IT ERA REVIEWER

What is an Operating System?

- is a program that acts as an intermediary between the user of a computer and
computer hardware.
- simplifies and manages the complexity of running application programs efficiently.

Goals of an Operating System

- Simplify the execution of user programs and make solving user problems easier.
- Use computer hardware efficiently.
- Allow sharing of hardware and software resources.
- Make application software portable and versatile.
- Provide isolation, security and protection among user programs.
- Improve overall system reliability
- Error confinement, fault tolerance, reconfiguration.

Why should I study Operating Systems?

- Need to understand interaction between the hardware and applications ! New
applications, new hardware.
- Inherent aspect of society today
- Need to understand basic principles in the design of computer systems
- efficient resource management, security, flexibility
- Increasing need for specialized operating systems

Computer System Components

Hardware
- Provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices).

Operating System
- Controls and coordinates the use of hardware among application programs.

Application Programs
- Solve computing problems of users (compilers, database systems, video games,
business programs such as banking software).

Users
- People, machines, other computers

Open Source Software

- Open source software is software that is subject to an open source license.
- An open source licensor must give the licensee certain rights to be considered open
source
- Basically, the licensee has the right to use, modify or distribute the software, and the
right to access the source code.
- Same as free software and it is the original name for it

Prominent Open Source Programs

- Apache Web Server
- Mozilla and Firefox web browsers
 - Linux
- BIND
- MySQL

Prominent Open Source Vendors

- IBM
- Red Hat
- Sun Microsystems

Risks and Benefits of Open Source Software

Legal Risks
- Intellectual property infringement
- No warranties
- Copyleft
- Copyright attribution and notice requirements
- Enforcement
- Ambiguous license terms
- Consumer protection laws
- License management
- Licenses have not been construed by an American Court
- Licenses may be revocable
- Uncertain interpretation
- Forking (not a legal risk, but still a risk)

Benefits
- Increased user base
- Longer useful life
- Increased stability
- Security
- Scalability
- Innovation
- Cost
- Adaptability

How do licensors make money with open source software?

- Usually by providing other services, such as:
- Support
- Training
- Customization
- Integration
- Certification
- Offering warranties

What is tick?
- NEUTRINO MICROKERNEL
 - It is referred to as a tick when discussing timing. The processor clock coordinates all
CPU and memory operations by periodically generating a time reference signal
called a clock cycle or tick.

Hardware Timer
- A hardware timer configured to generate interrupts between 10 and 1000 Hz
provides the clock tick.
- are utilized for timing and counting tasks, allowing the processor to work on another
task while the timer process is in progress.

Connecting Peripherals
- Any device that connects to the computing unit but is not part of the computing unit's
core architecture. The central processing unit (CPU), motherboard, and power supply
comprise the core computing unit. The case that houses these elements is also
considered to be a component of the core computing unit.

TYPES:
- Internal - like motherboard
- External - like ps4
- Devices - like usb
- Non-removable storage-can be a hard drive that is connected externally. External
hard drives have become very popular for backups, shared drives among many
computers, and simply expanding the amount of hard drive space you have from
your internal hard drive.

Motherboard
- contains the CPU, memory, storage, ROM BIOS, Southbridge and Northbridge
chipsets, cooling fans, peripheral connector slots, connectors for peripheral devices,
the battery backup and the power connector.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

- CPU with its logic circuitry that processes the instructions from programs, the
operating system and other computer components;

Memory and Storage

- memory where instructions and data are temporarily stored and executed;
- storage interface for solid-state or hard disk drive for persistent data and application
storage
- It is a collection of hardware and system settings that manages how computers use
and conserve power.

ROM Bios
- A computer's basic input/output system (BIOS) is a program that's stored in
nonvolatile memory such as read-only memory (ROM) or flash memory, making it
firmware.

South and Northbridge Chipsets

 - Northbridge is a chip in the chipset of a motherboard that directly connects to the
CPU
- Southbridge is a chip in the chipset of a motherboard that does not directly connect
to the CPU

Cooling Fan
- Fans are used to draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from
inside and move air across a heatsink to cool a particular component.

Connectors
- Some common computer peripherals include keyboards, mice, tablet pens, joysticks,
scanners, monitors, speakers, printers, external hard drives, and media card readers.

What is a computer?
- is a device for processing, storing, and displaying information.

Supercomputer
- It was invented in the 1960s by an American electrical engineer Seymour Cray. This
computer is known to be the biggest and fastest computer.

Mainframe Computer
- This type of computer was designed in such a way that it can support hundreds or
thousands of users at the same time.

Minicomputer
- A minicomputer is a multiprocessing computer with medium size.
- It is a type of computer that is smaller, less expensive, and less powerful than a
mainframe or supercomputer but more expensive and more powerful than a personal

Workstation
- It is a type of special computer designed for technical or scientific applications to be
used interactively by a single person sitting at the console

Personal Computer
- Also known as microcomputers. It consists of a microprocessor as a central
processing unit (CPU), memory, input unit, and output unit.

Basic Handling Capabilities

Analogue Computer
- It measures the continuous changes in physical quantity. It gives output as a reading
on a dial or scale. For example, speedometer, mercury thermometer, etc.

Digital Computer
- It takes raw data as an input and processes it with programs stored in its memory to
produce the final output.

Hybrid Computer
 - It is widely used in specialized applications where both analog and digital data is
required to be processed.

TYPICAL SMARTPHONE HARDWARE

Mobile phone with RF Transceiver

- every mobile phone will have an RF part which consists of RF frequency up
converter and RF frequency down converter.

Mobile Phone Antenna

- antennas in the mobile phone are of various types such as helix type, planar inverted
F type, whip or patch type.

Mobile Phone Baseband Part

- This is the core part which changes modem to modem for various air interface
standards viz.CDMA,Wimax, LTE,HSPA and more.

Analog to Digital & Digital to Analog Converter

- is used to convert analog speech signal to digital signal and vice versa in the mobile
handset. At the Transmit path, an ADC converted digital signal is given to the speech
coder.

Power Plan
- It is a collection of hardware and system settings that manages how computers use
and conserve power
- Purpose: is a care planning tool that allows providers the ability to manage orders,
outcomes, and interventions as they relate to an individualized patient-specific,
problem-driven plan of care.

Wireless Connection Technologies

Modern Wireless Networking

- is an alternative to old-fashioned wired networking. Wireless networks use wireless
technology instead of cables to link digital devices together, in contrast to
conventional networks.

TYPES:
- Wi-Fi is a wireless hotspot technology that is particularly common in residential
networks.
- Bluetooth is used in embedded and low-power applications.
- Mobile internet - Standards for wireless home automation, including Z-Wave and
Zigbee
- Future wireless networks are likely to use other technologies, such as Li-Fi visible
light communication and 5G cellular internet, which are both currently in
development.

How to use wireless?

 - Radio waves and/or microwaves are used in wireless technologies to maintain
wireless communication channels between computers.
- Services for wireless internet:Telephone lines, cable television lines, and fiber optic
connections are used in conventional internet service models

Hardware for wireless

- Wireless radios are integrated into portable electronics like phones and tablets.
- The Internet of Things (IoT) idea has led to the integration of wireless technology into
a growing number of previously untapped locations.