Microcontroller, ATmega328P

A microcontroller is a small integrated circuit that controls a single operation in an embedded system. On a
single chip, a typical microcontroller contains a CPU, memory, and input/output (I/O) peripherals. Microcontrollers
are used in a wide array of systems and devices. Devices often utilize multiple microcontrollers that work together
within the device to handle their respective tasks.

Microcontrollers can be found in a variety of equipment, including cars, robotics, office machinery, medical
devices, mobile wireless transceivers, vending machines, and home appliances. They are essentially modest little
personal computers (PCs) meant to control minor aspects of a bigger component without the need for a complicated
front-end operating system (OS).

The type of microcontroller used in our project is Arduino Uno, a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328P (datasheet). This type of microcontroller was chosen because it is versatility, availability in the market,
easier to program and tinker without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst-case scenario replace
the chip for a few dollars and start over again. Besides, the function of this microcontroller is suitable for our
project.

It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz
ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. Other features of the ATmega328P have been simplified
in table 1.

TABLE 1. FEATURES OF MICROCONTROLLER

KEY FEATURES OF ARDUINO UNO REV3

Microcontroller ATmega328P

Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328P) of which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
LED_BUILTIN 13
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g
https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-uno-rev3

FIGURE 1. PARTS OF ARDUINO UNO

FIGURE 2. PIN CONFIGURATION

C Programming Module
Arduino boards are programmed in “C.” C is a popular system programming language that has
minimal execution time on hardware in comparison to other high-level programming languages. It’s the
reason most of the operating systems and several programming languages are built on C.
Much like other microcontrollers, the AVR microcontrollers housed in Arduino boards are
programmed in a subset of C. A general term for such subsets is “Embedded C” because they apply to
programming embedded controllers. The language in which Arduino is programmed is a subset of C and
it includes only those features of standard C that are supported by the Arduino IDE.
This does not mean that Arduino C lags anywhere because it is a subset of C. Most of the missing
features of standard C can be easily worked around. Rather, Arduino C is a hybrid of C and C++, meaning
it is functional and object-oriented.
https://www.engineersgarage.com/articles-basics-of-arduino-sketches-arduino-c/