MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

The Definite Integral

and Applications
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

The Definite Integral

MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

▪ Explain Definite integrals and the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

▪ Evaluate definite integrals using Fundamental Theorems of Calculus.
▪ Explain solutions in solving definite integrals
Given a function 𝑓(𝑥) that is continuous
on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] we divide the
interval into 𝑛 subintervals of equal Δ𝑥
width, Δ𝑥, and from each interval
choose a point, 𝑐𝑖 . Then the definite
integral of 𝒇(𝒙) from a to b is

𝑏 𝑛
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = lim ෍ 𝑓(𝑐𝑖 )Δ𝑥
𝑎 𝑛→∞ 𝑖=1 Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,
𝑏−𝑎
Note: Δ𝑥 = Cencage Learning 2010
𝑛
The definite integral gives the area
under the curve of a nonnegative
function by taking the area of
partition rectangles of uniform
width

Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,

Cencage Learning 2010
If a function 𝑓 is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏] then it is integrable
on [𝑎, 𝑏].
Suppose 𝑓(𝑥) is a continuous function on [𝑎, 𝑏] and also
suppose that 𝐹(𝑥) is any anti-derivative for 𝑓(𝑥). Then,
𝑏
𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 | = 𝐹( 𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎
𝑎
 2 2
We evaluate ‫׬‬0 𝑥 + 1𝑑𝑥 by FTC. Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 1.
𝑥3
An antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝐹 𝑥 = +𝑥
3

2
3 3 3
2
𝑥 2 2 0 8 14
න 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑥| = +2− +0= +2=
3 0 3 3 3 3
0
𝑭(𝒙) 𝑭(𝟐) 𝑭(𝟎)
 𝜋/2
We evaluate ‫׬‬0 7 sin 𝑡 − 2 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
An antiderivative for 7 sin 𝑡 − 2 cos 𝑡 is
‫ ׬‬7 sin 𝑡 − 2 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −7 cos 𝑡 − 2 sin 𝑡 + 𝐶
By FTC,
𝜋/2 𝜋
න 7 sin 𝑡 − 2 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = − 7 cos 𝑡 − 2 sin 𝑡 | 2
0
0
𝜋 𝜋
= −7 cos − 2 sin − −7 cos 0 − 2 cos 0
2 2
= −2 + 7 = 5
 2
We evaluate ‫׬‬0 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥

By FTC
2
3
2
2𝑥 3 2 2
න 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 + 2𝑥|
3 2 0
0
3
2 2 3 2
= − 2 +2 2 −0
3 2
10
=
3
 𝑏
1) If 𝑎 < 𝑏 and ‫𝑓 𝑎׬‬ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 exists then
𝑏 𝑎
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
2) If 𝑓(𝑎) exists then
𝑎
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎
3) If the function 𝑓 is integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏] and if 𝑘 is any constant
then
𝑏 𝑏
න 𝑘𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
4) If the functions 𝑓 and 𝑔 are integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏] then 𝑓 + 𝑔 is
integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏] and
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Similar assumptions hold for
𝑏
න 𝑓1 𝑥 ± 𝑓2 𝑥 ± ⋯ ± 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
= න 𝑓1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ± න 𝑓2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ± ⋯ ± න 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥)
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
5) If 𝑓 is integrable on [𝑎, 𝑏], [𝑎, 𝑐] and [𝑐, 𝑏] where 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏 then
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
6) If 𝑓 is integrable on a closed interval containing 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐
 𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 < 1
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = ቊ . Note 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [0,2], hence
6 − 3𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 1
integrable on that interval. Then
2 1 2

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0 1
1 2
𝑥2 1 3𝑥 2 2
= න 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 + න 6 − 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = + 2𝑥 + 6𝑥 −
2 0 2 1
0 1
1 3 2 3
= + 2 − 0 + [6 2 − (2 ) − (6 − )] = 4
2 2 2
For more solved problems with step by step solution, you
may visit

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcI/ComputingDefi
niteIntegrals.aspx
 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

Area bounded
by Curves
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

▪ Set up the integrals

▪ Evaluate integral to find the area between two curves or under the
region bounded by curves
We’ve seen from the previous slides that the definite
integral is inspired by the area under a curve of a non-
negative function. As such, we can use the definite
integral in solving problems that relates to areas under a
curve, or between curves.
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be an integrable function
that is non-negative on the interval
[𝑎,𝑏]. The area, 𝐴+ , bounded by
𝑓 𝑥 and the 𝑥 − axis along [𝑎, 𝑏] is
𝑏

𝐴+ = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝐴+

Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,

Cencage Learning 2010
The area of the region bounded by
𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2, the x-axis, and the
vertical lines 𝑥 = − and 𝑥 = 2 is

𝐴 = න 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥
0
2 3 3 2 1
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 2𝑥|
3 2 0
10 Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,
= Cencage Learning 2010
3
The area of the region bounded by
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and the x-axis along the
interval [0,1] (as shown in the figure) is
1

𝐴 = න 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑥2 𝑥3 1
= − |
2 3 0
1
=
6
Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,
Cencage Learning 2010
Let 𝑓(𝑥) be continuous along [𝑎, 𝑏].
Let 𝐴+ be the area of the region
bounded by 𝑓(𝑥) , the x-axis along
𝑎, 𝑏 , that is above the x-axis; and let
𝐴+
𝐴− be the area of the region below the
x-axis. Then
𝑏 𝑎 − 𝑏
𝐴
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴+ − 𝐴−
𝑎
If 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) are continuous
on [𝑎, 𝑏] and 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥
in 𝑎, 𝑏 , then the region bounded
by 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) and the vertical
lines 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏 is

𝐴 = න 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,

Cencage Learning 2010
𝑎
To put in general terms, the area bounded by two curves
along an interval [a,b] is

𝐴 = න 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑥

𝑎
The area bounded by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2, 𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑥 along [0,1] is computed
as follows:
First take note that on [0,1], 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥).
Hence
1

𝐴 = න 𝑥 2 + 2 − (−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
0
1

= න 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑥3 𝑥2 1 17
= + + 2𝑥| =
3 2 0 6
Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,
Cencage Learning 2010
Find the area of the region bounded
by the graphs of
𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 and
𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥

Hint: the graphs intersect when

𝑥 = −2,0,2 as shown in the figure.
Also, on −2,0 . 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥),
however, on 2,0 , 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑔(𝑥)
Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,
Cencage Learning 2010
Let 𝐴1 be the area of the region along [-2,0] and 𝐴2
be the area along [0,2], such that 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 .
On [-2,0], 𝑔 𝑥 ≤ 𝑓(𝑥), hence 𝐴1
0

𝐴1 = න 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑨𝟐
−2
0

= න[(3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥) − (−𝑥 2 + 2𝑥)]𝑑𝑥

−2
0
3 4 0
= න 3𝑥 3 2
− 12𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 6𝑥 |
4 −2
−2
= 12
Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,
Cencage Learning 2010
Now on [0,2], 𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 𝑔(𝑥), hence
2

𝐴2 = න 𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝐴1 = 12
0
2

= න[ −𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − (3𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 10𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 𝐴2
0
2
−3 4 2
=න −3𝑥 3 + 12𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑥 + 6𝑥 |
4 0
0
= 12

Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,

Cencage Learning 2010
Finally, we have that the area bounded by the two
curves is
𝐴1 = 12
𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 = 12 + 12 = 24

𝐴2 = 12

Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,

Cencage Learning 2010
For more solved problems with step by step solution, you
may visit

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcI/AreaBetweenC
urves.aspx
 MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

Volume of Solids of
Revolution
MPS Department | FEU Institute of Technology
 OBJECTIVES

▪ Sketch the graph of a Solid of Revolution

▪ Derive the formulas for the volume of the solid of revolution
▪ Set up the integrals
▪ Evaluate the integral to find the volume of the solid
If a region in a plane is revolved
about a line, the resulting solid is a
solid of revolution,
and the line is called its axis of
revolution

Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,

Cencage Learning 2010
Given a region bounded by some curves of functions, we
want to compute for the volume of the solid generated by
revolving the region about an axis

Larson R., Edwards B.,

Calculus 9th Ed,
Cencage Learning 2010
The volume of the solid generated
when revolving the region bounded by
𝑅(𝑥) and the x-axis along [a,b], about
the x-axis is
𝑏
2
𝑉 = 𝜋න 𝑅 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Larson R., Edwards B.,

Calculus 9th Ed,
Cencage Learning 2010
The volume of the solid formed by
revolving the region bounded by
𝑓 𝑥 = sin 𝑥 and the x-axis along
0, 𝜋 , about the x-axis is
𝜋 𝜋
2
𝑉 = 𝜋න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0
𝜋
= 𝜋[− cos 𝑥] = 𝜋 1 + 1 = 2𝜋
0

Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed, Cencage Learning 2010
Find the Volume of the solid
generated by revolving the region
bounded by 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥 2 ,
𝑔 𝑥 = 1 about the line 𝑦 = 1

Larson R., Edwards B.,

Calculus 9th Ed,
Cencage Learning 2010
By equating 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 , i.e
2 − 𝑥 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 1 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±1
we determine that 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) intersect at
𝑥 = 1 and 𝑥 = −1

Note that in the formula, 𝑅 𝑥 is the height of

each representative rectangle in the area. For
this specific problem,

2 2 Larson R., Edwards B.,

𝑅 𝑥 =𝑓 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 =2−𝑥 −1=1−𝑥 Calculus 9th Ed,
Cencage Learning 2010
Using 𝑅 𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 2 , we now have
1

𝑉 = 𝜋 න 1 − 𝑥 2 2 𝑑𝑥
−1
1

= 𝜋 න 1 − 2𝑥 2 + 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
−1
2 3 1 5 1
=𝜋 𝑥− 𝑥 + 𝑥
3 5 −1
16
= 𝜋
15
Larson R., Edwards B.,
Calculus 9th Ed,
Cencage Learning 2010
The disk method can be extended to cover
solids of revolution with holes by replacing the
representative disk with a representative
washer. The washer is formed by revolving a
rectangle about the x-axis as shown in the
figure.

If R and r are the inner and outer radii,

respectively, of the washer, the volume is
given by
𝑉 = 𝜋(𝑅2 − 𝑟 2 )𝑤 Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed,
Cencage Learning 2010
Consider a region bounded by an outer radius 𝑅(𝑥) and an inner radius 𝑟 𝑥
along the interval [a,b]. If the region is revolved about its axis of revolution,
the volume of the solid formed is
𝑏

𝑉 =𝜋න 𝑅 𝑥 2 − 𝑟 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Larson R., Edwards B.,

Calculus 9th Ed,
Cencage Learning 2010
The volume of the solid formed by revolving
the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
about the x-axis along [0,1], as shown in the
figure is
1

𝑉 = 𝜋න 𝑥 2 − 𝑥2 2 𝑑𝑥
0
1

= 𝜋 න 𝑥 − 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
0
1 2 1 5 1
=𝜋 𝑥 − 𝑥
2 5 0
𝟑 Larson R., Edwards B.,
= 𝝅 Calculus 9th Ed,
𝟏𝟎 Cencage Learning 2010
For more solved problems with step by step solution, you
may visit

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcI/VolumeWithRi
ngs.aspx
Larson R., Edwards B., Calculus 9th Ed, Cencage Learning 2010

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcI

https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/Problems/CalcII