The mass of the earth is 6 = 10 kg and that of the moon is 7.4 » 10” kg. Ifthe distance between the earth and the moon is 3.84 = 10° km, calculate the force exerted by the earth on the moon. G = 6.7» 107! N a’ ke? Mass of the Earth my = 6 x 10% kg Mass of the Moon my = 7.4 « 10? kg Distance between the Earth and the Moon d= 3.84 « 10° km = 3.84» 10°m. Gravitational Constant G = 6.7 » 107! Nm?/kg? ‘Now, by using Newton's law of gravitation _ Gam 2 Po 6.7% 1074 x6 x 104 “74x 107 (3.84 = 108)" 297.48 x 10° * [asms~ 10% F = 20.069 x 10% F F =201»10°N Hence, the gravitational force of attraction is 20.1 « 10N. Calculate the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of a planet whose mass and radius are double than the mass and radius of the earth. Given that, Mass of the earth =M Radius of the earth = R ‘We know that, oM ee ‘Now, mass and radius is double »_ GM g= aR en eae eee ne eee er heer nee eee ieA body weighs 63N on the surface of the earth. What is the gravitational force (in N. onit due to the earth at a height equal to half the radius of the earth ? Weight of the body,W = 63N Acceleration due to gravity at height h from the Earths surface is given by the relation: hy a+gy Substitutingh = R.2, 29 Weight of body of mass m at height h is given as: W =mg =49 mg =4/9 63=28N The acceleration due to gravity ata height 1 km above the earth is the same as at a depth d below the surface of earth. Then: Acceteration due to gravity at height h, 2h. ga gol) h= km Acceleration due to gravity at depth d, d da = g0 (:- a Sn = ga 2h. a go(1- 5) = a0 5) a d=%h =2* lkm d=2kmThe angular speed with which the earth would have to rotate on its axis so that a person on the equator would weight (3/5)thas much as present will be : (Take the equatorial radius as 6400 km) True weight at the equatorW = mg Observed weight at the equator, W'=mg’ w=) 5 Now, at the equator $=0 Now, mg = mg-mRo? cos mg =mg-mRo* 2x98 w= - 5 6400 x 10° ot = 1% , 196 320 © =78x 10 rads Hence, the angular speed is 7.8 « 10 rad/s.Mass and weight of a body are determined at the pole and at the equator. Is there any change in the weight? Justify your answer. Ifa body has the mass m then its weight is W = mg. The mass of the body is constant everywhere but the value of gis different at different latitudes. We know that z = SS, where M is the mass ofthe earth and R is the radius of the earth. Our planet earth is not an absolute sphere. It is bulged out at the equator. Thus, the radius of the earth is more at the equator as compared to that of the earth at the poles. Since, Requtor > Rotess .”. Sequator < Spotes So, Weguitor < Wpoies Eaeceleration due to gravity on the surface ofa of a planet is two times that on surface of earth and its radius is double that of earth. Then escape velocity from the surface of that planet in comparison to earth will be Escape aselocity from dhe ssrfece f the sath fs, oe 24, 3 der TS ms” x ™ aaatinae n Ue = Ig km [s Given fon cthat 4lonck, a = 2ge amd Rp = 2ke ; Fseape welaci ty fon bab plorel wil be vy = [2g he = JR Gg) OR) = 2]2 Re QKIQ km/s 22°4 km)s " oul RU, a)Asaturn year is 29.5 times the earth year. How far is the saturn irom the sun if the earth is 1.50 « 10°km away from the sun? Distance of Earth from Sun, = 1.5» 104m Time period of Earth= T, Time period of Saturn,T, = 29.5 Te Distance of Saturn from the Sun- 1, From Kepler's third law of planetary motion, [aed TV ow = i = 12/1? 8 = e(Ty/T.P3 = 15x 10! « 29,523 = 1432« 10m The ratio of the earth's orbital angular momentum (about the Sun) to its mass is 4.4 <10%m’s". The area enclosed by the earth's orbit is approximately. Areal velocity of a planet around the Sun is constant and is given by dA_ iL L zm =dA= mc Integrating both sides dA= = fat A= =. ting J im! in where L =angular momentum of the planet (earth) about the Sun and m = mass of planet (earth). L 1 Hence, A= AT = 5 44x 1015 365 «24 x 360m? Area = 6.94 « 10"m?A satellite launch is made for the study of Jupiter. Determine its velocity so that its orbit around the Jupiter. Given: Radius of Jupiter R= 70.5 « 106m, Mass of Jupitor M = 15 « 10?” kg, Gravitational constant G = 6.67408 * 10""' m?kg!s? When tho given parameters are substituted in the orbital velocity formula, we got Vorbit = sem /R 6.67408 * 10°" « 15 x 107 | 70.5x106 10.0095 x10" / 70.5 x106 0.141 x 10° = 3.754x 10¢m/s. A satellite is revolving in a circular orbit distance of 2620 km from the surface of the earth. The time period of the revolution of the satellite is (Radius of the earth -6380 km, mass of the earth = 6 = 10° kg, G= 6.67 « 10"'N - m/kg’ Orbital velocity, 4vo=/ Se fssizinasveama] 6.67kan/sec Time period of revolution, T=271&8 vo 2%3.14*(6380+2620) Care 8474 sec 2.35 hoursA geostationary satellite is orbiting the earth at a height of 6R above the surface of the earth; R being the radius of the earth. What will be the time period of another satellite at a height 2.5 R from the surface of the earth? The time period of satellite orbiting at a distance r from the centre of the earth is given by T2 = ac where M is the mass of the earth. Therefore, the ratio of the time periods of two satellites at distance mn and r2 respectively from the centre of the earth is oT. =? For the geostationary satellite, T) = 1 day = 24 hours and n = 6R+R=7R. For the other satellite, ro =2.5R+R=3.5R Therefore, T2 = 24 x (3557 = 24 « (2) = 6V2 hours Hence, the correct choice is (a). Figure shows the strain-stress curve for a given material, What are (a) Young's modulus and (b) approximate yield strength for this material ? $0 0 0.001 0,002 0.003 0,004 Strain (a) As seen from above graph, at the stress of 150 = 105N/m? the strain is 0.002 (b) The strain is increased even when stress is reduced after 3 « 10°N/i’, whichis the yield strength of the material.Astructural steel rod has a radius of 10 mm and a length of 1.0 m. A100 KN force stretches it along its length. Calculate (a) stress, (b) elongation, and (¢) strain on the rod. Young's modulus, of structural steel is 2.0 » 104N m? Given that, Radius r = 10mm Length 1 = 1.0m Force F = 100kN Young modulus Y = Now, the stress is 100 x 10°N 3.14% = 3.18 10°Nm™ 0x 10" Nm‘ Stress = Now, the elongation is _FL ay _ 3.18« 108 «1 ~~ 2.0107 AL = 1.59 107m AL = 159mm Now, the strain is Strain olB 59x 107 1.0 = 1.59% 107Apiece of iron of density 7800kg/m’ and volume 100cm? is completely immersed in water. Calculate apparent weight of iron piece in water. [Take, ¢ = 10m/s*.] Apparent weight of iron = Weight of iron in air - weight of iron in water mass As we know, Density = volume So mass of iron piece in air— (volume) (density) ~(10)(7800)kg = 0.78ke Weight of iron piece in air= mg = 7.8N weight of iron piece in water = upthrust = V pg = 10“(1000)10N = IN so apparent weight of the iron piece = 7.8N - IN =6.8N The foot of an elephant has an area of 27cm2. If the mass of elephant is 2200 kg, find the pressure exerted by the elephant on the ground. (g = 10ms™), Ifyour answers find the value of *;. Area of one foot = 275em? = 275 « 104m?(:, lem? = 10m’) But total force is acting through the four legs. So, total area of the four feet (A) = 4x 275 «104m Mass of the elephant (m)= 2200kg g = 10ms?. Force exerted by the elephant is equal to weight of the elephant. P= Ec. F =W-mg) Substituting the values in the above equation, we get, _ 220010 _ 22x 103 x 10* 1100Along capillary tube of radius of 0.2mm is placed vertically inside a beaker of water. Ifthe tube is now pushed into water so that only 5.0em of its length is above the surface, then determine the angle of contact between the liquid and glass surface. N Surface tension of water be 70 x 10°— m _ 10°(10)(5 « 1070.2 « 10) 2(70 x 103) Find the terminal velocity of a raindrop of radius 0.01mm. Coefficient of viscosity of air is 1.8 x 10-° and its densi .2kgim*. Density of water= 1000kg/m"*. Take g = 10m/s”. (Force of buoyancy due to air is neglected). Given, the radius of raindrop r = 0.01mm = 1 x 10m. ‘The coefficient of viscosity of air = 1.8 x 10 ® Density of air o = 1.2kg/m* Density of water p = 1000kg/m? 2 (0 We know that the terminal velocity eis given asy = = 7 P79 Substituting the given values in this equation we get, 2. Go *)* (000-12) 2 998.8 "=9*—Taxto® 9% 18 x 10° = 123.3 x 10°Arain drop of radius 0.3 mm falls through air with a terminal velocity of 1m s“!. The viscosity of air is 18 « 107 poise. The viscous force on the rain drop is then Here, r= 0.3mm = 0.03em, v= lms? = 100ems™, 1 = 18 = 10° poise. According to stokes law, force of viscosity on rain drop is F =6mrv = 6 x 3.142 x 18 x 10> x 0.03 x 100 dyne = 1.018 x 107 dyne. Awind with speed 40 m/s blows parallel to the roof of a house. The area of the roof is 250 m’, Assuming that the pressure inside the house is atmospheric pressure, the force exerted by the wind on the roof and the direction of the fore will be (Pui = 1.2 kg/m) Applying Bernoulli's theorem to two points just inside the house and outside the house, 1 P+ ze = constant Inside the pressure is Pass The pressure outside is P vis zero inside. Force is: F =(P — Pasa) x Area = 960 x 250 = 2.4 x 10°N in upward direction as pressure goes from higher to lower pressure area.