given passage?
a)Article 19 provides certain absolute rights such as freedom of speech and expression,
freedom of movement, freedom of forming associations and unions, etc.
b) Article 14 provides only for the right to equality before law.
c) Article 19 is an integral part of the principle of Golden triangle.
d) The principle of the golden triangle was developed in the case of Maneka Gandhi.
4. What is the example provided in the passage to suggest the existence of broad
application of article 21?
a) Article 21 extends the right to sleep peacefully as held in the case of Re Rammaidan.
b)Article 21 also applies to the right to protest peacefully, the same also is covered under
article 19. This shows the inextricable nexus between these articles.
c)Article 21 is applicable even during the time of election wherein people have the sole right
of electing the best person as their representative.
d) The passage does not discuss the broader application of article 21 and constricts itself to
the idea of golden triangle.
5. What specific idea regarding the interpretation of statues does the author of the
passage have?
a)The author of the passage strongly suggests that interpretation of the statute should be
made in consonance with the idea of formalism.
b) The author of the passage feels that interpretation of statutes changes and evolves with
time.
c) The author does not provide any specific opinion regarding the interpretation of statues.
d) Both (a) and (b)

Passage-3
Indian Constitution provides fundamental rights to all persons under Part III of the Indian
Constitution. An individual can enforce his fundamental rights against the state. But in
certain cases, he can also enforce them against private institutions or individual i.e., right to
abolition of untouchability. Under the Art. 32 of Indian Constitution, every individual has a
right to move Supreme Court to enforce his Fundamental Rights. Art. 32(2) of Indian
Constitution states:
"The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in
the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, for the
enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part."
Writs are orders which can be issued either by the High Courts (under Article 226) or by
Supreme Court (under Article 32). The Supreme Court can issue five different types of writs
which are discussed below:
Habeas Corpus
Habeas Corpus is a Latin phrase which literally means 'you may have the body'. The
Supreme Court can issue this writ if a person is arrested or detained without a lawful
justification. When a person is arrested, he has a right to know about the grounds of his
arrest and he must be produced before the nearest Magistrate within 24 hours of his arrest
excluding the time which is necessary to reach to such magistrate. If he was not produced
before the Magistrate within such time, the Supreme Court can issue the writ of Habeas
Corpus to free him.
Mandamus
Mandamus means 'we command'. The Supreme Court can issue the writ of Mandamus if a
government authority is not enforcing the fundamental rights of the individual. The Supreme
Court can also issue this writ when a public authority entrusted with some work is not doing
the given work properly. Generally, the writ of Mandamus is issued against the executive in
order to ask or order them to work in accordance with the mandates of the legislature.
Prohibition
When an inferior court exceeds its jurisdiction while deciding a particular case, the writ of
Prohibition can be issued by the Supreme Court to prohibit or stop the inferior court from
exceeding its jurisdiction and proceeding further in the case. Writ of Prohibition enables the
Supreme Court to act as supervisor over the lower courts.
Certiorari
Certiorari can be issued by the Supreme Court to the inferior courts to transfer a case, which
has been decided, from the inferior court to superior courts if the Supreme Court thinks that
the lower court has committed some mistakes in deciding the case or if the inferior court was
incompetent to decide on a particular matter.
Quo Warranto
The writ of Quo Warranto means 'by what authority'. When a public authority act in a certain
manner which is not authorized or when an individual occupies a public office without a
proper authority the writ of Quo Warranto can be issued to restrain such public office from
acting in such manner or the individual from occupying that position.
1. X was accused of murdering Y and was bought in the court of Judicial Magistrate
who was empowered to give a maximum punishment of two years. After examining
the case it was found out that X did actually murder Y in a brutal and cold-blooded
manner. The judicial magistrate sentenced X to life imprisonment. Decide the validity
of the judgement.
a) The judgement is valid as it was a rarest of rare case.
b) The judgment is invalid and the writ of prohibition would be applicable on the same. c)
The judgment is invalid and the writ of certiorari would be applicable on the same. d) Either
(b) or C
2. X an ex-employee of a government office recently retired and filed an application for
granting him pension. Y, a corrupt government employee refused to process X's
pension unless X agrees to bribe him. What action can be taken against X with
reference to the passage?
a) X can be held liable for corruption and be charged under penal laws.
b) A writ of Mandamus can be passed against Y.
c) A writ of Certiorari can be passaged against Y.
d) A writ of Quo warranto can be passed against Y.
3. How is the writ of prohibition different from the writ of certiorari?
a)Writ of prohibition deals with pending cases while writ of certiorari deals with cases which
have been decided.
b)Writ of certiorari deals with pending cases while writ of prohibition deals with cases which
have been decided.
c)Writ of prohibition is exercised by Supreme Court while writ of certiorari can be exercised
by any higher court.
d)Writ of certiorari is exercised by Supreme Court while writ of prohibition can be exercised
by any higher court.
4. Which of the following has been correctly matched?
a) Habeas Corpus - you may have the body b) Quo Warranto - by what authority c)
Mandamus - we command d) All of the above
5. X who was suspected of being a terrorist was caught by the police and kept in
detention. The police interrogated him in order to inquire about the presence of other
 members of his gang. As the interrogation was taking long and it was necessary to
get information about the location of other terrorists, he was not presented in front of
a magistrate within 24 hours. Decide the validity of the detention.
a) The detention is valid and no writ would be applicable in the given case.
b)The detention is invalid and the writ of mandamus would be applicable where the police
would be 'commanded' to release X.
c)The detention is invalid and the writ of quo warranto would be applicable where questions
would be raised on the authority of the police.
d) The detention is invalid and the writ of habeas corpus would be applicable.

Passage-4
Although the preamble to the constitution is not enforceable in the court of law, still it can
very well be used to interpret an article in light of the intention of the constituent assembly.
Initially, in the re Berubari case the hon'ble apex court had held that the preamble is not a
part of the constitution. However, in this case, the fact which was not brought before the
notice of the court is that contrary to the popular assumption, the preamble to the
constitution of India was presented before and voted by the constituent assembly just like
other articles of the constitution. After noticing this fact, the apex court, in Kesavananda
Bharati case, held that the preamble is a significant part of the constitution and also part of
the basic structure of the constitution.
The preamble starts with the expression "We, people of India, having solemnly resolved...".
This starting phrase strongly supports the implication that the people of India hold the real
power of sovereign in India, and the power of the constitution is merely a delegated one.
The phrase that follows is "... to constitute India into a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular
Democratic Republic...". This gives us an idea about the India that has been envisioned by
the sculptors of our constitution. The power that has been delegated to the constitution of
India will be directed towards constituting India into a sovereign, socialist, and secular,
democratic republic.
Looking into the terms socialist and secular, it may be observed that India follows positive
socialism and also a type of secularism that's different from the American notion of
secularism. Indian constitution doesn't prohibit individual ownership towards the realization
of the goal of socialism. Also, nor does it totally separate the state from religion. Indian
constitution rather adopts a middle way to balance things between different strata of the
society.
Subsequently, the preamble promises to secure to all the citizens of India justice, liberty,
equality and fraternity. Interestingly, the order in which these terms are mentioned is equally
important. The order of expression of these words defines the order of preference that'll be
used in case of inconsistency between two of them. That is, justice will have preference over
all, followed by liberty, equality, and fraternity.
The preamble promises to secure to all the citizens of India social justice, economic justice,
and political justice. Talking about liberty, it promises liberty of thought, expression, belief,
faith, and worship. It also secures equality of status as well as equality of opportunities.
Lastly, it expresses its intention that may justice, liberty, and equality, by acting as three
pillars of fraternity amongst the citizens, uphold the unity and integrity of the nation.
1. Which of the following terms have been added in our preamble by the 42nd
amendment?
a) Socialist, Secular and Integrity b) Sovereign, Socialist and Secular c) Socialist, Secular
and Unity d) Secular Republic and Fraternity
 2. Which of the following was the stance of the Supreme Court in the Kesavananda
Bharati case regarding preamble?
a)Preamble is neither a part of the constitution nor comes under the basic structure of the
constitution. b) Preamble is a part of the basic structure of the constitution.
c) Preamble is a significant part of the constitution.
d) Both b and c
3. Which of the following is false regarding the preamble of our constitution?
a)The preamble to the constitution of India borrows its significant portion from the Objectives
resolution by J. L. Nehru.
b)The preamble to the constitution is enforceable in the court of law and can very well be
used to interpret an article in light of the intention of the constituent assembly.
c)The preamble emphasizing the system of self-governance in India by stating that that we,
the people of India, give to ourselves this constitution.
d) None of the above.
4. Which of the following gives the correct picture with regard to political supremacy in
India according to passage?
a)The constitution holds the real political supremacy in India with the people of the country
deriving their power from it.
b)The people of India hold the real political power which is validated by the constitution
having a delegated form of power.
c)The power is shared between the three wings of the government i.e., legislature, executive
and judiciary, deriving their power from the constitution.
d) All of the above
5. How is the Indian notion of secularism different from that of America?
a)The American constitution amalgamates the concepts of socialism and secularism while
the Indian constitution maintains a demarcation between the two.
b) The American secularism is negative in its approach while the Indian secularism is
neutral.
c)The American secularism treats religion and state as two distinct non-overlapping notions
whereas the Indian constitution promotes the fostering of all religions.
d) All of the above

Passage-5

The edifice of Indian democratic polity is maintained through the conception of an

independent judiciary that stimulates the constitutional scheme to uphold its fairness and
impartiality. The judiciary is tasked to perform its functions by assuming the role of the
protector of the Constitution and rights that emerge from it. The delicate balance between
the judiciary and the executive is crucial to ensure effective functioning of the democratic
structure the Constitution intends to sustain. S.P. Gupta v. The Union of India, notably
dubbed as the First Judges Appointments case, was presented before the seven-Judge
Constitutional Bench by way of a public interest litigation as the first of its kind to elaborate
upon the interpretation of the balance envisioned in the Constitution.
Various writ petitions were filed in two batches to the Supreme Court by advocates practicing
in the High Court and the Supreme Court concerning a circular from the Law Minister of
India dated March 18, 1981. The case considered two issues, one concerning initial and
further appointment of additional Judges, and the other pertaining to the transfer of High
Court Judges, including the Chief Justice. Addressing the process of the appointments of
Judges, the court explored the interpretation of 'consultation' in Article 124(2) and Article
217(1), while considering the resulting primacy of opinion that would be conferred to one
among the constitutional functionaries in the process of selection. Furthermore, the court
adjudicated upon the nature of power that is awarded to the President under Article 222 with
respect to transfer of judges.
Justice Bhagwati rightfully held the writ petitions maintainable on account that the petitioning
lawyers were not acting as meddlesome interlopers as they encompassed an integral part of
the judiciary which held imperative interest in its independent character. The application of
the broad liberal rule of locus standi has been evolved in PIL from the traditional the rule of
standing which mandates that an action can only be maintained by an individual that has
suffered injury as a result of the alleged act.
Examining the role of the central government in transfer of Judges, Justice Bhagwati
addressed the issue of appointments to determine the interpretation of consultation under
Article 217, as it would have the same meaning and effect as consultation stated under
Article 222. It was important for the court to determine the power of the executive in
appointments as the interpretation of the court would have a significant impact on the
independent characteristics of the judiciary. The majority view was that the opinions of Chief
Justice of India and Chief Justice of the High Court were consultative and the power to
appoint Judges vested exclusively in the executive through the aid and advice of the Council
of Ministers. The court clarified that Article 217 did not specify that the initiation of the
process of appointment through the proposal must be carried out by the Chief Justice of the
High Court, therefore allowing any one of the four functionaries mentioned in the Article to
issue the proposal.
1. What is crucial to ensure an effective functioning of the democratic structure of the
Constitution?
a)Separation of powers is required to ensure an effective functioning of democratic structure
of the constitution
b)Independence of states is required to ensure an effective functioning of democratic
structure of the constitution
c)The delicate balance between the judiciary and the executive is crucial to ensure effective
functioning of the democratic structure of the Constitution.
d) None of the above
2. Which of the following statements is false in the light of the above given passage?
a)The edifice of Indian democratic polity is maintained through the conception of an
independent judiciary
b)Article 217 does not specify that the initiation of the process of appointment through the
proposal has to be carried out by the Chief Justice of the High Court.
c) Justice Bhagwati addressed the issue of appointment of judges according to the passage.
d) None of the above
3. Which of the following acted as an integral part of judiciary according to Jus. PN
Bhagawati?
a) Justice Bhagawati pointed out that writ petitions acted as an integral part of the judiciary.
b)Justice Bhagawati highlighted that weeding out unnecessary writs was a task that acted as
an integral part of the judiciary.
c)Writ petitions are maintainable on account of the petitioning lawyers acting as an integral
part of the Judiciary, according to Jus. PN Bhagawati.
d) Jus. PN Bhagawati highlighted how PIL and writ petitions acted as an integral part of the
judiciary.
 4. 'Interpretation of the courts will solely play a significant role in the formation of the
judiciary.' Pick the correct answer in light of the above given statement.
a) The above statement seconds the idea that is being discussed in the passage.
b) The above statement is false in light of the discussion that is being presented in the
passage.
c) The above statement is true; however a contradictory opinion is being presented in the
passage.
d)The above passage does not have significant information to help the student arrive at the
correct answer.
5. What do many opine regarding the powers of Chief justice of India and High court
when it comes to appointment of judges?
a)Many opined that the opinion of the Chief justice of India and Chief justice of the High
court had a significant say in the decision.
b)Many opined that the chief justice of the High court and the Supreme court had a little or
no power in the decision-making process.
c)Many believed that since the highest authorities of the court have to always remain neutral,
their involvement in judicial appointments is not appreciable.
d)Many opined that the chief justice of the High court and the Supreme court had a
consultative power in case of judicial appointments.

Passage-6
In February 2020, the Supreme Court of India came across the question put forth by many
eminent lawyers concerning the review jurisdiction of the court. The court in response
defined that it has a wider power in this respect than what is presumed. Through this piece,
the author seeks to delve deeper into the questions of the powers of the court in this regard.
The issue arose when a five-judge bench of the Supreme Court accepted the review
petitions challenging the 2018 judgement in the Sabarimala Temple case and decided to
address it to a larger bench. The Court clubbed other petitions relating to the entry of Muslim
women to the dargah, the practice of Female Genital Mutilation in the Dawoodi Bohra
community, and the ban on Parsi women to enter Agyari. The question that surfaced was
whether the Court is bestowed with the power to attach with a review of a case certain other
fundamental questions that do not form part of the case in consideration.
The power to review its judgement is predicated through Order XLVII of the Supreme Court
Rules, 2013. A review petition filed under Article 137 and read with this Order has to be
within a limited jurisdiction. This operation can come into play in civil matters only when the
grounds mentioned in Rule 1 of Order 47 of the Code of Civil Procedure are satisfied. So,
the cardinal rules of reviewing a civil case are - 1) a new fact has been discovered; or 2) an
apparent error has surfaced in the previous judgement; or 3) any other sufficient ground in
consonance with the Rule.
Enables the court to make any order consistent with the interests of justice But the issue
remains if these provisions suffice to provide the pedestal to the court to frame new legal
issues in a review case and refer it to a larger bench.
As this case is initiated through a Public Interest Litigation, it is relevant to consider that as a
legal principle, res judicata applies to it. But constructive res judicata cannot be made
applicable in every case, regardless of the larger interest it serves. Therefore, the power to
seek review is not barred by any procedural limitation. And the question here concerns itself
with the gamut of such power.
The legal position can be settled if the cases are heard individually, and considered in
totality. In the pursuance of Sabarimala hearing, the facts of other cases would take a
backseat. There seems to be a dearth of reasons as to why there is a need to formulate new
legal issues in the exercise of review jurisdiction. This can set a bad precedent in law. In
addition, a review cannot be kept pending because other issues of seemingly analogous
nature are pending. These are matters to be dealt with under different jurisdictions of the
court.
1. What exactly was the question that arose regarding the review petition that the court
took up in the Sabarimala Case?
a)A question regarding the jurisdiction of the court with respect to reviewing religious matters
by the SC arose with respect to Sabarimala Judgement
b)Matter regarding the jurisdiction of the court arose in the Sabarimala case when the court
clubbed various petitions relating to religious practises.
c)Matter regarding the admissibility of special leave petition under article 136 came up
during the Sabarimala Case
d) Matter regarding original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court came up during the Sabarimala
hearing.
2. Which of the following statements is false in the light of the above given passage?
a) The Supreme Court has stated that it has wider jurisdiction with respect to review
jurisdiction.
b)A review petition filed under Article 137 and read with this Order has to be within a limited
jurisdiction.
c) Five judge bench decided to hand the Sabarimala judgement to a larger bench.
d) None of the above
3. The matter of 'D v. B & ors' a civil case was heard by the High court of Gunjapur.
After one month of passing the order, it was discovered that a certain fact was
completely left out and had the same been considered the outcome of the case
would have been very different. Can the judgement debtors (Appealing party)
approach the Supreme Court in the given case?
a)The judgement debtors cannot approach the Supreme Court for a fact that has been
discovered post an order has been delivered
b) The judgement debtor can approach the court but only through special leave petition
c)The judgement debtor can approach the Supreme Court for discovery of new facts as
given under the relevant provision of CPC.
d)The judgement debtor can file an appeal but however accepting the same is dependent
upon the discretion of the Supreme Court.
4. According to the author, what would be a problem in clubbing various petitions in the
Supreme Court?
a) The clubbing of the petitions would lead to ignorance of issues of a certain petition
b) The clubbing of the petitions might lead to certain issues taking a back seat.
c) The clubbing of the petitions will lead to confusion and chaos for judges regarding issues.
d) The passage does not exactly provide the reason for the above question.
5. Which of the following rightly explains the power channelling from the article 142 of
the constitution according to the passage?
a) Article 142 has extraordinary powers and gives the Supreme Court the widest ambit.
b) The original jurisdiction of the Supreme court cannot be compromised in any
circumstances
c)Article 142 enables the court to make any order consistent with the interests of justice and
ensures that the ends of justice are not subject to procedural or substantial bar.
d)The article 142 acts as a Nexus that holds the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court intact and
ensures that the originality of the SC is not lost.

Passage-7

Freedom of press is not explicitly mentioned under Fundamental Rights of the Constitution. It
is derived from Article 19(1)(a) that reads - All citizens have a right to freedom of speech and
expression. 'All citizens' includes 'Press'. The right is not absolute and subject to reasonable
restrictions mentioned under Article 19(2). Some of these restrictions are - sovereignty and
integrity of India, security of state, friendly relations with foreign countries, public order,
decency/ morality, contempt of court and incitement to an offence.
In Sakal Papers v. Union of India (1961), the Hon'ble Supreme Court struck down a
government order which fixed the maximum number of pages a newspaper can print and
also the size of advertisements and related price for it. The Supreme Court declared these
restrictions as unreasonable. The court held that Article 19(1)(a) cannot be curtailed 'in the
interest of general public' for this ground is not mentioned under Article 19(2).
1. Kennett Koleman & Co. is a leading national newspaper publishing company in
India. It published an article showing the increasing porn use among adolescents in
India. Beside the article, a picture was attached of a man and woman engaging in
sexual intercourse. The private parts of the couple were completely blurred. Decide.
a) Kennett Koleman & Co. must not have published any picture as the article was sufficient.
b)Right to watch porn within the four walls of the room is a right to privacy and leading
newspapers should not make adverse comments over it.
c) Kennett Koleman & Co. can be restricted from publishing such pictures in future.
d) Kennett Koleman & Co. cannot be restricted from publishing such pictures in future.
2. 'KION' a leading news channel in India showcased a show in which strategic
locations of Indian Army along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China were
published. Management of border areas is highly sensitive and is always classified.
Decide.
a) The Indian government can block this show from being telecast by 'KION'.
b) The Indian government will make a law in Parliament to regulate news channels.
c)The Indian government will not take any action against 'KION' as it telecast the show under
right to speech and expression.
d) Freedom of Press is absolute and 'KION' can telecast any show it wishes to.
3. Sporadic violent clashes erupted in Ganganagar, Rajasthan between members of
two castes. A person, Ramprakash belonging to one caste is killed. This enraged the
members belonging to one caste to take revenge from another. The entire district
was tensed. The district administration issued prohibitory orders over publication of
names of the castes or members injured or killed in the violence for 2 days. A local
journalist, Mridul, published the news about Ramprakash's death. Decide.
a) Mridul's license must be suspended and he be fined.
b) Mridul cannot take the defence of free speech.
c) Mridul can take the defence of free speech.
d) Mridul's channel must be permanently blocked and he be imprisoned.
4. The Prime Minister of New Zealand was scheduled for a visit to India for a
discussion on a Free Trade Agreement (FTA). A national daily in India published an
 extremely critical unsubstantiated article about the New Zealand PM's private life.
Decide.
a)The government of New Zealand will publish similar unsubstantiated article about Indian
PM's private life.
b) The government of New Zealand can restrict the publication of the article.
c) The government of India can restrict the publication of the article.
d) The government of New Zealand will take the matter to the United Nations.
5. Mr. Naman published a video on YouTube asking Indian citizens to make India a
Hindu nation. He says that only Hindus should be allowed in India and all other
person - Jain, Buddhist, Muslims, Sikhs, etc. must leave the country. Decide
presuming that promotion of religious enmity is an offence in India.
a) Naman has right to speak whatever he wishes under Article 19(1)(a).
b) No action can be taken against Naman as Indians don't take YouTube seriously.
c) No action can be taken against Naman as YouTube is a free platform.
d) Naman's YouTube account may be suspended.

Passage-8

United Nations Convention on Law Of Seas (UNCLOS) is a very comprehensive document

covering almost every aspect of the law of the seas. It is considered as the 'Constitution of
the Ocean'. According to Article 3 of the UNCLOS, 'Territorial Waters' is an area upto 12
nautical miles measured from the sea baseline. A coastal state exercises absolute
sovereignty over its territorial waters.
A foreign vessel has a right of innocent passage through the territorial waters of another
state. There is no prior authorization required for it. The foreign vessel can use the territorial
waters of another state for docking, traversing or moving from territorial waters to high seas.
In case of a distress or force majeure, the foreign vessel has right to stoppage and
anchorage over the territorial waters of another state. The use of another state's territorial
waters should not be prejudicial to the peace or security or good order of that state.
Moreover, it must not adversely affect the security of such state.
According to Article 86 of UNCLOS, 'High Seas' is an area in oceans which is beyond 200
nautical miles from the coast of any country. High Seas commonly belongs to all states and
no single or group of countries can lay exclusive claim over it.
1. A vessel named 'Havana' belonging to USA destined to Australia sailed near the Sri
Lankan coast and was at a distance of around 6 nautical miles from it. Decide.
a)The vessel will be allowed passage from the Sri Lankan coast provided it does not cause
any threat to Sri Lanka.
b)The vessel will be allowed passage from the Sri Lankan coast even if it causes any danger
to Sri Lanka.
c)The vessel will be allowed passage from Sri Lanka as it belongs to USA, the most
financially and militarily powerful country of the world.
d) The vessel will be allowed passage from Sri Lanka as it was destined to Australia.
2. A Spanish vessel was sailing through the territorial waters of United Kingdom (UK).
Due to the adverse climatic conditions, it was forced to anchor on UK territorial
waters without taking the permission from UK authorities. Decide.
a) UK can seize the vessel.
b)UK will not seize the vessel as it belongs to Spain and both UK and Spain are part of
European Union.
c) UK will not seize the vessel as it has a Free Trade Agreement with Spain.
d) UK cannot seize the vessel as it anchored due to adverse climatic condition.
3. A South African vessel was passing through the territorial waters of Malaysia. The
vessel was hit by a rock and was sinking. It stopped on the Malaysian coast. Decide.
a) The Malaysian authorities can seize the vessel.
b) The Malaysian authorities cannot seize the vessel.
c) The South African government has to pay compensation to Malaysian government. d)
United Nations has to mediate in this unique matter.
4. 'Piquet' was a vessel registered in Mexico. It was passing through the territorial
waters of India. Pawan, an Indian Coast Guard officer noticed that 'Piquet' was
clandestinely transporting wanted criminals out of India. Decide.
a) India can seize the vessel.
b) India cannot seize the vessel.
c) Pawan will be given Gallantry award.
d) The Mexican government will take action against 'Piquet' captain and crew.
5. A vessel belonging to Canada found a subterranean shale gas reserve in High Seas.
Decide.
a) The gas reserve will be allotted to Canada for exclusive exploitation.
b)The gas reserve will be allotted to all the countries which are at 200 nautical miles from the
gas reserve.
c) The gas reserve will be allotted to all countries equally.
d) The gas reserve cannot be exploited as it causes marine pollution.

Passage-9

Sabarimala Temple is a Shasta temple located at Sabarimala in the district of

Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India. In the past, menstruating age women devotees were not
allowed to worship in the Temple. The High Court of Kerala in 1991 forbid women to enter
the Temple. In September 2018, the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India held that "admission to
Sabarimala should be allowed to all pilgrims regardless of gender, including women in the
menstruating-age group." The Supreme Court's Constitutional Bench further held that any
exception placed on women because of biological differences is in breach of the Constitution
and that the ban violates the Right to
Equality under Article 14 and Freedom of Religion under Article 25. This verdict has led to
protests from some quarters. Despite threats of physical assault, several women have been
bold and have tried to enter Sabarimala but have failed to reach the holy place.
In 2006 a Writ Petition was filed in the Hon'ble Supreme Court by the Indian Young Lawyers
Association, seeking entry of women between 10 to 50 years. In 2008 the matter was
referred to a 3 Judges Bench. In the instant proceedings, in 2008, the 3 Judge Constitution
Bench in majority held that prohibiting women between the age of 10 to 50 years from
entering the Sabarimala temple is violative of Article 25(1) and violative of Kerela Hindu
Places of Public Worship Act 1965.
In 2017 the Supreme Court referred the case again to the Constitution Bench. A five-judge
Supreme Court Bench in
September 2018 permitted women of all ages to join the revered shrine. The State
Government sought time to implement the verdict, however even after the entry was allowed
a large number of followers camped outside the
shrine to prevent the entry of women of all ages.
In February 2019 a review petition was filed challenging the 2018 Supreme Court Order. The
order was expected to be announced on 14 November, 2019 to either uphold or set aside
the September, 2018 order. But on 14 November, 2019 the Supreme Court referred the
review plea to a larger bench and the matter was rescheduled for 06 February, 2019.
A Supreme Court's nine-judge Constitution Bench on 06 February, 2020 reserved its order
for Monday 10 February, 2020 on whether a five-judge Constitutional Bench could have
made a reference to the larger Bench for hearing the Sabarimala judgment. Upon
pronouncing the decision, it is expected that the Court will frame issues to be decided by the
Bench.
1. According to the passage select the statement that can be most plausibly inferred
from the author's reasoning:
a) The state government of Kerela implemented the order of the Supreme Court. b) The
state government of Kerela breached the order of the Supreme Court.
C) The state government of Kerela failed to implement Supreme Court's order.
d) The state government of Kerela was indifferent towards the Supreme Court's order.
2. Which of the following fact is true with respect to the context of the sentence?
a) Only women were not allowed to enter the Sabrimala temple.
b) Only women of menstruating age were not allowed to enter the Sabrimala temple. c) Only
men were allowed to enter the Sabrimala temple.
d) Only women between 10 to 50 years of age were allowed to enter the temple.
3. What is the minimum number of judges required to form a "constitution bench"?
a) 3 judges b) 5 judges c) 7 judges d) 9 judges
4. In the district X of state Y there was temple which remained closed in the afternoons.
Z a devotee of Lord Shiva took a vow to walk barefooted in the scorching heat of the
afternoon to temple Y to pay tribute. Finding the temple closed, he filed a suit in the
court alleging that fundamental rights have been violated. Decide.
a) Z's claim would succeed as his right to equality is violated.
b) Z's claim would succeed as his right to religion is violated.
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) Z's claim would fail.
5. Xwas a person belonging to a lower caste community living in village Y. The
panchayat of village Y issued a diktat prohibiting the entry of the community to which
Xbelonged in the village temple. Xchallenged the diktat on the ground of being
violative of his fundamental rights. Decide.
a) X's claim would succeed as his right to equality is violated.
b) X's claim would succeed as his right to religion is violated. c) Both (a) and (b)
d) X's claim would fail.

Passage-10

The freedom of conscience and to profess, practise and propagate religion is guaranteed by
Article 25. This freedom is subject to 'public order, morality and health'. The Article also
makes it clear that there can be a law regulating any economic, financial, political, or other
secular activity which may be associated with religious practice or to provide for social
welfare and reform. The 'essential practice' doctrine was established in a 1954 decision of
the Supreme Court. The court ruled that Article 25 of the Constitution guarantees the
"freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion".
However, this right isn't absolute and is subject to public order, morality, health, and other
fundamental rights. While Article 25 of the Constitution itself does not read any other
condition into the protection of this right, courts, over the years, have ruled that the right
would protect only "essential religious practices" and not "all religious practices". Therefore,
this test decides which religious practices are protected under the Constitution and which are
not. Indian courts have adopted varied approaches to the test over the years. In some
cases, they relied on religious texts to determine essentiality, while in others on the empirical
behaviour of followers, and in some, on whether the practice in question existed at the time
the religion originated.
1. X attempts to kill himself as sacrifice to his personal Goddess. The police stop him.
Decide.
a) X cannot be stopped as he has right to practice his religion.
b) X cannot be stopped as right to life includes right to die.
c) X can be stopped as he did not take prior police permission.
d) X can be stopped as right to religion can be restricted on grounds of health.
2. Members of a certain community 'Harijan' were customarily not allowed to enter into
a temple in Karnataka. The government of Karnataka passes a law which provides
for protection to 'Harijan community in order to enter the temple. Decide.
a)The law made by the government of Karnataka is valid in the eyes of law as government
has absolute right to abrogate Article 25 of the Indian Constitution.
b)The law made by the government of Karnataka is valid in the eyes of law as it seeks to
undo social discrimination.
c)The law made by the government of Karnataka is not valid in the eyes of law as it tramples
upon Article 25 of the concerned persons.
d)The law made by the government of Karnataka is not valid in the eyes of law as only
central government is empowered to make laws in matters of religion.
3. Certain Digambar Jain monks were passing by a busy locality in peak traffic. There
was also an alternative route available. As per the religious traditions of Digambar
Jain monks they don't use/ wear any material possession including clothes rendering
them totally naked or nude. Decide.
a)The procession of Jain monks cannot be restricted as they have a right to profess and
practice their faith under Article 25.
b)The procession of Jain monks cannot be restricted as they are monks and constitutional
morality does not apply to monks or saints.
c)The procession of Jain monks can be restricted as it may be against morality and there is
an alternate route available.
d)The procession of Jain monks can be restricted, as monks, howsoever revered, cannot
enjoy special status.
4. Members of a Hindu community wanted to have a grand ceremony on road during
Ganesh Chaturthi. This would block a National Highway connecting Mumbai to Goa
which carries heavy traffic. The police refuse the permission. Decide.
a)The police are not correct as it is the right to every Hindu to honour their God Lord
Ganesha.
b) The police are not correct as Ganesh Chaturthi is a major festival in Mumbai.
c) The police are correct as religious ceremonies should never be carried out on roads.
d) The police are correct as such ceremony may lead to public chaos.
5. Sikhs men in Indian army are allowed to sport a beard while Hindu men and Muslim
men are not given the same right. What can be the most logical explanation for this?
a) Indian constitution gives special rights to minorities. b)Sporting a beard is an essential
religious practice among Sikhs while not among Hindus or Muslims.
c)There was Khalistani movement in India and in order to keep the country united, special
discounts were given to the Sikh community as a whole.
d)Sikhs are in good numbers in the Indian defence forces and therefore, are able to
pressurize the government to honour their demands.

Passage-11

Although the freedom of the press is not explicitly stated in the Constitution, the ambit of
freedom of speech and expression, which is a fundamental right, under Article 19 of the
Constitution has been generally understood as having laid down the template for a free
press in the country with the subsequent pronouncements of Indian courts ensuring the
same. Article 19 of the Constitution reads as follows -
Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech etc.
(1) All citizens shall have the right -
(a) to freedom of speech and expression;
(b) to assemble peaceably and without arms;
(c) to form associations or unions;
(d) to move freely throughout the territory of India;
(e) to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; and
(g) to practise any profession, or to carry on any occupation, trade or business
(2) Nothing in clause (1) shall prevent the State from making any law, in so far as such law
imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right conferred by the said clause in
the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India, the security of the State, friendly
relations with foreign States, public order, decency or morality or in relation to contempt of
court, defamation or incitement to an offence.
1. Abdul gets into a relationship with a girl Fiza. Fiza breaks up with Abdul as he was
not serious and only played with her emotions. Abdul in order to humiliate Fiza posts
an undressing video of Fiza on his Facebook wall which is visible to all of Abdul's
friends. This video was made by Fiza and sent to Abdul when they were dating.
Abdul is arrested and the post is sought to be deleted as per the relevant provision of
Information Technology Act. Decide.
a) Abdul's post may be deleted as the video goes against decency as per Indian standards.
b) Abdul has freedom of speech and expression and therefore can post anything he likes on
his Facebook wall.
c) It is Fiza's mistake to have trusted Abdul and sent a private clip to Abdul.
d) Abdul has a right under Article 19 as it is his Facebook wall he is posting and not Fiza's.
2. Which of the following will not be a restricted activity under Article 19?
a) Pawan opens up a press where he publishes news pamphlets on burning national
issues.
b) Sweta makes a YouTube video where she gives her opinion on latest western
dresses for women.
c) A video of a celebrity Gapil Karma is made while he was coming out of the Mumbai
airport and this video is posted on social media sites.
d) All of the above.
3. A national daily published certain sensitive information about purchase of defence
equipment by the Indian Navy. The circulation of the newspaper is abruptly stopped by the
Union government. Decide
a) The national daily can take this matter to the Supreme Court of India under Article 32.
b) The Union government's actions are justified in the instant case.
c) Stopping a national daily on such minor grounds shows insecurity of the government.
d) The Union government has every right to regulate press as per its whims and fancies.
4. Hamid, a resident of Hyderabad, plans to settle in a militancy prone area in Kashmir. He is
not allowed as the militants have given a stern warning that they will execute any person, not
aboriginal of Kashmir, who settles at that place. Decide.
a)The government cannot stop Hamid as he has a right to settle anywhere in the country as
per Article 19 of the Constitution.
b) The government can restrict Hamid as he is not a local resident of Kashmir.
c)The government can restrict Hamid as his settling in the militancy prone area may result in
law-andorder problem.
d) The government cannot restrict Hamid as now Article 370 is no longer operational.
5. The Mayor of Hyderabad banned bodycon dresses for girls in the entire city. Shaalini, a
student of LST preparing for CLAT likes bodycon dresses especially black colour ones
available at Westside in Hyderabad. She files a writ petition challenging the Mayor's order. If
you are Shaalini's friend, what would you advise her?
a) I will ask her to withdraw her petition as it may have negative ramifications for her future.
b) I will advise her to go ahead as the ban by the Mayor is unreasonable.
c) I will advise her to withdraw the petition as Article 19 is not absolute.
d)I will advise her to concentrate on CLAT and after she has cracked it, she can take action
against the Mayor.

Passage-12

Right to be forgotten allows a person to seek deletion of his private information from the
internet. The concept has found recognition in some jurisdictions outside India, particularly in
Europe. Indian courts have held it to be an intrinsic part of the right to privacy. Right to
privacy has been recognised as a fundamental right in the K S Puttaswamy judgement
(2017) and that the 'right to be forgotten' and 'right to be left alone' are inherent aspects of
the right to privacy. The European Union (EU) adopted the General Data Protection
Regulation (GDPR). Article 17 of GDPR provides for the right to erasure of certain
categories of personal data - that which is considered no longer necessary, that for which
consent has been withdrawn or processing of which has been objected to, personal data
unlawfully processed, and data where there is a legal obligation for erasure. However, the
regulations limit the right to erasure in certain circumstances, including for reasons of public
interest in the area of public health, for archiving purposes "in the public interest, scientific or
historical research purposes or statistical purposes in accordance" and for "establishment,
exercise or defence of legal claims."
1. Maria is a citizen of France. She signed a modelling contract whereby some pictures
of hers will be used by a magazine for 2 years. The magazine used her pictures even
after 2 years. As per the prevailing laws, there is a legal obligation to permanently
delete any material after the expiry of a contract. Decide keeping in mind GDPR
applies to France.
a) Maria can approach the European Union Court to get her pics erased.
b) Maria can petition the Indian Supreme Court.
c) The magazine has to remove Maria's pics.
d) Maria allowed for usage of her pics and now she cannot backtrack.
2. Niang signed for a voluntary children camp when she was just 10 years old. The
camp form asked for certain details - like weight, height, figure measurements,
father's occupation, marital status, etc. These details have no relevance after the
camp gets over. Now Niang is 40 years old. Choose the most reasonable option
presuming Niang is a resident of Belgium to which GDPR applies.
a) Naing can get her camp data deleted as it's no longer necessary.
b) Niang cannot get her camp data deleted as she voluntarily signed for it.
c) Niang can get her camp data deleted but has to pay a certain sum as fees. d) Once a
record becomes digital, it is impossible to erase it permanently.
3. Marin is suffering from a rare genetic disorder. Her health vitals are kept in check and
a record is maintained. Marin dies in course of time due to the adverse effects of the
genetic disease. Decide presuming Marin is a citizen of Germany to which GDPR
applies.
a) Marin's health data needs to be immediately deleted the moment she dies. b)
Marin is no longer alive. It is her legal representatives who decide what should be done with
her data. c) The government has every right to use health data of any citizen.
d) Marin's health data can be stored as it can be used to address public health in future.
4. John, a citizen of Switzerland, to whom GDPR applies, has a popular YouTube
channel. He disabled YouTube from checking his 'search history' or his 'watch
history'. YouTube still uses it to suggest better videos for John. Decide.
a) YouTube is a multi-national cooperation. An individual cannot take action against it. b)The
government of Switzerland is liable for not being able to protect the privacy of its citizens like
John.
c) YouTube has violated the GDPR.
d) YouTube has not violated the GDPR.
5. Adams, an astronaut, went to the Moon, stayed there for a week and returned. All his
vitals are stored to do research on human body mechanism on a celestial body other
than the Earth. Decide presuming GDPR applies in this case.
a) It is mandatory for all astronauts to give details about their personal life.
b) Adams vitals can be stored as it will help in scientific research for future missions to the
Moon. c) Adams vitals cannot be stored as it violates his privacy under GDPR.
d) Adams vitals cannot be stored under any circumstance.

Passage-13

The Supreme Court of India has ruled right to privacy as forming part of Right to Life under
Article 21 of the Constitution. The Supreme Court held that the right to privacy is a
fundamental right flowing from the right to life and personal liberty as well as other
fundamental rights securing individual liberty in the constitution. Privacy itself was held to
have negative aspect, (the right to be let alone), and a positive aspect, (the right to self-
development). The sphere of privacy includes a right to protect one's identity. The right
recognises the fact that all information about a person is fundamentally her own, and she is
free to communicate or retain it to herself. The core of informational privacy, thus, is a right
to autonomy and self- determination in respect of one's personal data. The court observed
the following-: "Formulation of a regime for data protection is a complex exercise which
needs to be undertaken by the State after a careful balancing of the requirements of privacy
coupled with other values which the protection of data sub-serves together with the
legitimate concerns of the State." Privacy too can be restricted in well-defined circumstances
like when there is a legitimate state interest in restricting the right, the restriction is
necessary and proportionate to achieve the interest and the restriction is by law.
1. The whatsapp chats of Razzaq were secretly assessed by the Indian intelligence
agencies. There was credible information about Razzaq having links with ISIS, a
terrorist organization and planning a major strike in India. Decide.
a) Merely reading someone's wats app chats does not violate privacy.
b) Razzaq's privacy has been violated and he can sue the government of India for it.
c) Razzaq is a dreaded terrorist. He does not have any privacy.
d) Razzaq's privacy is violated but he cannot take any action as there are reasonable
grounds for it.
2. Vivek, Tushar, Harris and Joy are four friends of a school. They have a wats app
group where they share the hot and bold pics of their class girls, such pics which
these girls put on their own Instagram accounts are accessible to general public. The
government agencies block their wats app accounts because of this. Decide.
a) A girl is treated like Goddess in India. She must be respected in every manner possible.
b)Every girl has the right to share whatever she likes, whether pics or videos, on her social
media account.
c) The government action is not justified. d) The government action is justified.
3. Which of the following most accurately postulates the right to privacy?
a)Gunjan has made a Twitter account. All her tweets and pictures and videos that she has
uploaded on Twitter can be deleted by her permanently as and when she desires.
b)Shyam has made a Facebook account. He has posted many things on his wall. When he
tries to delete his account permanently, Facebook does so but all the videos he posted on
his wall are retained in Facebook's server.
c)Shyambhavi makes an Instagram account where she posts her personal pictures and
shares it with her friends. She gets trolled for wearing certain kinds of dresses. She does not
like it and wants to delete those pics but there is no such option on Instagram.
d)Bhawna made a funny video on Moj app. Her family asks her to delete it as it contains
certain derogatory words. Even when she has deleted the videos from her account, they still
appear on Moj.
4. Manish likes a girl, Rishika. Both go to the same school. One day Manish secretly
carries his mobile camera and takes a few pictures of Rishika in the class. Any kind
of camera is prohibited in school premises as per the rules. Rishika gets to know and
complains of violation of her privacy. A police complaint is lodged. The police search
Manish's mobile and delete three pics of Rishika he has taken. Further the police
check each and every folder of his mobile and also his laptop. They also check each
and every email of Manish. His messages on Facebook are read including personal
messages. Decide.
a)Everything is fair in love and war. Manish is in love with Rishika and hence, just to have a
look at her beautiful face, he clicked a few pics of hers. There is no invasion of privacy here.
b)The state agencies can take any number of precautionary measures to ensure the privacy
of each and every girl is intact.
c) Since Manish is a child predator, extra precautions must be taken against him.
d) The action by the police authorities is not proportionate to the wrongful act of Manish.
5. Answer the following applying the same facts as the last question.
a) Rishika's privacy is violated by Manish's acts.
b) Rishika's privacy is not violated by Manish's acts.
c) School classroom is a public place and no one can expect privacy at a public place.
d) Rishika can file a case of voyeurism against Manish.