BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY IN BANGLADESH:

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON HISTORY,

PRESENT SITUATION, TECHNOLOGIES AND
ELECTRICITY GENERATION POTENTIAL

Azmine Toushik Wasi, Zobayer Hasan, Mahfuz Ahmed Anik,

Shahadatul Meraz, Resma Jerin Tumu

Project Report
Review Study

Department of Industrial and Production Engineering

Shahjalal University of Science and Technology

Sylhet, Bangladesh

Submission Date: September 14, 2023

 ABSTRACT

In Bangladesh, biomass, encompassing organic materials of modern biological origin, plays a pivotal

role in addressing energy scarcity. Bioenergy, harnessed from biomass, is crucial for national develop-

ment. Rural communities in Bangladesh heavily rely on biomass fuels, including wood, crop residues,

and animal dung, for domestic use. The Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority

(SREDA) anticipates a 25% increase in rural biomass fuel demand by 2041 due to population growth

and changing cooking practices. Biogas-to-electricity initiatives gained momentum in the early 2000s,

with organizations like IDCOL and Grameen Shakti leading the way. IDCOL’s Biogas Program initiated

in 2004 marked a turning point by providing electricity to off-grid rural areas. Subsequent integration

with solar home systems in 2008 enhanced energy reliability. In the 2010s, IDCOL expanded its efforts,

aiming to install 4,000 biogas plants, contributing to clean cooking fuel and electricity. The government’s

commitment to a 10% renewable energy share by 2021 further bolstered these initiatives. Biogas, gener-

ated through anaerobic digestion, has emerged as a cost-effective and sustainable solution, particularly

small household-based fixed dome models. IDCOL’s subsidy and support have driven the success of

these renewable energy programs, achieving energy access and economic stability for rural households.

The calorific value of biogas and its electricity potential hold promise for addressing energy demand

challenges. Additionally, diverse biomass sources in Bangladesh exhibit varying sustainability and scal-

ability scores, with agricultural residues showing high potential for both. Utilizing organic waste for

biogas production in agricultural nations like Bangladesh holds promise for sustainable biogas technol-

ogy and environmental impact reduction, contributing to the global transition towards cleaner energy

sources. In summary, biogas-technology has emerged as a pivotal solution to combat energy scarcity,

enhance sustainability, and promote economic stability in rural Bangladesh.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTION TO BIOMASS AND BIOENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. LITERATURE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.1 Electricity Generation from Biogas: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.2 Electricity Generation and Biogas in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.3 Key Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.4 Environmental and Sustainability Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. BIOMASS RESOURCES AND USE IN BIO-GAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.1 Biomass Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.2 Biomass Feedstock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.3 Biomass Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.4 Biogas and Its Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4. HISTORY OF BIO-GAS GROWTH IN BANGLADESH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.1 Timeline of Bio-gas growth in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

5. SUSTAINABLE BIOGAS PROCESSING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.1 Biogas Generation and Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

6. EXPLORING ELECTRICITY GENERATION POSSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6.1 Micro Gas Turbine System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6.2 Fuel Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.2.1 Parts of A Fuel Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.2.2 Fuel Cell Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.2.3 Electricity Generation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6.3 Internal Combustion Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.3.1 Working Principle of an IC Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.3.2 Electricity Generation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

7. EXPLORING CURRENT BIO GAS TECHNOLOGIES IN BANGLADESH . . . . . . . 20

7.1 Biogas Technology Providers in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

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 7.1.1 Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

7.1.2 The Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) . . . . . . . . 21

7.1.3 IDCOL’s Financial Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

7.1.4 IDCOL’s Development Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

7.2 Biogas Technology in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7.2.1 Floating cover digester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7.2.2 Fixed cover digester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.2.3 Plastic-tubular cover digester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.3 Cost of Biogas Plants in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

7.4 Motivation of Biogas Plants in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

7.5 Saving of Conventional Fuel Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7.5.1 Financial gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7.5.2 Financial Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7.6 Energy Output Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

7.7 Assessing Electricity Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

7.7.1 Measurng Potential Electricity Generation from Biogas . . . . . . . . . . . 29

8. ASSESSING SUSTAINABILITY AND SCALABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

8.1 Acheiving Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

8.2 Impact on Circular Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

9. FUTURE PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

9.1 Aspect of Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

10. CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

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 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

3.1 Potential biogas yields of feedstock commonly used in anaerobic digestion . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3.2 Biogas and Its Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

7.1 Biogas plants installed in Bangladesh (till 2022 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

7.2 Cost of Installation of Biogas Plant (2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

7.3 Motivating factors to install biogas plant (2017) [Chy, 2017] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7.4 Financial gain from saving of traditional fuel (2017) [Chy, 2017] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

7.5 Financial saving in Biogas households (2017) [Chy, 2017] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

7.6 Potential for biogas generation from animal waste in 2014-2015 [Islam et al., 2017]. . . . . . . 30

8.1 Sustainability and Scalability score of different bio-mass plants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

9.1 Total residue production with percentage of fractions of some selected agricultural crops in
Bangladesh. (2011) [Das and Hoque, 2014]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

3.1 Biomass resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5.1 Biogas and fertilizer production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.2 Diversified biogas production with fertilizer, lighting, and electricity applications . . . . . . . 11

5.3 Summarizes the process into three stages with hydrolysis and acidogenesis
combined [Eggeling and Sasse, 1986] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6.1 Electricity Generation from Biogas: A General Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6.2 The process of biogas application in combination with a CR-30 micro gas turbine electricity
generator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.3 Parts of fuel cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.4 Operation of fuel cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

6.5 Electricity generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

6.6 Internal Combustion Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6.7 Working Principle of IC Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

6.8 Electricity Generation from Biogas: A Brief Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

7.1 Green Energy Setup Map of Bangladesh by IDCOL [IDCOL, 2020]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

7.2 IDCOL’s Biogas Plant Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

7.3 Floating cover digester diagram [K C et al., 2014]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7.4 Floating cover digester in work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.5 Fixed cover digester diagram [K C et al., 2014]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

7.6 Fixed cover digester in work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

7.7 Plastic-tubular cover digester diagram [K C et al., 2014]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

7.8 Plastic-tubular cover digester in work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

7.9 Average biogas production yield by tonne of feedstock type [IEA, 2022]. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

7.10 Electricity Generation Potential of Bangladesh (Data till 2015). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO BIOMASS AND BIOENERGY

Organic material with a modern biological origin is defined as biomass. It contains all varieties of or-
ganic waste, including sewage sludge, trees, all kinds of plant remnants, timber, animal waste, municipal
garbage, and agricultural crops. Bioenergy refers to the energy that is produced from biomass. Energy
is remarkable and significant key factor for the advancement of a nation but the scarcity of the energy
source has become an economic threat for the developing national around the world [Mofijur et al., 2013].

Globally, 2.5 billion people, or one-third of the world’s population rely on the traditional use of solid
biomass to cook their meals [IEA, 2017]. The worldwide domestic biomass supply in 2019 was 56.9 EJ.
Solid biomass sources, such as wood chips, wood pellets, and traditional biomass sources, accounted
for 85% of the domestic supply. 1.93 billion m3 of wood fuel was produced globally in 2020. Asia
had the highest share of wood fuel production with a contribution of 37% [WBA, 2021] practically all
developing nations, biomass is the most popular fuel used for energy purposes in the residential, com-
mercial, and industrial sectors. In developing countries, biomass is the dominant source of energy for
cooking and heating in rural areas, accounting for over 90% of the total energy consumption in some
countries [Madruga et al., 2012]. In South Asia, biomass accounts for a significant portion of the total
energy consumption, ranging from 27% in Bangladesh to 87% in Nepal (FAO 2018). The FAO report
also states that biomass is the primary source of energy for cooking and heating in rural areas of South
Asia, accounting for over 80% of total energy consumption.

Biomass plays an important and complex role in Bangladesh, particularly in rural areas where ap-
proximately 74.5% of the population lives [FAO, 2009]. Currently the number is 60.29% (World Bank).
Again, Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated countries in the world . Due to the rising growth
of the population, the per capita energy consumption in Bangladesh increased from 5 GJ (gigajoules)
in 1977 to 6.2 GJ and 8.98 GJ in 2009 and 2012 respectively [IEA, 2021, Kennes et al., 1984] . The
per capita energy consumption in Bangladesh in 2021 was 9.9 gigajoules (GJ). This is the lowest of any
country outside of Africa [Dettoni, 2022]. The largest energy consumers in Bangladesh are industries
and the residential sector, followed by the commercial and agricultural sectors. Bangladesh will need an
estimated 34,000 MW of power by 2030 to sustain its economic growth of over 7 percent [Rashid, 2018].
The rural people of Bangladesh depend mainly on biomass fuels, namely wood, leaves, twigs, bark, roots,
bamboo, shell and coir of coconut, agricultural residues such as rice husk, straw, jute stick, bagasse, and
cow dung for their domestic consumption [Mosaddek Hossen et al., 2017]. The majority of the arable land
is cultivated for producing rice, wheat, jute, sugarcane, mustard, coconut and lentils. These crops pro-
duce a substantial amount of residues. These are the main sources of supplying bioenergy in Bangladesh.
According to Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority (SREDA), The average rural
household in Bangladesh meets about 42% of its biomass fuel demand from wood fuels, 37% from crop
residues, and 21% from animal dung [NACOM, 2019].
The SREDA report also states that the demand for biomass fuels in rural Bangladesh is expected to
increase by 25% by 2041. This is due to a number of factors, including population growth, urbanization,
and changes in cooking practices.

1
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Electricity Generation from Biogas: An Overview

Biogas can be used to generate electricity through various technologies and prime movers such as
gas and steam turbines, diesel engines, fuel cells, and direct conversion in engines. Diverse conversion
methods like gas and steam turbines, diesel engines, fuel cells, and direct engine conversion, offering
insights into the technical aspects of biogas-driven electricity generation [Kabeyi and Olanrewaju, 2022].
Electrical Power Generation From Biogas Upgrading [Smith et al., 2022] delves into the critical biogas
upgrading process, highlighting its significance in producing high-purity methane for electric generators.
Use of Biogas for Electricity-Driven Appliances [Davarpanah, 2022] explores various renewable energy
systems employed for electricity generation from biogas, including micro-gas turbines, combined heat
and power systems, solid oxide fuel cells, and organic Rankine cycle systems, and addresses environmen-
tal considerations. Environmental Assessment of the Life Cycle of Electricity Generation from Biogas
in Polish Conditions [Samson-Bręk et al., 2022] evaluates the environmental impact of biogas-based
electricity generation in a specific context, shedding light on its environmental benefits and challenges.
Green Electricity Generation from Biogas of Cattle Manure [Arshad et al., 2022] likely investigates the
feasibility and potential of generating green electricity from cattle manure-derived biogas in Pakistan,
potentially providing practical insights into biogas utilization. Experimental and Simulation Analysis of
Biogas Production from Beverage Wastewater Sludge for Electricity Generation involves experimental
and simulation analysis of biogas production from beverage wastewater sludge for electricity generation,
offering valuable data on wastewater-derived biogas [Admasu et al., 2022]. The quality and quantity of
biogas for small-scale electricity generation in off-grid settings is evaluated [Wasajja et al., 2021], pro-
viding practical insights into optimizing biogas systems for remote electricity production. These papers
collectively contribute to a deeper understanding of biogas-based electricity generation, encompassing
technical, environmental, and practical aspects, making them valuable resources for researchers and pol-
icymakers in the field.

2.2 Electricity Generation and Biogas in Bangladesh

The current discussion centers on the promising prospects of biogas production from diverse waste
streams in Bangladesh, with particular emphasis on the country’s potential to harness biogas from
various sources, such as livestock and poultry waste, as an efficient means of sustainable energy genera-
tion [Parvez et al., 2023]. This theme is further developed by quantifying the substantial role that crop
residues could play in enhancing energy security in Bangladesh. The potential to produce a staggering
42.560 TWh of electricity could greatly reduce the nation’s reliance on natural gas for energy genera-
tion [Anand et al., 2021]. However, the adoption and impact of biogas technology suggest a complex
relationship with poverty alleviation, without explicitly addressing electricity generation [Siddiki et al.,
2021]. Theoretical calculations estimate that Bangladesh could produce a substantial 27,923.72 million
m3/year of biogas from animal waste, highlighting its potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and
meet energy demands [Siddiki et al., 2021]. In terms of the urban environment, there is untapped biogas
potential in Dhaka’s slaughterhouse waste, estimating an annual generation of 2.15 Mm3 of biogas, which
could serve as an innovative approach to both urban waste management and energy generation [Salehin
et al., 2021].
Despite these advancements, Bangladesh’s energy sector continues to face numerous challenges. The
country is primarily reliant on fossil fuels, and its struggle to make substantial strides in renewable
energy is evident, with only 1.23% of electricity generation originating from renewable sources [Bhuiyan

2
et al., 2021]. However, a feasibility study advocates for biogas as a viable solution to meet energy needs
in rural Bangladesh, albeit without delving into its role in electricity generation [Salam et al., 2020].
The drivers and barriers to implementing biogas technologies in the country are discussed in [Hasan
et al., 2020]. An innovative "union-based biogas plant model" for electricity generation is introduced,
but the specific challenges associated with its implementation are left unexplored [Zaman et al., 2019].
Finally, the potential of biogas technology adoption to enhance rural energy access and reduce fossil fuel
dependency in Bangladesh is emphasized in [Sarker et al., 2020].

2.3 Key Challenges

The successful implementation of biogas-based electricity generation faces various challenges that
impede progress. Inadequate infrastructures, insufficient capital, and inappropriate policy pose signifi-
cant barriers to the widespread adoption of this technology [Patinvoh and Taherzadeh, 2019]. Moreover,
biogas technology implementation requires advancement at all levels, including small-scale to large-scale
implementation for energy generation, electricity generation, and transportation [Freitas et al., 2022].
Policy, funding, technical services, sustainability, awareness, and education are also critical factors in re-
alizing the full potential of biogas in developing countries [Mensah et al., 2021]. The use of co-substrates
and additives in the digestion process can also have significant environmental impacts, mainly due to
the use of fossil fuels in the production chain [Zaman et al., 2019]. Additionally, the economic viability
of biogas projects can be a challenge due to high implementation costs, requiring a mandatory energy
rate to ensure a return on investment. Therefore, addressing these challenges through technical training,
policy enforcement, public-private partnerships, record keeping, and advertisement of biogas programs
can enhance biogas implementation and reduce the obstacles that hinder progress [Arshad et al., 2018].

2.4 Environmental and Sustainability Implications

he generation of electricity based on biogas has notable implications for both sustainability and the
environment. This method provides a renewable means of producing electricity, which in turn reduces
reliance on fossil fuels and decreases CO2 emissions and energy consumption when compared to diesel-
based electricity production [de Miranda and Kulay, 2023]. The conversion of biogas to electricity can
be accomplished through a variety of technologies and prime movers, including gas and steam turbines,
diesel engines, and fuel cells [Kabeyi and Olanrewaju, 2022]. Nevertheless, the use of co-substrates and
additives in biogas production can have significant environmental impacts, especially with regards to
the utilization of fossil fuels throughout the production chain [Freitas et al., 2022]. Life cycle analysis
has indicated that the use of waste materials from the agricultural and agri-food industries as substrates
for biogas production brings about environmental benefits, particularly in terms of human health and
resources categories [Samson-Bręk et al., 2022]. Bio-gas generation from waste water [Admasu et al.,
2022] is also an effective and sustainable model for electricity generation from bio-gas. In order to
minimize the environmental impact of biogas-based electricity generation, it is essential to assess and
optimize the biogas conversion technologies and take into account the emissions associated with the
process [Davarpanah, 2022].

3
 CHAPTER 3
BIOMASS RESOURCES AND USE IN BIO-GAS

3.1 Biomass Resources

Biomass resources for biogas, also referred to as anaerobic digestion feedstock or biogas feedstock,
include various categories of organic materials. Biogas can be produced from various organic substrates,
which all are in general suitable for anaerobic digestion. In Bangladesh, three major types of biomass fuel
resources are in use: wood fuels, agricultural residues and animal dung. Wood fuels are obtained from
different types of forests and tree resources grown in rural areas. Agricultural residues and animal dung
contribute a substantial portion of biomass fuel in Bangladesh. A part of the total agricultural residues
available during harvesting of crops and a part of total animal dung produced by animal resources are
used as fuel [Islam, 2023].

Figure 3.1: Biomass resources.

3.2 Biomass Feedstock

Biomass feedstocks include dedicated energy crops, agricultural crop residues, forestry residues, algae,
wood processing residues, municipal waste, and wet waste (crop wastes, forest residues, purpose-grown
grasses, woody energy crops, algae, industrial wastes, sorted municipal solid waste [MSW], urban wood
waste, and food waste [Office of Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy, 2020].

1. Ageiculural Crop Residue: There are many opportunities to leverage agricultural resources on
existing lands without interfering with the production of food, feed, fiber, or forest products. This
includes agricultural waste products such as straw, husks, and stalks. Crop residues are a good
source of biomass for biogas production, as they are relatively inexpensive and abundant [Office of
Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy, 2020].

2. Forestry Residues: Forest biomass feedstocks fall into one of two categories: forest residues left
after logging timber (including limbs, tops, and culled trees and tree components that would be

4
 otherwise unmerchantable) or whole-tree biomass harvested explicitly for biomass. Dead, diseased,
poorly formed, and other unmerchantable trees are often left in the woods following timber harvest.
This woody debris can be collected for use in bioenergy [Office of Energy Efficiency Renewable En-
ergy, 2020].

3. Wood Processing Residues: Wood processing yields byproducts and waste streams that are
collectively called wood processing residues and have significant energy potential. For exam-
ple, the processing of wood for products or pulp produces unused sawdust, bark, branches, and
leaves/needles. These residues can then be converted into biofuels or bioproducts [Office of Energy
Efficiency Renewable Energy, 2020].

4. Animal manure and slurry: This is the most common feedstock for biogas production, as it is
readily available and has a high methane content. Manure and slurry can be collected from farms,
slaughterhouses, and other livestock facilities. Bangladesh is an agricultural country and has a huge
potentiality for energy production using animal manure. Animal manure contains a high amount
of aerobic (carbon dioxide) and anaerobic (methane, carbon dioxide gas) constituents [Biosantech
et al., 2013, Uddin et al., 2019].

5. Energy crops: These are crops that are grown specifically for biogas production. Energy crops
include corn, sorghum, switchgrass, and miscanthus. Energy crops can have a higher methane yield
than other biomass feedstocks, but they can also be more expensive to grow and harvest [Office of
Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy, 2020].

6. Food waste: This includes food scraps, fruit and vegetable peels, and other organic waste from
restaurants, grocery stores, and homes. Food waste can be a valuable feedstock for biogas produc-
tion, as it can help to reduce food waste and greenhouse gas emissions [Zbiciak and Markiewicz,
2023].

7. Industrial waste: This includes waste from food processing, beverage production, and other
industries. Industrial waste can be a good source of biomass for biogas production, as it can be
relatively high in methane content [Biosantech et al., 2013].

8. Algae: Algae is a type of biomass that can be grown in water. Algae can be a good source of
biomass for biogas production, as it has a high methane yield and can be grown in a variety of
conditions [Office of Energy Efficiency Renewable Energy, 2020].

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the total supply of biomass in Bangladesh in
2023 is estimated to be 122.2 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe). This accounts for about 80% of
the country’s total primary energy supply. The main sources of biomass in Bangladesh are agricultural
residues, wood, and animal waste [IEA, 2023]. Table 3.1 presents potential biogas yields of feedstock
commonly used in anaerobic digestion.
The following are the sources and estimated supply of biomass in Bangladesh in 2023:

• Agricultural residues: 87.5 Mtoe (72%)

− Rice husk
− Straw
− Bagasse
− Coconut husk
− Jute sticks

5
 • Wood: 21.7 Mtoe (18%)

• Animal waste: 13 Mtoe (10%)

− Cow dung
− Poultry manure
− Pig manure

Feedstock Biogas Yield m3 /t Feedstock Biogas Yield m3 /t

Cattle slurry 15-25(10 % DM) Potatoes 276-400

Pig slurry 15-25(8 % DM) Rye grain 283-492
Poultry 30-100(20 % DM) Clove grass 290-390
Grass silage 160-200(28 % DM) Sorghum 295-372
Whole wheat crop 185(33 % DM) Grass 298-467
Maize silage 200-220(33 % DM) Red clover 300-350
Maize grain 560(80 % DM) Jerusalem artichoke 300-370
Crude glycerine 580-1000(80 % DM) Turnip 314
Wheat grain 610(85 % DM) Rhubarb 320-490
Rape meal 620(90 % DM) Triticale 337-555
Fats Up to 1200 Oilseed rape 340
Nettle 120-420 Canary grass 340-500
Sunflower 154-400 Alfalfa 340-500
Miscanthus 179-218 Clover 345-350
Flax 212 Barley 353-658
Sudan grass 213-303 Hemp 355-409
Sugar beet 236-381 Wheat grain 384-426
Kale 240-334 Peas 390
Straw 242-324 Ryegrass 390-410
Oats grain 250-295 Leaves 417-453
Chaff 270-316 Fodder beet 160-180

Table 3.1: Potential biogas yields of feedstock commonly used in anaerobic digestion

3.3 Biomass Use

In bangladesh Biomass fuels is mainly used for domestic cooking, whereas it is partly used for
other purposes. A study showed that biomass fuel is used more frequently as the cooking fuel in rural
households than any other form of commercial fuel. The study also revealed that above 97% of biomass
fuel is used for domestic cooking and 0.87% used for paddy parboiling [Zbiciak and Markiewicz, 2023].
Whereas, Another study found 92% of households use biomass for cooking, followed by rice parboiling
and water heating [?]. Here are some of the additional key uses of biomass:

1. Fuel: Biomass can be burned directly to produce heat or converted into liquid or gaseous fuels, such
as ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas. These fuels can be used to power vehicles, generate electricity,
and heat homes and businesses [EIA, 2023].

2. Electricity generation: Biomass can be used to generate electricity in a variety of ways, including
direct combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis. Direct combustion is the simplest method and
involves burning biomass in a boiler to produce steam. Gasification and pyrolysis are more complex
processes that convert biomass into gaseous fuels that can be used to generate electricity in a
turbine [EIA, 2023].

3. Heat production: Biomass can be used to produce heat for a variety of purposes, such as space
heating, water heating, and industrial process heat. Direct combustion is the most common method
for producing heat from biomass.

6
 4. Materials: Biomass can be used to produce a variety of materials, including paper, plastics, and
textiles. It can also be used to make construction materials, such as lumber and bricks.

5. Chemicals: Biomass can be used to produce a variety of chemicals, including ethanol, biodiesel,
and biopolymers. These chemicals can be used in a variety of products, such as fuels, plastics, and
pharmaceuticals [EIA, 2023].

6. Other uses: Biomass can also be used for a variety of other purposes, such as composting, land
reclamation, and water purification.

Biomass provided 25% of the primary energy in Bangladesh in 2022. This is the highest share of any
renewable energy source in the country [Islam, 2023, NACOM, 2019]. Here are some of the biomass uses
in Bangladesh:

1. Cooking: Biomass is the main source of cooking fuel in Bangladesh, accounting for over 90% of
the total cooking energy consumption. It is used to cook food in both rural and urban areas. The
most common biomass fuels used for cooking are firewood, crop residues, and animal dung [Huda
et al., 2014].

2. Power generation: Biomass can be used to generate electricity. This can be done through a va-
riety of technologies, such as biogas plants, biomass-fired power plants, and micro-grids [Mosaddek
Hossen et al., 2017].

3. Fertilizer: Biomass can also be used to produce fertilizer. This is done by anaerobic digestion,
which converts biomass into biogas and digestate. The digestate can then be used as a fertilizer
[Wazed and Islam, 2011].

4. Industrial applications: Biomass can also be used in a variety of industrial applications, such
as brick making, paper production, and the production of bioethanol and biogas [Khan and Sham-
suzzaman, 2022].

3.4 Biogas and Its Composition

Biogas constitutes a flammable blend of gases, with its primary constituents being methane (CH4 )
and carbon dioxide (CO2 ). It emerges as a result of the anaerobic bacterial breakdown of organic matter
in the absence of oxygen. These decomposer microorganisms produce these gases as byproducts during
their respiration process. The specific gas composition varies depending on the materials undergoing
decomposition. Biogas shares similar combustion properties with natural gas and is approximately 20%
lighter than air. Its calorific value falls within the range of 5000 to 7000 kcal per cubic meter. When
used in a conventional biogas stove, it typically achieves an efficiency rate of around 60%. Detailed
composition of biogas is given in Table 3.2.

Components Percentage
Methane (CH4 ) 60 − 70
Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) 30 − 40
Hydrogen (H2 ) 2 − 2.5
Nitrogen (N2 ) 1 − 1.5
Oxygen (O2 ) 0.3 − 0.4
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2 S) 0.1 − 0.2

Table 3.2: Biogas and Its Composition

7
 CHAPTER 4
HISTORY OF BIO-GAS GROWTH IN BANGLADESH

In recent years, there has been a significant expansion in the growth of biogas in Bangladesh. This
upsurge can be attributed to the proactive policies and incentives implemented by the government,
as well as an increasing awareness of the environmental benefits of this technology across rural areas.
By installing over a million biogas plants, predominantly in households and farms, the country has
effectively addressed energy access challenges, reduced its dependence on firewood and fossil fuels, and
minimized indoor air pollution. This sustainable energy source has not only improved the quality of life
for rural communities but has also contributed to the mitigation of climate change and the promotion
of sustainable agricultural practices in Bangladesh.

4.1 Timeline of Bio-gas growth in Bangladesh

This year-wise history highlights the gradual growth of biogas technology in Bangladesh and its
transformation into a vital source of clean energy and rural development over the past several decades.

• 1970s - Pioneering Efforts:

– 1972: Dr. M. A. Karim, a professor at Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), My-

mensingh, set up the first biogas plant at the university campus. It was a floating-dome type
plant with a 3m³ gas production capacity.
– 1974: Another significant milestone was achieved when a biogas plant was constructed at the
Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD) in Comilla. This demonstrated the
technology’s potential to provide sustainable energy solutions in rural areas.
– 1976: The International Foundation for Research and Development (IFRD) contributed to
biogas development by constructing a family-size biogas plant at the Bangladesh Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR) campus in Dhanmondi [Gofran, 2007].

• 1980s: Slow Growth and Collaboration:

– The 1980s witness the gradual growth of biogas technology in Bangladesh, although the pace
is hindered by challenges such as high construction costs and a lack of subsidies. Nevertheless,
efforts continue to promote sustainable energy solutions.
– 1986: The Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) contributes to biogas adop-
tion by constructing its first floating-dome model biogas plant in Kurigram district. This
initiative aims to address energy scarcity in rural areas [Chy, 2017].

• 1990s - Biogas Initiatives Expand:

– 1992: A pivotal moment occurs with the establishment of the Bangladesh Biogas Development
Foundation (BBDF). This organization plays a vital role in creating awareness, providing
training, and offering financial support to rural communities, fostering a culture of sustainable
energy practices.
– 1993: Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) are signed between BCSIR, LGED, and the
Department of Livestock (DLS), enhancing collaboration and coordination in biogas research,
training, and dissemination efforts. These MoUs facilitate the exchange of knowledge and
resources, accelerating biogas adoption.

8
 – 1994: LGED supports the creation of an ecological village, Amgram, in Madaripur district,
where 15 domestic biogas plants are installed using various organic materials, showcasing the
versatility of biogas technology. This initiative not only provides clean energy but also demon-
strates the sustainable use of bio-slurry in agriculture, further promoting biogas adoption.
– 1997: Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL) is established on May 14,
1997, by the Government of Bangladesh. IDCOL focuses on bridging the financing gap for
medium to large-scale infrastructure and renewable energy projects, playing a significant role
in advancing biogas technology and other sustainable energy solutions in the country [BSERT,
2018].

• 2000s - Rural Electrification Through Biogas:

– The significant expansion of biogas-to-electricity initiatives began in the early 2000s. Or-
ganizations and government agencies like the Infrastructure Development Company Limited
(IDCOL) and Grameen Shakti took the lead in promoting the use of biogas for electricity
generation in rural areas.
– 2004 - IDCOL’s Biogas Program: In 2004, IDCOL initiated a Biogas Program that aimed
to provide electricity to rural households using biogas. This program focused on installing
biogas plants equipped with electricity generation capabilities. It marked a crucial turning
point in bringing electricity to off-grid communities.
– 2008 - IDCOL’s Solar Home System Integration: IDCOL integrated biogas electricity gener-
ation with solar home systems in 2008. This integration allowed rural households to have a
more reliable and continuous supply of electricity by utilizing both solar and biogas energy
sources.

• 2010s - Scaling Up Biogas Initiatives:

– 2010: IDCOL launches the "Renewable Energy for Rural Livelihoods" project, aiming to
install 4,000 biogas plants with electricity generation capabilities, contributing to both clean
cooking fuel and electricity for rural households.
– 2015: The government of Bangladesh declares its commitment to achieving a 10% share of
renewable energy in the national energy mix by 2021.

• 2020s: Advancements and Sustainability:

– Bangladesh made significant progress by converting biogas into electricity, enhancing technol-
ogy, and connecting it to the power grid.
– Bangladesh remained committed to biogas and sustainable energy in the 2020s, with the suc-
cessful IDCOL Biogas Program serving as a model for other countries interested in renewable
energy. Biogas gained popularity across the nation, benefiting rural areas, reducing pollution,
and addressing climate change.

To summarize, Bangladesh’s journey with biogas reflects their dedication to a cleaner and more
sustainable energy future, aiming to improve people’s lives and safeguard the environment for future
generations.

9
 CHAPTER 5
SUSTAINABLE BIOGAS PROCESSING

The growing concerns over the depletion of fossil fuels, energy security considerations, and concern
over global warming, the world started taking a significant interest in renewable energy sources like
biogas. The production of biogas from different biomass sources can actively involve farmers and insti-
tutions that deal with biomass in the worldwide shift toward sustainable energy. Hence, biogas presents
a business opportunity for both farmers and those dealing with biomass waste. Utilizing locally available
materials can boost the local industry, similar to the way homemade bricks, which are abundant and
cost-effective, have become widely used. Furthermore, there are potential business prospects associated
with the large-scale production and servicing of biogas plants and related equipment to support the
growing biogas sector. As the demand for biogas facilities increases, there will be a market need for
biogas-powered generators, gas valves and fixtures, gas pipelines, and various other small devices. To
meet these demands, manufacturing companies will produce a variety of appliances for distribution to
biogas producers. Additionally, companies specializing in plastic tank manufacturing can explore the
development of user-friendly and cost-effective biogas plastic tanks, which can be buried in the ground
like conventional biogas plants [Hahn, 2015]. The establishment of manufacturing standards for these
tanks would ensure their suitability for widespread use and application. Figure 5.1 shows a simple ar-

Figure 5.1: Biogas and fertilizer production

rangement where smallholder producers can generate biogas and fertilizer through anaerobic digestion.
While the configuration is straightforward and cost-effective, its sustainability might be compromised
by its restricted usage and its connection to the agricultural processes that provide organic materials.
To ensure sustainability at the household level, it is essential to broaden the range of applications for
biogas and diversify the sources of organic materials for biodigester [Kabeyi and Olanrewaju, 2022].
A diversified and more sustainable biogas system is demonstrated in Figure 5.2. It demonstrates a more
diversified biogas system connecting upstream and downstream activities.This approach increases the di-
versity and sustainability of biogas systems, as all household activities are directly or indirectly linked to
these systems, thereby significantly boosting their overall sustainability [Barasa Kabeyi and Olanrewaju,
2022]. Figure 5.2 illustrates the primary components necessary for a farm-level biogas system. These
components include the biomass substrate source (comprising farm animal waste and plant waste), the
gas storage system, the lighting and electricity generation system, and the fertilizer supply system, all
interconnected with the biogas plant.

10
 Figure 5.2: Diversified biogas production with fertilizer, lighting, and electricity applications

5.1 Biogas Generation and Processing

Basically Biogas is produced through the anaerobic activity of specific bacteria, under specific con-
ditions. It serves as an environmentally friendly energy source, with a calorific value ranging from 21 to
24MJ/m3. In natural decomposition processes without regulation, organic matter naturally undergoes
anaerobic biodegradation, releasing around 590–800 million tons of methane into the atmosphere. Con-
versely, biogas recovery systems use controlled conditions to decompose biomass, generating biogas for
energy applications. Typically, biogas contains 50–70 % methane and 30–50 % carbon dioxide, with the
exact composition influenced by the type of organic material used and the management of the process.
Other elements like hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen may also be present. In larger biogas facilities, it’s
possible to enhance the biogas before it’s supplied to gas networks. Anaerobic digesters are generally
designed to operate within either the mesophilic temperature range (20–40°C) or the thermophilic tem-
perature range (above 40°C) [Maria et al., 2023]. Some steps involved in biogas are given below:
Feedstock Preparation. Organic materials are collected and prepared as the feedstock for
anaerobic digestion. This can include a variety of materials like manure, crop residues, kitchen waste,
and wastewater sludge. It’s crucial to ensure that the feedstock is well-prepared, with contaminants like
plastics and non-organic materials removed.
Loading the Digestion System. The prepared organic feedstock is loaded into an anaerobic
digester. This digester is typically a sealed, oxygen-free container or tank where the anaerobic microor-
ganisms will carry out the digestion process.

Anaerobic Digestion Process.

1. Hydrolysis: In the initial phase of anaerobic digestion, complex organic compounds are broken
down into simpler molecules through a process called hydrolysis. Enzymes secreted by microorgan-
isms facilitate this breakdown, converting carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids into sugars, amino
acids, and fatty acids.

2. Acidogenesis: The products of hydrolysis are then further broken down into volatile fatty acids
(VFAs) during the acidogenesis stage. This step is characterized by the production of organic
acids, hydrogen (H2), and carbon dioxide (CO2).

11
 3. Acetogenesis: : In the acetogenesis phase, VFAs are converted into acetic acid, hydrogen, and
CO2 by specific groups of microorganisms known as acetogens.

4. Methanogenesis: The final and most critical step is methanogenesis, where methane-producing
archaea, known as methanogens, convert the products of the previous stages (acetic acid, hydrogen,
and CO2) into methane (CH4). This methane is the primary component of biogas and can be
captured for various applications [Karlsson et al., 2015].

Figure 5.3: Summarizes the process into three stages with hydrolysis and acidogenesis combined [Eggeling
and Sasse, 1986]

Biogas Collection. Biogas produced during methanogenesis accumulates in the digester’s headspace
or a separate collection system, where it can be collected and stored.
Gas Utilization. The collected biogas can be utilized for various purposes, such as electricity
generation, heating, or as a fuel source for vehicles. It can also be upgraded and purified to increase its
methane content for injection into natural gas pipelines.
Digestate Handling. After the digestion process is complete, the remaining solid material, known
as digestate, is rich in nutrients and can be used as a fertilizer or soil conditioner.

Sustainable biogas processing is of utmost importance in tackling the current environmental and
energy challenges. This process involves utilizing organic waste materials, including agricultural residues,
sewage, and food scraps, and transforming them into biogas through anaerobic digestion. The outcome
of this process not only helps in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions but also provides a renewable
source of energy. Biogas produced can be put to various uses such as generating electricity, heating,
and functioning as a clean fuel for transportation. This, in turn, reduces our dependence on fossil fuels
and helps in promoting a circular economy. Additionally, the byproduct of nutrient-rich digestate can
be utilized as an organic fertilizer, thus, closing the nutrient loop and enhancing soil health. Therefore,
sustainable biogas processing is a critical step towards creating a more sustainable and greener future
by tackling waste management, energy production, and agricultural sustainability simultaneously.

12
 CHAPTER 6
EXPLORING ELECTRICITY GENERATION POSSIBILITIES

The use of biogas for electricity generation is still relatively new on a global scale, but it’s more
prevalent in industrialized nations. As the environmental consequences of fossil fuels become increasingly
apparent, the utilization of biogas for electricity production is gaining traction. This includes its use
in various capacities with gas turbines and as a fuel source for internal combustion engines, sparking
growing interest and adoption [V. Quaschning, 2019].
An extensive study on the application of biogas systems proposes that the use of biogas can be
divided into four subgroups according to its ultimate purpose, which are [Hakawati et al., 2017]:

1. Electricity generation from power plants, CHP units, and fuel cells.

2. Production of heat using a boiler

3. Heat from power plants, CHP systems, and fuel cells.

4. Transportation fuel via internal combustion engines (for ICE vehicles), and electricity station (for
electric vehicles).

Figure 6.1: Electricity Generation from Biogas: A General Overview.

6.1 Micro Gas Turbine System

A micro gas turbine system is a type of electricity generator that can be used to convert biogas into
electricity. A micro gas turbine system can be used to generate electricity from biogas by converting the
chemical energy in the biogas into mechanical energy, which is then used to drive an electrical generator.
The efficiency of this process can vary depending on factors such as the composition of the biogas and
the power load of the generator.
The feed biogas for the micro gas turbine electricity generator primarily consists of CH4 , H2 S, H2 ,
and CO2 . Figure 6.4 illustrates the entire process of converting biogas into electricity, which involves
desulfurization, drying, compression, combustion, and the actual generation of electricity. The commonly
used micro gas turbine electricity generator is the CR-30 model, which has a maximum rated power load
(PWL) of 30 kW. This micro gas turbine, with dimensions measuring 0.76 meters in width, 1.5 meters
in depth, and 1.8 meters in height, primarily comprises a compressor, a combustion chamber, and a

13
turbine. In this system, air is drawn into the turbine and compressed into high-pressure gas (with a
range of 379–414 kPa gauge) by the compressor. This high-pressure gas is then mixed with fuel and
ignited in the combustion chamber. The resulting high-temperature gas, which reaches approximately
275°C, flows at a rate of 0.31 kg/s and exerts force to push and rotate the turbine, thereby producing
shaft work. This mechanical energy is subsequently used to both sustain the operation of the compressor
and generate electricity [Chang et al., 2019].

Figure 6.2: The process of biogas application in combination with a CR-30 micro gas turbine electricity
generator.

6.2 Fuel Cell

A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy stored in a fuel into electricity through a
chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent. While hydrogen, often produced from steam
methane reforming of natural gas, is the most common fuel used, for improved efficiency, hydrocarbons
like natural gas and alcohols such as methanol can also be employed. Unlike batteries, which rely on
the chemical components within them to generate electrical energy, fuel cells need a continuous supply
of both fuel and oxygen or air to sustain the chemical reaction. As long as these inputs are provided,
fuel cells can consistently produce electricity over an extended period [Lucia, 2014].

6.2.1 Parts of A Fuel Cell

• Anode: The negative terminal of the fuel cell, known as the cathode, serves as a conduit for the
electrons released during the breakdown of hydrogen molecules, allowing them to flow into an external
circuit. Within the fuel cell, etched channels distribute hydrogen gas evenly across the catalyst’s surface.
• Cathode: The positive terminal of the fuel cell, referred to as the anode, facilitates the flow of
electrons back from the external circuit to the catalyst. At the anode, these electrons recombine with
hydrogen ions and oxygen, resulting in the formation of water. Etched channels within the fuel cell
ensure the even distribution of oxygen to the catalyst’s surface.
• Electrolyte: The proton exchange membrane, often referred to as the PEM, is a specially treated
material designed to exclusively conduct positively charged ions (protons). Electrons are effectively
obstructed from passing through this membrane.

14
 Figure 6.3: Parts of fuel cell

• Catalyst: This special material, which facilitates the reaction between oxygen and hydrogen, is
typically platinum powder that is extremely thinly coated onto carbon paper or cloth. It possesses a
rough and porous structure that maximizes the surface area exposed to hydrogen or oxygen, enhancing
the efficiency of the reaction [Carrette et al., 2000].

6.2.2 Fuel Cell Operation

Figure 6.4: Operation of fuel cell

Pressurized hydrogen gas (H2 ) enters the cell on anode side. The Gas is forced through the catalyst
by pressure.
• When a hydrogen (H2 ) molecule comes into contact with a platinum catalyst, it undergoes a
chemical reaction in which it splits into two hydrogen ions (H + ) and two electrons (e-).

15
• Electrons are conducted through the anode.
• These electrons (e-) travel through the external circuit, where they perform useful work, such as
powering a motor or other electrical devices. Afterward, they return to the cathode side of the fuel cell
to participate in the electrochemical reaction.
• On the cathode side, oxygen gas (O2 ) is forced through the catalyst.
• At the cathode side of the fuel cell, each oxygen atom, after receiving two electrons from the external
circuit, forms two oxygen atoms, each carrying a strong negative charge. This negative charge attracts
two hydrogen ions (H + ) through the membrane. The hydrogen ions combine with an oxygen atom and
two electrons from the external circuit to create a water molecule (H2 O) through a chemical reaction [Xu
et al., 2022].

6.2.3 Electricity Generation Process

1. Biogas as Fuel: Biogas, typically composed of methane (CH4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ), is used
as the fuel source for the fuel cell.

2. Anode Reaction: At the anode (the negative electrode) of the fuel cell, the methane in the
biogas is oxidized (loses electrons) in the presence of a catalyst. This reaction produces electrons
(e-) and hydrogen ions (protons, H + ) [Rivera, 2021]:

CH4 → 2H2 + 2e- + 2H + .

3. Electron Flow: The electrons produced at the anode cannot pass through the electrolyte, so they
are forced to flow through an external circuit, creating an electric current.

4. Proton Transport: The hydrogen ions (protons) generated at the anode move through a proton-
conductive electrolyte material to reach the cathode (the positive electrode). This movement of
protons creates a flow of positive charge, which is essential for the functioning of the fuel cell.

5. Cathode Reaction: At the cathode, oxygen from the air combines with the electrons that have
traveled through the external circuit and the protons that have moved through the electrolyte to
produce water (H2O):

2H2 + O2 → 2H2 O.

Figure 6.5: Electricity generation

16
 6. Electricity Generation: This electrochemical process at the cathode generates electrical energy
in the form of a flow of electrons through the external circuit, creating an electric current. This
electric current can be harnessed and used as electricity [Kenter and Kenter, 2018].

7. Waste Products: The only waste products produced during this process are water vapor (H2 O)
and a small amount of heat, making fuel cells highly efficient and environmentally friendly.

6.3 Internal Combustion Engine

An Internal Combustion Engine (ICE or IC engine) is an engine in which the process of fuel com-
bustion occurs within the engine cylinder itself. It is versatile in its ability to utilize various fuels such
as gasoline, diesel fuel, hydrogen, methane, and propane gas as its working fluid. The fundamental
operation of an internal combustion engine involves compressing a mixture of air and fuel within the
engine cylinder. The choice of fuel typically includes gasoline or diesel. Once inside the cylinder, this
compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited, which can be achieved either through a spark plug (in the case
of gasoline engines) or through compression (common in diesel engines). This ignition process results in
a carefully controlled explosion. When the combustion occurs within the engine’s combustion chamber,
it generates a high-pressure and high-temperature force that acts on the engine piston. This force, in
turn, produces useful mechanical work. As the piston is pushed by the force, it moves back and forth
within the cylinder, effectively converting the chemical energy stored in the fuel into mechanical energy
or power. This mechanical energy is harnessed to propel a vehicle or perform other useful tasks [Kenter
and Kenter, 2018].

Figure 6.6: Internal Combustion Engine

6.3.1 Working Principle of an IC Engine

An Internal Combustion (IC) engine operates by combusting fuel within the engine itself, during
which the engine transforms the thermal energy from the fuel into rotational motion. Key components
of an IC engine include a crankshaft, camshaft, reciprocating piston, and a stationary cylinder. The IC
engine functions as follows [Gupta, 2016]:
Suction Stroke: To begin, the engine draws in air from the surroundings into the compression
cylinder.
Compression Stroke: Following the inhalation phase, the reciprocating piston located within the
compression cylinder increases the pressure and temperature of the air. The piston compresses the air
to such an extent that when the fuel pump injects fuel and mixes it with the compressed air, the air-fuel
blend self-ignites, creating power.

17
 Figure 6.7: Working Principle of IC Engine

Expansion Stroke: The expansion phase commences after the combustion process. During this
phase, the combusted air-fuel mixture passes through an expansion valve, causing it to expand. As the
air-fuel mixture expands, it propels the piston to move up and down. This piston movement drives the
crankshaft, subsequently propelling the vehicle’s wheels.
Exhaust Stroke: In this phase, the engine cylinder expels the exhaust gases. After the exhaust
gases are discharged, fresh air is introduced, and the entire cycle repeats itself.

6.3.2 Electricity Generation Process

Electricity generation from biogas in an internal combustion engine (ICE) involves the use of biogas
as a fuel source to power the engine, which in turn drives an electrical generator. Here’s how the process
works [Bezerra, 2020]:

1. Biogas Production: Biogas is first produced through the anaerobic digestion of organic materials
such as agricultural waste, food scraps, or sewage sludge. This biogas primarily consists of methane
(CH4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ), along with trace gases.

2. Biogas Storage: Biogas is typically collected and stored in tanks or containers until it is needed
for electricity generation.

3. Fuel Injection: Biogas is fed into the internal combustion engine’s fuel system, which typically
includes a carburetor or fuel injector.

4. Compression: The engine’s piston compresses the biogas-air mixture inside the combustion cham-
ber. This compression raises the temperature and pressure of the mixture, making it more suitable
for combustion.

5. Ignition: A spark plug or other ignition source is used to ignite the compressed biogas-air mixture
within the combustion chamber. The ignition causes a controlled explosion that pushes the piston
down, generating mechanical energy.

6. Mechanical Energy: As the piston moves downward due to the force generated by the combus-
tion, it turns the engine’s crankshaft. This rotational motion is the source of mechanical energy.

7. Electric Generator: The mechanical energy from the crankshaft is transferred to an electrical
generator. The generator contains coils of wire within a magnetic field. As it rotates, it induces a
flow of electrons, creating an electric current.

18
 8. Electricity Generation: The electric current produced by the generator is the electricity gen-
erated from biogas. It can be used to power electrical devices, charge batteries, or feed into the
electrical grid.

9. Exhaust: After the combustion process, the exhaust gases, which include water vapor, CO2 , and
other byproducts, are expelled from the engine through an exhaust system.

10. Waste Heat Recovery: In some applications, the waste heat from the engine can be captured
and used for heating or other purposes, improving overall energy efficiency.
Internal combustion engines can be used for electricity generation from biogas in various settings,
from small-scale backup generators for homes and businesses to larger-scale systems for agricultural
or industrial applications. They offer flexibility and can efficiently convert biogas into electrical
power, making them a viable option for sustainable energy production [Kabeyi and Olanrewaju,
2022].

Figure 6.8: Electricity Generation from Biogas: A Brief Overview.

19
 CHAPTER 7
EXPLORING CURRENT BIO GAS TECHNOLOGIES IN BANGLADESH

In 1972, Biogas was first introduced in Bangladesh by Dr. M. A. Karim. Although there have been
other plants constructed, the dissemination of biogas has been relatively slow. More than 90 percent
of Bangladesh rural households are still using traditional biomass for cooking, which accounts for 50
percent of Bangladesh’s total energy supply. The focus of Bangladesh rural household energy policy on
improved stoves and cleaner fuels stems largely from a desire to accelerate advancement along an energy
ladder and provide households with the benefits of cleaner, more efficient energy, which extends beyond
reduction of Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) [BSERT, 2018].

Organization No. of Biogas plants

Infrastructure Development Company Ltd (IDCOL) 65,224
Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) 46900
Department of Environment 260
Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC) 2850
German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) 2270
Ministry of Youth and Sports 8100
Bangladesh Small & Cottage Industries Corporation 30
Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation 20
Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) 4
Bangladesh Agricultural University 2
Housing & Building Research Institute 2
Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development (BARD) 1
Bangladesh Commission for Christian Development 1
Bangladesh Rice Research Institute 1
Department of Livestock 70

Table 7.1: Biogas plants installed in Bangladesh (till 2022

7.1 Biogas Technology Providers in Bangladesh

Bangladesh, identified as a nation with low energy consumption on a global scale, confronts significant
challenges in accessing energy. At present, only 35 percent of the population is connected to the national
electricity grid, and a mere 3 percent have access to piped gas services. This lack of access is particularly
acute in rural areas, where roughly 97 percent of the population resides, exacerbating the trend of rural-
to-urban migration. In rural regions characterized by scattered settlements, centralized grid or piped
gas infrastructure is not a feasible solution. As a result, decentralized energy supply systems such as
solar, biogas, and wind have emerged as indispensable alternatives to address these energy deficiencies.
Table 7.1 contains a list of providers and number of plants developed by them till 2016. No recent data
is available from reliable sources.

7.1.1 Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)

LGED is a government-backed village development organization dedicated to improving the lives of
rural communities through infrastructure development initiatives. With a strong commitment to national
service, the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) has been actively promoting biogas
technology since 1985. As a result of LGED’s efforts, successful demonstrations of biogas technology
have been carried out at over a thousand sites across diverse regions of Bangladesh [Gofran, 2007]. The
organization has taken numerous steps to promote the use of biogas technology in rural areas, including
the development of biogas plants and the provision of technical support to farmers. LGED’s efforts have
also included the establishment of biogas training centers and the distribution of biogas appliances to
rural households. The promotion of biogas technology in rural areas has numerous benefits, including

20
improved access to energy, reduced dependence on non-renewable energy sources, and the creation of
job opportunities. Additionally, the use of biogas technology can help to mitigate the negative impacts
of climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable agriculture practices.
Despite the success of LGED’s biogas promotion efforts, challenges remain in scaling up the technology
and ensuring its widespread adoption. These challenges include limited funding for biogas projects, a
lack of awareness among rural communities about the benefits of biogas technology, and the need for
greater technical expertise to support the development of biogas infrastructure.

7.1.2 The Infrastructure Development Company Limited (IDCOL)

IDCOL, a well-known infrastructure financier in the country, holds a notable position as the leading
Infrastructure Development Company Limited. The company focuses on providing inclusive financing
through various renewable energy and energy-efficient initiatives. Since its inception in 2003 with the
Solar Home System program, IDCOL has played a pioneering role in promoting off-grid renewable
energy across Bangladesh. The company has now expanded its reach to encompass nationwide projects
in solar home systems, domestic biogas, solar irrigation, solar mini-grids, and biomass and biogas-based
electricity generation plants.
IDCOL’s ability to provide subsidy and concessionary loans has played a vital role in supporting the
sustainability of these renewable energy programs and projects. The company also extends assistance in
feasibility analysis, training, capacity building, and awareness campaigns to ensure the success of these
initiatives. Despite being government-owned, IDCOL operates as a public-private partnership, aiming
to foster private sector involvement in infrastructure, renewable energy, and energy-efficient ventures
through sustainable public-private initiatives. Notably, IDCOL’s involvement in biogas initiatives began
in May 2006, with a specific focus on small domestic biogas systems for rural farm households. The com-
pany has been instrumental in the development of the National Domestic Biogas and Manure Program
(NDBMP), which was officially recognized in May 2010. This program has resulted in approximately
100,000 small household biogas plants, covering 0.4 percent of rural households in the country. IDCOL’s
efforts have been critical in ensuring that rural households have access to reliable and sustainable sources
of energy. The success of these initiatives highlights the importance of public-private partnerships in
promoting sustainable development in the country [BSERT, 2018].
IDCOL’s Director, S M Formanul Islam, highlights the potential of biogas plants as an effective
solution for rural households seeking clean energy for cooking, thereby mitigating indoor pollution. He
notes that while the current cost of a biogas plant stands at Taka 35,000, it can be recouped within
a three-year timeframe, emphasizing both its environmental benefits and long-term economic viability
[Gofran, 2007].

7.1.3 IDCOL’s Financial Performance

IDCOL, the Infrastructure Development Company Limited, demonstrated positive financial perfor-
mance in 2021 and 2022 from their 2022 Annual Report.
Shareholder’s Equity. The company’s shareholder’s equity increased from BDT 10,095 million in
2021 to BDT 10,945 million in 2022. This substantial growth indicates a stronger financial position and
underscores IDCOL’s ability to accumulate net assets, potentially through retained earnings and capital
injections.
Net Profit After Tax. IDCOL’s net profit after tax witnessed significant growth, rising from BDT
1,097 million in 2021 to BDT 1,350 million in 2022. This increase suggests improved profitability and
effective financial management during this period.
Total Operating Income Profit Before Provision and Tax. The total operating income before
provision and tax showed remarkable growth, increasing from BDT 3,977 million in 2021 to BDT 6,988

21
 Figure 7.1: Green Energy Setup Map of Bangladesh by IDCOL [IDCOL, 2020].

million in 2022. This surge in operating income points to the successful execution of revenue-generating
activities, possibly through project implementations and other income sources.
Total Revenue. Total revenue also experienced substantial growth, rising from BDT 5,291 million in
2021 to BDT 8,877 million in 2022. This indicates that IDCOL’s overall earnings increased significantly,
potentially due to the expansion of its operations and successful project implementations.
Earnings Per Share (EPS). The Earnings Per Share (EPS) for 2022 increased to 17.13, up from
13.92 in 2021. This rise in EPS is a positive signal for shareholders, as it implies increased earnings
attributable to each share, which may lead to higher dividends or a stronger market position.

22
 Figure 7.2: IDCOL’s Biogas Plant Design.

7.1.4 IDCOL’s Development Performance

Infrastructure Development Segment. IDCOL’s focus on infrastructure development has sig-
nificantly contributed to social and economic growth within Bangladesh. Through their initiatives, they
have successfully improved the quality of life for citizens, showcasing their commitment to inclusive
development. The financial aspect of their performance is equally impressive, with a total loan book
of US 1.11 billion in 2022, indicating substantial financial support for crucial infrastructure projects.
Additionally, IDCOL’s involvement in financing 39 projects and maintaining a Tk. 44.51 billion asset
portfolio demonstrates their dedication to developing critical infrastructure. Furthermore, their low
Non-Performing Loan (NPL) ratio of 0.23% suggests effective loan management, contributing to the
sustainability of these projects.
Infrastructure & PPP Segment. IDCOL’s performance in the Infrastructure & PPP segment
reflects their commitment to climate action and fostering green, resilient growth through public-private
partnerships (PPPs). The remarkable 299% growth in their portfolio from 2017 to 2022 highlights their
dedication to these goals. They have also focused on energy efficiency, with a Total Energy Efficiency
Portfolio of BDT 1,567 crore and financing for 18 projects involving energy-efficient equipment worth
BDT 920 crore. These endeavors align perfectly with global climate objectives and promote sustainable
industrialization.
Energy Efficiency Segment. In the Energy Efficiency segment, IDCOL’s investments in renewable
energy underscore their commitment to climate action and providing affordable, green energy solutions to
the public. Their Tk. 1.59 billion Solar Rooftop Program (SRP) portfolio, featuring 40 MW of installed
capacity, signifies a substantial contribution to clean energy generation. Additionally, IDCOL’s financing
of 65,224 biogas plants exemplifies their efforts to improve the quality of life for citizens by providing
access to sustainable energy sources. These initiatives contribute significantly to both environmental
and societal well-being.
Climate Change Mitigation and Resilience Segment. IDCOL’s accreditation as one of the two
national Direct Access Entities of the Green Climate Fund highlights their commitment to mitigating and
adapting to climate change. Their active role in ensuring climate-resilience and facilitating low-carbon
transitions is evident. The prospect of receiving a concessional loan of US 250 million for channelization in

23
Bangladesh further underscores IDCOL’s dedication to advancing climate-resilient, low-carbon solutions
that benefit both the environment and the economy.

7.2 Biogas Technology in Bangladesh

There are various technologies available to address the issue of excessive biomass utilization for
household energy consumption in rural areas of developing countries, such as solar, wind, hydro power,
and tidal power. Each technology’s suitability often depends on the availability of natural resources
in specific areas. However, many of these technologies face common challenges, including high initial
capital costs and a reliance on foreign financing and expertise.
In Bangladesh, a solution that has demonstrated significant usefulness in numerous areas is the use
of biogas. Biogas is generated via the anaerobic digestion of organic materials, including kitchen waste,
human excreta, cattle manure, wastewater, and agricultural residues. Among the most prevalent biogas
plant designs employed in developing countries are small household-based fixed dome models. These
plants are cost-effective to construct and can be assembled using locally available materials. Common
feedstock for household biogas plants in Bangladesh includes kitchen waste, toilet waste (human excreta),
and cattle manure.
Typically, there are three primary types of biogas plant designs utilized in Bangladesh:

• Floating cover digester

• Fixed cover digester

• Plastic-tubular cover digester

These designs cater to different construction and operational requirements, offering flexibility in
biogas production for rural households.

7.2.1 Floating cover digester

It operates based on the principle of maintaining constant pressure while varying volume. The
digester, typically constructed from brick and cement in a cylindrical shape, is encased with a floating
steel cylinder that possesses an open bottom. This steel cylinder maintains a consistent weight, causing
it to ascend when gas production exceeds consumption and descend when the opposite scenario occurs.

Figure 7.3: Floating cover digester diagram [K C et al., 2014].

24
 Figure 7.4: Floating cover digester in work.

7.2.2 Fixed cover digester

The fixed cover digester, on the other hand, functions according to the principle of maintaining con-
stant volume while altering pressure. When the rate of gas production surpasses gas consumption, the
pressure within the digester increases and forces some of the digester contents into the outlet compart-
ment. Conversely, when consumption outpaces production, the pressure inside the digester decreases,
allowing the expelled materials in the outlet compartment to return to the digester.

Figure 7.5: Fixed cover digester diagram [K C et al., 2014].

25
 Figure 7.6: Fixed cover digester in work.

7.2.3 Plastic-tubular cover digester

A lengthy cylindrical bag made of polythene or PVC is partially buried lengthwise in the ground.
Fresh cow-dung slurry is introduced at one end and exits at the opposite end. As gas accumulates
within the bag, it inflates similar to a balloon. To transport the gas to its destination, external pressure
is applied to the inflated balloon, directing the gas through a pipe. This method is employed infrequently.

Figure 7.7: Plastic-tubular cover digester diagram [K C et al., 2014].

7.3 Cost of Biogas Plants in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, hardly any user buys a piece of land to set up a biogas plant; rather, it is assumed
that biogas users already have a piece of land for biogas plant construction. Assuming this, the cost of
a biogas plant varies with changes in the following cost components:
• Model or type of the biogas plant

26
 Figure 7.8: Plastic-tubular cover digester in work.

• Size and dimension of the biogas unit

• Amount and prices of materials

• Labor input and wages

At present, there are two major types of biogas plants constructed in Bangladesh. One is based on
cow dung, and the other on poultry droppings [Chy, 2017].
In a comparative analysis of biogas plant costs presented in Table 7.2, it’s evident that the size of
the plant plays a significant role. As the plant size increases, both the maximum and minimum costs in
BDT rise, indicating a direct correlation between size and initial investment. This trend extends to the
average cost as well, with larger plants generally requiring a higher upfront expenditure. Notably, there
is substantial cost variability across different plant sizes, with the largest plant (300 cft gas production
per day) having the highest average cost of 32,500 BDT, while the smallest plant (100 cft gas production
per day) boasts the lowest average cost at 13,575 BDT. Therefore, selecting the appropriate plant size
should consider the trade-off between cost and gas production capacity.

Size of Plant (cft gas Maximum Cost in Minimum Cost Average Cost
production per day) BDT in BDT in BDT
100 15500 11800 13575
125 17600 12450 15750
150 23000 15200 18500
200 24000 15800 20100
250 28000 17000 23850
300 34500 30500 32500

Table 7.2: Cost of Installation of Biogas Plant (2017)

7.4 Motivation of Biogas Plants in Bangladesh

In his MS thesis [Chy, 2017], Chy surveyed respondents to ascertain the key factors motivating the
installation of biogas plants. According to the respondents’ data presented in Table 7.3, the predominant
motivating factors encompassed economic advantages such as time and cost savings, environmental

27
benefits, the presence of subsidies, and health benefits, notably the reduction in smoke-related illnesses.
The ensuing table displays the respondents’ feedback regarding the incentives behind their decision to
install biogas plants.

Motivating factors Percentage of user (%)

Economic benefits (saves time and energy) 47
Subsidy 23
Health benefits 82
Non-availability of other fuel sources 5
Environmental benefits (saving of forest, clean surrounding etc.) 41
Motivation from other plant owners 35
Proper use of cattle dung 17
Pressure from neighbors (in the case of poultry) 11
Use digester as septic tank 5
Fish feed 35
Adopt the new technology and make the village ideal living place 23
Motivation from service provider 29
*Some respondents gave more than one reasons

Table 7.3: Motivating factors to install biogas plant (2017) [Chy, 2017]

7.5 Saving of Conventional Fuel Sources

7.5.1 Financial gain

As per Table 7.4, the average annual financial savings attributed to the biogas plant were calculated
to amount to BDT 52,235 per household, a notably substantial sum. This increase was primarily due to
households switching from firewood as their fuel source before the biogas plant installation to biogas while
the plant was operational, and subsequently, to LPG after the biogas plant experienced a malfunction.
The transition to LPG was prompted by the housewives’ reluctance to return to using firewood after
experiencing the convenience of cooking in a smoke-free environment when utilizing biogas.

Quantity use and Average Total saving in

Traditional fuel saving cost in
(unit/year/family) BDT/unit BDT/family/year
Before After Saving
Firewood (kg) 3525 1138 2387 15 35805
Agricultural residues (kg) 1742 747 995 6 5970
Dried dung (kg) 1376 648 728 7.5 5460
Lpg (cylinder) 6.5 2.5 4 1250 5000
Natural gas (BDT) 0 0 0 900 0
Total 52235

Table 7.4: Financial gain from saving of traditional fuel (2017) [Chy, 2017]

7.5.2 Financial Savings

The table 7.5 presents a comprehensive overview of financial savings in biogas households, categorized
by the amount saved in BDT per month and the corresponding percentage of families falling into each
category. Notably, the majority of households fall within the categories of BDT 101 to 500 (17%) and g
BDT 501 to 1000 (23%), indicating a significant proportion of families are able to accumulate moderate
to substantial savings each month. Conversely, 11% of households report "Zero saving," suggesting that
a notable portion faces financial challenges even with biogas utilization. Moreover, the table underscores
the positive impact of biogas on household finances, with 17% of families saving in the range of BDT

28
1001 to 3000 and another 11% managing to save more than 3000 BDT, affirming its role in fostering
economic stability and reducing energy-related expenses within these households.

Amount saved (in BDT/month) Percentage of family (%)

More amount needed 5
Zero saving 11
Saving less than BDT 100 11
Saving BDT 101 to 500 17
Saving BDT 501 to 1000 23
Saving BDT 1001 to 3000 17
Saving more than 3000 11

Table 7.5: Financial saving in Biogas households (2017) [Chy, 2017]

7.6 Energy Output Analysis

As per [Energypedia, 2016], the average calorific value of biogas falls within the range of 21 to 23.5
megajoules per cubic meter (MJ/m³). This indicates that 1 cubic meter of biogas is roughly equivalent
to 0.5 to 0.6 liters of diesel fuel or possesses an energy content of approximately 6 kilowatt-hours (kWh).
Nevertheless, owing to conversion losses, the effective electrical energy that can be derived from 1 cubic
meter of biogas amounts to approximately 1.7 kilowatt-hours (kWh). Figure 7.9 shows output per
feedstock type (toe = tonne of oil equivalent. 1 toe = 11.63 MWh = 41.9 gigajoules).

Figure 7.9: Average biogas production yield by tonne of feedstock type [IEA, 2022].

7.7 Assessing Electricity Generation

From Figure 7.10, we can notice a upward trend in biogas plant constrction, biogas generation and
electricity generation from biogas. We used least square method to predict current estimates. In 2023,
the predict amount is 8.312 Gwh.

29
 Electricity Generation Potential of Bangladesh
Collected (Gwh) Predicted (Gwh)

6
2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022

Year

Figure 7.10: Electricity Generation Potential of Bangladesh (Data till 2015).

7.7.1 Measurng Potential Electricity Generation from Biogas

Table 8.1 illustrates the projected biogas production and electricity potential derived from animal
and poultry waste in Bangladesh during the fiscal year 2014-2015. The data indicates the capacity to
generate a substantial 2023 MW of electricity through the utilization of these animal manures, potentially
resolving the country’s energy demand challenges and alleviating the issue of load shedding. The daily
waste production per animal or poultry was estimated based on generation ratios observed in neighboring
countries, resulting in values of 10 kg of manure per day for cattle and buffalo, 1.55 kg per day for goats,
1.44 kg per day for sheep, and 0.1 kg per day for poultry. In 2014-2015, amount of electricity generation
from biogas is 1.4 kWh/m3 ) of biogas, but total electricity potential from biogas was 7.30 GWh [Islam
et al., 2017], as per Table 7.6.

Amount
Total biogas of
Total Manure Biogas
electricity
Sources amount generation production
generation
(in millions) (kg/day) m3 /kg Mm3 / year kWh/m3
of biogas)
Cattle 23.63 10 0.037 3191.232
Buffalo 1.46 10 0.037 197.173
Goat 25.6 1.55 0.06 868.992
Sheep 3.27 1.44 0.06 103.1227 1.4
Poultry 312.29 0.1 0.074 843.49
Total 5204.01

Table 7.6: Potential for biogas generation from animal waste in 2014-2015 [Islam et al., 2017].

30
 CHAPTER 8
ASSESSING SUSTAINABILITY AND SCALABILITY

Electricity generation through biogas is acknowledged as a sustainable energy source. Derived from
biomass, biogas finds versatile applications across multiple sectors, including transportation, electricity
generation, heat production, combined heat and power (CHP) systems, and fuel cells. Furthermore,
upgraded biogas can serve as a transportation fuel, powering internal combustion engines (ICE) for
vehicles and electricity stations for electric vehicles [Abanades et al., 2022a].
In the grand scheme of things, while biogas currently stands as a more sustainable alternative com-
pared to traditional natural gas, it should be viewed as a vital transitional fuel as we strive to completely
decarbonize our energy supply [Juliani and Pearson, 2020]. Biogas has the potential to contribute to
sustainable and scalable electricity generation. Various mathematical models have been proposed to
optimize anaerobic fermentation processes for biogas production [Akpojaro et al., 2019]. The sustain-
ability of agricultural anaerobic digestion (AD) plants, which produce biogas, can be assessed using
eco-efficiency models and the triple bottom line approach. Biogas, derived from biomass waste fermen-
tation, offers a renewable energy source for power generation, leading to economic development and
waste management. Biogas-based off-grid power plants can be economically feasible, especially when
different raw materials are mixed in the right ratio [Omer, 2017].

Electricity generation from biogas is considered to be a scalable energy source. Biogas has the po-
tential for electricity generation in power plants by internal combustion engines (ICEs) or gas turbines
(GTs) as the two most commonly used power generation methods. Micro gas turbines are also an at-
tractive method due to lower NOx emissions and flexibility to meet various load requirements [Abanades
et al., 2022b]. In 2020, bioenergy electricity generation increased 53 TWh (+8%) from 2019, exceeding
the 7% annual rate needed through 2030 in the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario. However, to raise
bioenergy electricity generation from 718 TWh in 2020 to more than 1,400 TWh in 2030 as modeled in
the scenario, it will be necessary to add an average of 15 GW of new capacity annually – a considerable
increase from the 9 GW deployed in 2020. Policies to support bioenergy power development are improv-
ing around the world, but stronger efforts will be needed to ensure that policy goals are reached and the
pace of generation growth is maintained [Juliani and Pearson, 2020].

Comparing Sustainability and Scalability.

The sustainability score presented in Table 8.1 reflects the environmental impact of biomass production
and use, such as greenhouse gas emissions, land use change, water consumption, and biodiversity loss.
The scalability score reflects the potential for expanding biomass supply and demand, considering factors
such as availability, cost, infrastructure, and policy support [Bojek and Moorhouse, 2021].

Biomass source Sustainability score Scalability score

Agricultural residues High High
Forestry residues High Medium
Energy crops Medium Low
Municipal solid waste Low High
Biogas (Direct from another sources) Medium High

Table 8.1: Sustainability and Scalability score of different bio-mass plants.

31
8.1 Acheiving Sustainable Development Goals
The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint to achieve a better and more sustainable future
for all. They address the global challenges we face, including those related to poverty, inequality, climate
change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.
Biogas is one of the promising renewable energy sources that has been successfully implemented at
domestic and industrial scales. Biogas has been found to have direct impacts and contributions to 12 out
of the 17 SDGs. These SDG goals are zero hunger, good health and wellbeing, clean water and sanitation,
affordable and clean energy, decent work and economic growth, industry-innovation and infrastructure,
sustainable cities and communities, responsible consumption and production, climate action, life below
water, life on land. The main contributions of biogas come from its ability to increase renewable energy,
reduce climate change, enhance the waste management process, and create jobs.
Biogas, as a clean and renewable energy source, it aligns with SDG 7 by providing affordable and
environmentally friendly energy. Biogas projects create jobs and economic opportunities, thereby sup-
porting SDG 1 by reducing poverty. By converting organic waste into energy and nutrient-rich fertilizers,
biogas promotes responsible consumption and production (SDG 12) and enhances agricultural produc-
tivity, supporting SDG 2. Moreover, its role in reducing indoor air pollution improves public health
(SDG 3), while wastewater treatment in biogas systems positively impacts clean water and sanitation
(SDG 6). Biogas mitigates climate change (SDG 13) by reducing methane emissions and contributes
to sustainable urban development (SDG 11) by offering decentralized energy solutions. Additionally,
responsible waste management through biogas aligns with goals related to life below water (SDG 14)
and life on land (SDG 15). Biogas exemplifies the interconnectedness of the SDGs and underscores its
pivotal role in advancing a sustainable and equitable world [Obaideen et al., 2022].

8.2 Impact on Circular Economy

Anaerobic digestion is a key component in the circular economy model as it allows for the valoriza-
tion of biogas and the recycling of nutrients through the land application of digestates. Biogas can be
upgraded to have a methane content similar to natural gas, making it compatible with various indus-
trial applications. However, the high installation and operating costs of upgrading plants hinder the
widespread application of this technology in many countries. Wastewater treatment plants and waste
treatment centers play an important role in the circular economy by offering the possibility of obtaining
valuable materials and energy. Anaerobic digestion is widely used for treating organic waste and pro-
ducing biogas, which can be used as fuel for heat and electricity production. The aim of making biogas
a major component of the energy mix market is still far from being a reality due to high costs and low
revenues, as well as social rejection associated with the transport of waste and concerns about negative
impacts on health and the environment [Ellacuriaga et al., 2021].

32
 CHAPTER 9
FUTURE PROSPECTS AND POSSIBILITIES

The use of biogas plants presents a promising future for electricity generation, both in Bangladesh
and globally. The escalating demand for energy and the pressing need for sustainable solutions have
heightened the importance of biogas as a viable alternative. In Bangladesh, where energy shortages
persist as a challenge, the utilization of agricultural and livestock waste for biogas production can provide
a solution to the nation’s power deficits, particularly in off-grid regions. Additionally, the environmental
advantages of biogas, such as curbing greenhouse gas emissions, highlight its significance in the global
battle against climate change. With government support, technological advancements, and a focus on
rural electrification, biogas is poised to play a pivotal role in the transition to cleaner and more accessible
energy sources.

1. Meeting Soaring Energy Demands: The escalating global energy demand, driven by urban-
ization and industrialization, underscores the pressing need for sustainable energy sources. Biogas
plants offer a promising solution by harnessing organic waste, such as agricultural residues and
livestock manure, to generate electricity. In Bangladesh, a country grappling with energy short-
ages, biogas presents a viable means to meet its growing electricity needs, especially in rural areas
where grid connectivity is limited.

2. Abundance of Agricultural and Livestock Waste: Bangladesh’s predominantly agrarian

economy is accompanied by a substantial agricultural and livestock sector. This abundance of
organic waste serves as a valuable resource for biogas production. By efficiently converting agricul-
tural residues and animal manure into electricity, biogas plants not only contribute to the country’s
energy grid but also address environmental concerns associated with unmanaged organic waste dis-
posal.

3. Environmental Benefits and Emission Reduction: On a global scale, biogas plays a pivotal
role in mitigating climate change. The capture and utilization of methane, a potent greenhouse
gas emitted by decomposing organic matter, significantly reduces emissions. Biogas plants, when
integrated into waste management systems, facilitate a dual-purpose solution by curbing environ-
mental pollution and generating clean energy, thereby aligning with international efforts to combat
climate change.

4. Rural Electrification and Economic Growth: In Bangladesh and similar developing nations,
biogas-based electricity generation holds the promise of rural electrification. By providing access
to reliable and sustainable energy sources, biogas plants can transform the lives of rural commu-
nities. Access to electricity not only enhances the quality of life but also opens doors to economic
opportunities, stimulating growth in agriculture and small-scale industries [Islam et al., 2017].

5. Government Support and Technological Innovation: The growth of biogas as a renewable

energy source is reinforced by supportive policies and incentives from governments worldwide.
These measures promote investment in biogas infrastructure and research. Moreover, ongoing
technological innovations, such as improved digester designs and gas purification methods, enhance
the efficiency and reliability of biogas plants, making them increasingly attractive for both domestic
and industrial applications.

33
9.1 Aspect of Bangladesh
Energy constitutes a pivotal element in contemporary society, exerting a substantial influence on
socioeconomic progress. In developing nations, especially in rural locales, the continued use of traditional
biomass for cooking purposes poses a range of environmental, societal, economic, and public health
challenges. To attain sustainable development in these areas, it is imperative to grant access to clean
and cost-effective energy sources. One potential remedy lies in the enhancement of biomass resources
into cleaner and more efficient energy forms, such as generating biogas through anaerobic digestion. This
approach can provide clean and dependable energy while simultaneously safeguarding the environment
[K C et al., 2014].
Bangladesh holds significant promise for generating electricity through biomass gasification. Various
biomass resources, including agricultural waste, rice husks, bagasse, wheat straw, jute stalks, maize
residues, lentil straw, coconut shells, forest residue, and municipal solid waste, can be harnessed to
produce power.

Production in 2011 Crop residue

Crops (million tons) Fractions Amount of fractions (million tons)
Rice 50.63 Straw 50.00 25.31
Husk 20.00 10.13
Maize 1.02 Stalks 200.00 2.04
Cobs 30.00 0.31
Wheat 0.97 Straw 65.00 0.63
Jute 1.52 Stalk 58.84 0.90
Leaves 13.91 0.21
Sugarcane (trimmed) 4.67 Bagasse 36.00 1.68
Mustard 0.23 Straw 75.00 0.17
Coconut 0.08 Husk 31.00 0.024
Shell 24.40 0.019
Lentil 0.081 Straw 72.46 0.058
Total residue production in 2011 (million tons) 41.66

Table 9.1: Total residue production with percentage of fractions of some selected agricultural crops in
Bangladesh. (2011) [Das and Hoque, 2014].

Biomass gasification is a promising technology for meeting rural electricity needs and can produce
fuel gas from biomass conversion. Gasification is an efficient way to utilize waste biomass and the pro-
duced gas can be used for electricity generation and chemical industry. Bangladesh has strong potential
for power generation from agricultural residues, particularly rice husk and straw, with a potential of
around 1010 MWe. The country’s sugar mills can also be a great energy resource, with bagasse having
the potential to produce around 50 MWe. Other biomass resources like wheat straw, jute stalks, maize
residues, lentil straw, and coconut shell can also contribute to power generation.

Overall, Bangladesh has a great potential and future in electricity generation from biogas or biomass,
for provding electricity in in rural areas.

34
 CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION

The utilization of organic waste for the production of biogas has garnered significant interest across
several regions of the world. Compared to other forms of bio-energy, the biogas production system
offers a diverse range of benefits, including the provision of various energy types and the reduction of
significant environmental impact. Bangladesh, being an agricultural nation, possesses a large amount of
biomass that can be utilized as a source of biogas production. The future of electricity generation from
biogas plants appears promising, with a focus on sustainability and the resolution of energy challenges.
Biogas emerges as a vital element in the global energy transition towards cleaner and more sustainable
sources of electricity, as it allows for the utilization of organic waste resources, reduces emissions and
promotes rural development. As governments and industries invest further in biogas technology and
infrastructure, its role in meeting future energy demands becomes increasingly significant.

35
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