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In 12 Numbers, Joardistinet Series

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F a c s im il e E d it io n b y

MOTT MEDIA
F en to n ,M ic h ig a n

Entered according to Act o f Congress, in the year 1864, by Ivison, Phinney, Blakeman & Co., New York Copyright © 1985 by Mott Media, Printed in U.S.A.
3SS3S88S8SS8SSS8gSSSSesSSSSSSS3SS^^^^ZSS38SS3SSSSSSSSSS3SSSS8838^^3S9
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Writing is made up o f a combination o f prin­
ciples. Principles are the constituent parts o f
letters. We present in this place the first four,
which in their combinations make up all the small
letters.
The first principle is simply a straight line
inclined at the top, to the right o f the perpendicular
forming an angle o f fifty-two degrees with the
horizontal.
The thirteen short letters are formed by a union o f the first three principles. In the following diagram the principles are indicated by the figures
attached to the several parts.
A pplication of P rinciples
The following is also a diagram o f what are often called the short-extended letters, as distinguishing them from the loop letters which are longer.
A pplication of P rinciples
Short-Extended Letters
For the letter d begin on base line, form
pointed oval as in a; complete like t without
the crossing. Width, three spaces.
For t begin on base line; ascend with right
curve on connective slant one space, and
continue one space higher on main slant;
unite angularly and descend with straight line on main slant to base;
turn short and end like i. Finish with horizontal line, one space long,
crossing main part one-half space below top; two-thirds o f cross to right
and one-third to left o f crossing point. Width, two spaces.
For p begin on base line, ascend with right curve; unite angularly
and descend with straight line on main slant, terminating one and one-
half spaces below base line; return to base line and there, diverging to
the right, complete like last half o f n.
For q begin as in a\ at top o f oval unite angularly and descend with
straight line on main slant two and a half spaces; turn short and ascend
with slight right curve to base line; merge into left curve and finish one
space high.
egsssssgss
The second principle is the right curve, so called
because it appears on the right side o f an oval
figure.
The third principle is the left curve, so called
because it appears on the left side o f an oval figure.
The fourth principle is a loop three spaces high,
beginning and ending on the base line.
to the T hirteen Short L etters
to the Short -Extended L etters
Upper and Lower Turns
In the analysis o f the small letters it will
be observed that short curves frequently
occur as the connecting links between the
principles. These are called turns. When
one appears at the top o f a letter it is called
the upper turn, and when one is employed
at the base o f a letter it is called the lower turn. When accurately made
those turns are found to occupy one-sixth o f a space each, in length,
which in magnified form is readily perceived, but in writing o f ordinary
size they are too minute for the measurement o f the eye. Hence, they
are not entitled to be classified among the principles, any more than
the dots which occur in writing.
The great tendency o f pupils is to make these turns too round. By
attempting to make them according to a given measure the error is
especially augmented. To avoid this and to produce correct turns, the
pupil should be instructed to aim at making them as short as possible,
with a continuous motion o f the pen.
 T h is c o p y c o m b in in g o n ly stra ight lin es, is in ten d ed a s an e x e r c is e p r o d u c in g a f r e e m o v e m en t o f th e f o r e -a r m ,

with th e h a n d slid in g o n th e n ails o f th e 3 r d a n d 4th fin g e r s . L in e s un ite a t t o p an d b a se, f o r m i n g s h a rp angles. T h rou g h ou t

this b o o k , c o m b in a tio n s s h o u ld begin a t lo w e r left c o r n e r, b e w ritten through with c o n tin u o u s m otion , a n d e n d in u p p er rig h t co r n e r. C o u n t I , 2 , l , 2 , I.
2 The diagrams fo u n d on pages 2 and 2 are designed to show how the letters are to be adjusted to the ruling.

Th is c o p y (i, u a n d w ) c o m b in e s F ir s t ( / ) an d S e c o n d )P r in - cip les. T h e S e c o n d un ites angu larly with F irst a t the top . D o t the i o n e

s p a c e a b o v e its to p o n th e reg u la r slant. F in ish w with a s m a ll dot, an d S e c o n d P r in c ip le in h o r iz o n ta l p o s itio n . W rite th e letters e x c ep tin g

r a n d s w ithin th e n a rrow sp a c e s . C a u tio n ; a v o id u n lik e turns, t h u s A U , ; u n eq u a l sp acing, t h u s A C A ; d ifferen t sla n ts, thus A cl . C o u n t l , 2, l , 2 , /, 2, 3, 4, I, 2, 3, 4, 5, d o t l , d ot, dot.

:—r

T l -----------------

i !

r4"
 3

T h e n c o m b in e s P r in c ip le s 3, I , 3, I , 2. T u rn s a lik e a t to p an d b a se. T h e cu r v e co n n e c tin g u with n is

f o r m e d f r o m a c o m b in a tio n o f S e c o n d an d T h ird P r in c ip le s , and is c a lle d a c o m p o u n d cu rv e. W h er ev er it c o n n e c ts letters, th e d ista n ce

b etw een th e stra ig h t lin es is o n e a n d on e -th ir d s p a c e s . W rite lightly. D iffe r e n t sla n ts m a k e th e w o rd a p p ea r, th u s s ? u i m / . C o u n t 1, 2, 3 , 4, l , 2 , 3, 4, 1.

/ 7 / 7 7 J
 For fu ll explanation o f figures see second page o f cover.

T h e m c o m b in e s P r in c ip le s 3, i , 3, I, 3, I , 2. S traight tin es p a r a lle l a n d eq u a lly sp a c e d . C u rv e lin es s a m e length a n d sla nt. D o t th e i a fter the c o m b in a tio n is w ritten. In i an d u a v o id
uniting th e S e c o n d a n d F irst P r in c ip le s t o o lo w d ow n , t h u s /c u ; o r rou n d in g th eir to p s , th u s / W l s . C o u n t 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, l , 2 , I , 2 , 3, 4, l dot.
 5
Turn in n, x a n d v, a l to p a n d b a s e th e s a m e, i .e . , a s s h o r t a s p o s s ib le with con tin u o u s m o tio n . T h e x
c o m b in e s P r in c ip le s 3, I , 2 , 1. The v c o m b in e s 3, ! , 2 , 2. A f t e r th e c o m b in a tio n is written, fin i s h x b y beg in n in g a t th e b a s e lin e, c r o ss in g u pw ard th rou gh m id d le o f

F ir s t P rin cip le, with a stra ig h t line, on th e s a m e sla n t with cu rv es, a n d en d in g at u p p er line. F in ish v s a m e a s w . C o u n t I , 2, 3, 4, 1, 2 , l , 2, l , 2, 3, d o t l , c r o s s , c r o ss .
 In th e ev en n u m b ered c o p i e s th rou g h ou t th e b o o k , e x c e p t c o p y 8 th e 1st, 3 r d a n d 5th d ow n s tr o k e s at to p tou ch th e u p p er an d v ertica l lines,

l.e. a p p ea r in c o r n e rs , as p e r diagram p a g e 2. S m all o f o r m e d b y a u nion o f P r in c ip le s 3, 3, I , width o n e -th ir d o f length. O p p o s ite s id es eq u a lly c u r v e d a n d c lo s e d

a t top . T he o ’s j o i n e d with S e c o n d P r in c ip le in h o rizo n ta l p o s itio n . A v o i d the f u l l cu r v e a t the left sid e, thus g T . C o u n t I , 2, 3, etc.
 7

Th e ruling o f th e o d d n u m b e r e d c o p i e s at th e begin n in g o f th e c o m b in a tio n s, reg u la tes th e sp a cin g , height, a n d s la n t o f the letter o r its f i r s t

p a r t a s p e r diagram p a g e 3. T h e letters m u st a lw a ys tou ch u p p er a n d lo w e r lin es, c o m m e n c in g a n d en d in g in c o r n e rs . T u rn s a t to p a n d b a s e a r e o n e -six th

o f a sp a c e . C o u n t I , 2, 3, 4, l , 2, l , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, l , dot.
8

The a c o m b in e s P r in c ip le s 3 , 3, 2, I , 2.

T h e T h ird P r in c ip le j o i n s th e o v a l o n e -fo u r th s p a c e f r o m th e u p p er line, m e a s u r ed vertica lly. G iv e th e o v a l an in c re a s e d inclin a tion an d un ite t o S e c o n d a n d F irst P r in c ip le s at top.

M a k e th e F irst P r in c ip le s on reg u la r slant. A v o i d t o o f u l l cu rv es, thus /CL ; lea vin g a o p e n at top , th u s XO; a l o o p a t to p , thus . C o u n t l , 2 , 3 , 4, 1, etc.
S traight lin es eq u a lly s p a ced , e x c e p t b etw een i a n d m , w h ere the c o m p o u n d c u r v e o c c u r s, w hich in c re a s e s th e d ista n ce o n e -th ir d sp a c e . A v o i d u n lik e sla n ts in straight lines,

thus / l A m x , ; lifting th e p e n b etw een letters a n d p a r ts o f letters, th u s / C U / m . . C o u n t I , 2, S, 4, I , 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, l , dot.

10

F o r c o m p le te a n a lysis s e e “ T h eo r y o f S p en ceria n P e n m a n s h ip ."

The e c o m b in e s P r in c ip le s 2, 3, 2, L o o p tw o-th ird s th e length. L e ft cu r v e s a m e as in c and o. S p a c es eq u a l. A v o i d t o o f u l l c u rv es, th e r eb y p r o d u c in g t o o large lo o p s ,

th u s M ; t o o m uch sla nt, t h u s ^ £ £ . Stam p im p ro v em e n t u p on e v e r y lin e. C o u n t l , 2, l, 2, etc.

yZZZZZy £ syyyyyyA /y y y y

—r

n
i
-

l
i
 11

W ith c a r e fu l m o v e m en t w rite w ord s w ith ou t lifting th e p e n . M a k e th e letters high en ou g h to f i l l th e s p a c e s b etw een th e r u led lines.

E a ch p u p il s h o u ld h a v e a c o r r e c t m en ta l c o n c e p tio n o f th e f o r m o f e v e r y letter. C o u n t 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2 , 1, 2 , 3, 4, 1.

S j

—t-

______________ i 1

______________ i
L ______________ L _
12

T he c c o m b in e s P r in c ip le s 2, 1, 2, 2, 2. O v a l turn a t to p o c c u p ie s o n e-th ird s p a c e . L o o p tw o-th ird s its heigh t s a m e as in e . S p a ces eq u a l. A v o i d to o large o v a l a t to p ,

th u s , a r o u n d b a ck , thus J 2 ; a stra ight b a ck , thus £ . C o u n t 1, 2, 3, 4, 1, & repeat.

<
■
-A / s / s

----------- 1
 13

O b s e r v e ca refu lly th e o v a l to p o f c ; th e in c re a s e d sla n t o f p o in t e d o v a l in a : th e d o u b le c u r v e co n n e c tin g a a n d m . P u p ils s h o u ld f o r m th e h a b it o f con sta n tly criticizin g th eir writing.

C o u n t 1, 2 , 3, 4, l , 2 , 3, 4, I , 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, I.

y Y
A A ■A 7 ,/
14

T h e r c o m b in e s P r in c ip le s 2, 1, 2. R is e o n e a n d o n e -fo u r th s p a c e s with S e c o n d P r in c ip le ; d r o p d o w n w a rd with a slig h tly c u rv ed sh ou ld er, an d c o n n e c t with F ir s t P r in c ip le . A v o i d g ivin g

t o o m u ch width to th e r , thus / t ; t o o f u l l cu r v e t o the s h o u ld e r , thus / C ; m a kin g lo o p , thus / c ■ C o u n t l , 2, 3, & repeat.

 15

S traight lin es eq u a lly d ista nt e x c e p t b etw een i a n d n . B e c a refu l to m a k e th e r o f p r o p e r heigh t a n d width. A m i d g ivin g t o o m u ch sla n t to its f i r s t cu rv e, t h u s ^ £
o r m a kin g sh a rp sh o u ld er, thus . C o u n t I , 2 , 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, l , 2, l , 2, 3, 4, l , dot.
16

T h e s c o m b in e s P r in c ip le s 2, 3, 2 , 3 ; c o m m e n c e s a n d fin i s h e s with r cu rv e. O cc u p ie s o n e a n d o n e -fo u r th s p a c e s in height. Its d o t r ests on th e f i r s t cu r v e o n e-fo u rth

s p a c e a b o v e th e ru led line. N e v e r lo o p it at top , thus ^ ; o r m a k e it t o o wide, t h u s ^ d / . C o u n t l , 2, 3 d o t & repeat.

 17

C o u n t f o r s o m e 1, 2 , 3 d o t 1, 2 , 3, 4, 1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6, I.

N o ti c e th e jo in in g o f s with o , a n d o f o with m . D o t s in p r o p e r p l a c e a n d c lo s e o a t top. T hink, th in k a n d w rite. C o u n t 1, 2, 3, d o t l , 2 , 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, 1.

R Jc 'S ; t /
18

T h e t c o m b in e s S e c o n d a n d F irst P r in c ip le s . T h e F irst P r in c ip le o c c u p ie s tw o s p a c e s in height a n d is o n th e reg u la r slant.

T h e S e c o n d P r in c ip le j o i n s F irst o n e s p a c e f r o m b a s e line. C r o s s it o n e -th ir d its length f r o m th e to p with a stra ig h t h airlin e, in h o r iz o n ta l p o s itio n a n d in length, e q u a l to

o n e sp a c e . C a u tio n : A v o i d u n lik e turns, thus A U - ; d ifferen t sla n ts, t h u s Z i t . C o u n t I , 2 , 3, 4, l , 2, l , 2 , 3, 4, 1, 2 , I , c r o s s , dot.

 19

Th e d c o m b in e s P r in c ip le s 3, 3, 2 , 1, 2. F ir s t pa rt tik e a. F in ish lik e t w ithout c r o s s . D o n o t sla n t F irst P r in c ip le in d t o o m uch, thus A * ? o r m a k e p o in t e d o v a l t o o

f l a t on th e left sid e, thus J . . A v o i d u n lik e sla n ts in F irst P r in c ip le s , t h u s / C & n r v . C o u n t l , 2 , 3, 4, I , 2 , I , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, l dot.

_y , _ __
■” y .
___________ ;

__

■ _

_____________
1

.......

r . .... ........ J
r
20

In m Third Principle m ite s with First angularly at base. A void grasping the pen too tightly. Count I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, I, 2, I, 2, 3, 4, 3, dot 1.
 21

M ake true curves, and smooth straight lines, which will give a neat appearance. Count 1, 2, S, 4, 5, 6, 1, 2, S, 4, I, 2, l, cross.
22

Criticise your own work. Be sure you are right, then go ahead. Count I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, l, 2, I, 2, 3, 4, l, 2, 1, dot.
 23

I gain every time I take pains with my line. Diligence ensures success. Count l, 2, 3 dot 1, 2, 3, 4, I, 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, /, dot.

'2 ^ Z 4 S n //t

------------- 1

— — ■
---------------1

1 _________________ _____________________
24

D e c id e d e ffo r t w ilt m a k e y o u r la st p a g e th e b est. A d o p t th e m o tto — “ I w ill s tr iv e to e x c e l, ’ ’— a n d im p ro v em e n t is su re. C o u n t l , 2, 2, 4, 5, 6, l , 2, l , 2, 3, l , 2 , I.

 M
aintfant
SLANTS
Main Slant. A straight line slanting to the right o f the
vertical, forming an angle o f 52 0 with the horizon­
tal, gives the main slant for all written letters.
Connective Slant. Curves which connect straight lines
in small letters, in a medium style o f writing, are usu­
ally made on an angle o f 30°. This is called the con ­
nective slant. See diagram.
Base Line. The horizontal line on which the writing
rests is called the base line.
H ea d Line. The horizontal line to which the short
letters extend is called the head line.
Top Line. The horizontal line to which the loop and
capital letters extend is called the top line.
A Space. The unit for measuring the heights o f letters
and their parts is the height o f small i. The unit for
measuring their widths is the width o f small u. These
units we call spaces. The measurements o f the several
letters will be given in their descriptions.
Upper and L o w e r Turns. In the analysis o f small
letters, short curves occur as connecting links between
the principles. These curves we call turns. When one
appears at the top o f a letter, it is called an upper turn ;
when at the base, it is called a lower turn. Instruct
the pupil to m ake them as short as possible without
stopping the p en .
H OLDING THE PENCIL
Take the pencil between the first and second fingers
and the thumb, observing: 1) that the pencil crosses
the second finger on the corner o f the nail, 2) that
it crosses the forefinger forward o f the knuckle, 3)
that the end o f the thumb touches the holder opposite
the lower joint o f the forefinger, 4) that the top o f
the pencil points towards the right shoulder, 5) that
the wrist is above the paper, and the hand resting light­
ly on the nails o f the third and fourth fingers, 6) that
the point o f the pencil comes squarely to the paper.
BOOK TWO
FIG U R E S
G E N E R A L RULES
Heights. The figures are one and one-half spaces in
height, except the 6, which extends two spaces above
base line, and 7 and 9, which commence one and one-
half spaces above and terminate one-half space below
base line.
Widths. Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 are about
the same width, one space measured horizontally
through their widest part. The 0 is one-half space in
width, measured at right angles to slant.
ff / 2 a' a c rir/ iry
_ Figure 1 is simply a straight line on main
z _ slant, one and one-half spaces in height.
Analysis. Principles 2, 3, 2, 3, 2.
Begin at full height o f figure and finish one-
iz : fourth space above base line. Large loop
is one-half length o f figure.
Analysis. Principles 2, 3, 2, 2, 3.
Begin at full height o f figure, and finish
rj one-half space above base line. L oop at
top, one-fourth length o f figure.
Analysis. Principles 2, 3, 2.
Begin right curve one and one-fourth spaces
‘rrc— from and descend to within one-fourth
space o f the base line. Here join angularly
with left curve in horizontal position and let the second
left curve, which is one and one-half spaces long, cross
it at middle.
Analysis. Principles 2, 2, 3, 1.
~ ~7 ~ Begin at full height o f figure and finish like
3. Small loop and base oval same as in 3.
Length o f straight line, two-thirds space.
Analysis. Principles 3, 2, 3.
Begin two spaces above and finish at base
line. Height o f oval, one space.
Analysis. Principles 1, 3, 2, 1.
Begin one and one-half spaces above and
finish one-half space below base line.
Length, two spaces. Make straight lines on
main slant.
Analysis. Principles 2, 3, 2, 3.
~ T P r~ Begin one space above base and ascend with
----- right curve one-half space; turn leftward
and descend with left and right curve to
base; again turn leftward and complete with right
curve extending to full height o f figure. Width o f loop,
one-half space.
Analysis. Principles 3 , 2 , 1.
S j ! ■■ Begin one and one-half spaces above and
■ finish one-half space below base line. The
p o in ted oval is the same as in a, d, g, and
q, and reaches to within one-half space o f base line.
Length, two spaces. Make straight line on main slant.
Analysis. Principles 3, 2.
Form like small o without connecting lines.
POSITION FOR WRITING
The position for writing should be a convenient one,
allowing the easy action o f the writing arm and hand.
The student should learn to sit easily upright, and keep
the shoulders square.
Right handers: Sit directly facing the desk, near to
it, without leaning against it, with the feet level on
the floor, and with the forearms resting lightly on the
desk at right angles to each other. Let the right arm
rest lightly on the muscle forward o f the elbow. Keep
the wrist above the paper, and rest the hand lightly
on the nails o f the third and fourth figures, which
should touch the paper directly under the palm. Adjust
the copybook so that the right arm will be at right
angles to the lines on which you write.
Left handers: Arrange the arm positions and the
slant o f the copybook so that the left arm will be at
right angles to the lines on which you write.