A backscattered electron (BSE) image, also known as a backscatter

electron image or simply a backscatter image, is a type of image

produced in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission
electron microscope (TEM). BSE imaging is a technique used to
visualize variations in the average atomic number or density of materials
within a sample. Here's how it works:

1. Interaction of Electrons with the Sample: In both SEM and

TEM, an electron beam is focused and directed onto the sample.
When the high-energy electrons in the beam interact with the
atoms in the sample, several types of interactions occur, including
elastic scattering, inelastic scattering, and backscattering.
2. Backscattered Electrons: Backscattered electrons are those
electrons in the incident electron beam that are scattered
backward (towards the electron source) when they interact with the
sample. These electrons have higher energies compared to
secondary electrons (which are emitted from the sample's surface)
and are sensitive to variations in the sample's composition and
density.
3. Detection: In SEM and some TEM configurations, a detector
positioned above the sample collects and measures the
backscattered electrons. The detector records the intensity of the
backscattered electrons at each point on the sample's surface.
4. Image Formation: The collected data is used to create a
backscattered electron image. In the image, variations in gray
levels or brightness represent differences in the atomic number
and density of the sample's constituents. Regions with higher
atomic numbers or denser materials appear brighter, while regions
with lower atomic numbers or less dense materials appear darker.

Key characteristics and applications of backscattered electron imaging:

 Elemental Composition: BSE imaging is particularly useful for

studying the elemental composition of a sample. Different
elements have distinct atomic numbers, and this influences the
intensity of backscattered electrons. Thus, BSE images can help
identify and map the distribution of elements within a sample.
 Material Contrast: BSE images provide excellent material
contrast, making them useful for distinguishing between phases in
materials, identifying mineral grains in geological samples,
characterizing microstructures in metallurgy, and assessing the
composition of biological specimens.
  Depth Information: BSE images can also provide information
about the depth of features within a sample, as the intensity of
backscattered electrons is influenced by the depth from which they
are emitted. Deeper features may appear darker than surface
features.
 Resolution: The resolution of BSE imaging is typically quite good,
allowing for detailed observations of sample morphology and
composition.

In summary, backscattered electron imaging in electron microscopy is a

valuable technique for visualizing variations in atomic number and
density within a sample, making it a powerful tool in materials science,
geology, biology, and various other fields of scientific research.