y oN Hee vien 1—IcA ee d Health | Medicine Nee Anh Nga ica A. Subject C PV Cg a ey MNS TNe t eRe ae Ue UR ae Raa a eRe ea UR ae eer Arad Dee Cue aa UN a a ae Com eee bd @ many other aspects of health, ie e erento 6 r@) Br lame cnacay Here you can find some questions you tah ask your partner during conversation about dicts: 1. What do you think of buying medicine online? 2. How often do you go to.a doctor? 3. How often do you catch a cold? 4. What kind of medicines do you take when you catch a cold? 5. Do you take a lot of medicines? 6. — Do you know anyone who is addicted to medicines? 7. Inyour opinion, why some people dislike taking medicine? 8. Do you often take painkillers? 9. Do you visit any specialists regularly? 10. Do you have regular medical check-ups? 11. Are you afraid of a dentist? 12. Do you suffer from any allergies?IELTS Speakin Hoc Vig 2— ICAL ane mest 2 RAnNgICA Health | Medicine 13. Do you often suffer from aches, pains? Have you ever broken a bone? What happened next? Have you ever sprained a joint? What happened next? Have you ever been to a hospital? What was the reason? What are the most dangerous diseases of our time? What are major challenges in personal medicine? What is the latest medicine used to treat sarcoidosis? ‘What are the alternatives to this medicine? Are there treatment options other than a medicine? What happens if you choose not to have the medicine? 23. How long will you need to continue the medicine? 24. What should you do if you have a problem with the medicine? 25. What do you think about alternative medicine? 26. Have you ever tried alternative medicine? 27. Have you ever had a serious accident? What happened? 28. What excites you about medicine in general? 29. What do you know about the current trends in our nation’s healthcare system? 30. What do you believe to be some of the most pressing health issues today? Why? 31. What do you feel are the negative or restrictive aspects of medicine from a professional standpoint? 32. Tf you had to choose between clinical and academic medicine as a profession, which would you pick? What do you feel you might lose by being forced to choose? 33. Do you know your blood group? Have you ever donated blood? Have you ever donated marrow? Do many people in your country donate blood or morrow? How important is it to donate blood or morrow? ‘What do you think of fake medicine? District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine * Hc Vien 7 Anh Ni ICA 3— ICA Useful vocabulary connected with: MEDICINE to catch a cold (level: 81) /tu:’keeffe.keuld/ bi cam lanh to become infected, which leads to a cough and a running nose, sometimes with a fever and pain in muscles He said he wouldn't come to the party, because he'd caught a cold. medicine (level: B1) /‘medsin/ thuéc 1) a pill or a liquid that you take as a treatment for illnesses or injuries or as a prevention from them I prefer natural medicines, especially those based on herbs. 2) the study of treatment for injuries and illnesses addicted to (level: 81) /a'dik.t/ nghién being unable to stop doing something or eating/drinking something The actor died, because he was so addicted to his medicine that one day he took too much, pain-killers (level: 82) /’ pen, krl.or/thudc giam dau medicine, pills that make you feel less pain Talways have some pain-killers at home in case I may have this terrible headache again. specialist (level: 81) /‘spef.al.1st/ chuyén gia/bac si chuyén khoa a doctor who was trained in a specific area of medicine Ifyou feel a strong pain in the chest, you should visit a specialist in heart diseases immediately. medical check-up (level: 82) /'med.1.kal/ /'tfek.ap/ khim strc khoe medical examination Tused to have regular medical check-ups when I was younger, but now I have no time for that. floor, 54A No Trang Long St., Ward 14, \h District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine Hc Vien 7 Anh Ni ICA 4—IcA dentist (level: A2) /dentist/ nha si a person who treats people’s teeth Children are usually afraid of dentists. to suffer from (level: B1) /‘safa/ /from/ bi/chiu dung to experience pain (physical or mental) Ifyou don't care about your health when you're young, you'll suffer from various diseases when you're old. allergy (level: B1) /‘alodgi/ dj ing becoming ill or having skin problems because of being close to certain substances or eating certain food I had to sell all my cats afier I found out that I have an allergy to their fur. ache (level: A2) /eik/ nhire an unpleasant pain that is not strong, but lasts for a long time Ifyou get older, you will probably suffer from different aches. pain (level: B1) /pein/ dau an unpleasant feeling caused by injury or illness When I felt a sharp pain in my stomach, I realised that the food we had eaten must have been bad. bone (level: 61) /baun/ xirong a hard part of people’s and animals” body Ifyou are older it is easier to break a bone. sprain (level: 82) /sprein/ bong gan to cause a painful injury to the place in your body where two bones are connected He sprained his ankle by stepping on an unstable rock while hiking. joint (level: 82) /dgoint/ khop a place of your body that connects two bones I sprained my knee joint when I was jogging, so I went to the doctor. District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine Hc Vien 7 Anh Ni ICA 5— ICA reason (level: A) /‘ri:zn/ ly do the cause of something The reason for this plane crash was bad weather and human error, not a technical failure. dangerous (level: A2) /‘dern.d3er.as/ nguy hiém able to harm you Don't touch the cages when you are in a zoo. The animals can be very dangerous. disease (level: B1) /di'zi:z/ bénh illness The first symptom of this disease is a cough and a fever. cancer (level: 82) /‘kzensa/ ung thu a serious disease that is more and more frequent nowadays and often causes death He had been smoking for almost all his AIDS (level: 61) /eidz/ bénh AIDS life and he finally died of lung cancer. (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) a serious disease that makes the body unable to protect from infections, which leads to death All people who want to become blood donors must first undergo AIDS tests. alternative medicine (level: B2) /ol,t3:.na.trv 'med.1.san/ thudc dicu tri thay thé (hiéu don gidn 1A cde phuong thite chita tr} khdc thay thé cho Tay Y) a range of treatments that people use instead or with traditional medicine She decided on an alternative medicine that is based on hypnotherapy, because she believes that all those pills prescribed by her doctor irritate her stomach. accident (level: A2) /‘2zeksidant/ tai nan something that happens suddenly, when nobody expect: and usually has bad consequences Two people died in the car accident that happened in front of her house. District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine Hc Vien 7 Anh Ni ICA 6— ICA blood group (level: B1) /‘blad_gru:p/ nhom mau blood type She has a rare blood group B RH negative. donate blood (level: €1) /dau'nert/ /blad/ hién mau to allow some of your blood or a part of your body to be used for medical purposes He has a rare blood group so I suggested that he starts donating blood, because it may save somebody's life. donate marrow (level: C1) /dau'nert/ /‘mzer.au/ hicn ty to have the tissue that you have in your bones taken by a trained person so that it is used for somebody who may need it as a result of a serious illness Iwas registered in the Bone Morrow Bank a month ago, and if they informed me some day that my morrow is needed for somebody else, I wouldn't hesitate a minute. health service (level: 81) /‘hel@ ,s3:.vis/ dich vu y té a service that provides medical treatment We are not fully satisfied with the health service in our country: we have to pay a lot, and we still have problems to get to some specialists and have all necessary medical check-ups. to improve (level: 2) /im'pru:v/ cai thién to get better or to make something be better I think the only way to improve my German is to go to Germany and stay there for a couple of weeks. floor, 54A No Trang Long St., Ward 14, \h District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine 5) HecVign 7S Anh gif ICA 7— ICA capes B. News Sources o1. How to treat the common cold at home Colds (cam) are very common. A visit to your health care provider's (nha cung cp) office is often not needed, and colds often get better in 3 to 4 days. A type of germ (mam bénh) called a virus causes most colds. There are many types \ of viruses that can cause a cold. Depending on what virus you have, your symptoms (triéu chirng) may Vary (thay déi). Common symptoms of a cold include: = Fever (s6t) (100°F [37.7°C] or higher) and chills (6n lanh) = Headache (nhirc du), sore muscles (dau co’, and fatigue (met m * Cough (ho) = Nasal (lién quan dén khoang mii) symptoms, such as stuffiness (ngat mii), runny nose (si miii), yellow or green §Hot (nurse mii), and Sneezing (hit hoi) * Sore throat (dau hong) ‘Treating (chira tri) Your Cold Treating your symptoms will not make your cold go away, but will help you feel better. Antibiotics (thuéc khang sinh) are almost never needed to treat a common cold. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) help lower fever and relieve (giam nhe) muscle aches (con nhite). = DO NOT use aspirin (mdt loai thuéc giam dau). = Check the label (nhiin mic) for the proper (ding) dose (ligu lrgng). = Call your provider if you need to take these medicines (uéng thudc) more than 4 times per day or for more than 2 or 3 days. \h District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhng floor, 54A No Trang Long St., Ward 14,oc Vien 7S Anh gif ICA IELTS Speaking Health | Medicine Over-the-counter (OTC) (chi nhiing logi thudc cé thé mua thoai mai ma khang can ké don) cold and cough medicines may help ease (gidim nhe) symptoms in adults and older children. = They are not recommended for children under i A age 6. Talk to your provider before giving your child OTC cold medicine, which can have serious Side effects (tac dung phy = Coughing is your body's way of getting mucus (chat nhay/niém dich) out of your lungs (phdi). So use Gough syrups (si rd ho) only when your cough becomes too painful. = Throat 16Zénges (vién ngdim) or Sprays (thudc xit) for your sore throat. Many cough and cold medicines you buy have more than one medicine inside. Read the labels carefully to make sure you do not take too much of any one medicine. If you take prescription medicines (thudc ké don) for another health problem, ask your provider which OTC cold medicines are safe for you. Drink plenty of flttids (chat long, 6 day 6 thé hiéu 1a nuée loc hoe cac loai née khac), get enough sleep, and stay away from Secondhand smoke (hiit thuéc thu déng — khéi ngwoi ta hut nhung minh ding ké cing hit phai). Wheezing (thé khd khé) can be a common symptom of a cold if you have asthma (hen suyén). = Use your fescue inhaler (chai hit/binh xjt dinh liéu) as prescribed if you are wheezing. = See your provider immediately if it becomes hard to breathe. Home Remedies (phurong thuéc) Many home remedies are popular treatments (phwong phap didu tri) for the common cold. These include vitamin C, zine (kém) supplements (vién udng bé sung), and echinacea. Although not proven to be helpful, most home remedies are safe for most people. = Some remedies may cause side effects or allergic reactions (di trng). = Certain remedies may change the way other medicines work. ®= Talk to your provider before trying any herbs (thio dug) and supplements. *R403, 4th floor, 544 No Trang Long St., Ward 14, BinhThanh District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhnguica.comIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine 5) HecVign 7S Anh gif ICA 9— ICA Preventing the Spread (sw lay lan) of Colds Wash your hands often. This is the best way to stop the spread of germs. To wash your hands correctly: = Rub (cha) soap (xA béng/xA phdng) onto wet hands for 20 seconds. Make sure to get under your fingernails (méng tay). Dry your hands with a clean paper towel and turn faucet (v nue) off with paper towel (khiin gidy). = You can also use aleohol-based (chtra edn) hand sanitizers (nw@e rira tay). Use a dime sizé amount (mot long nh6 bang déng xu) and rub all over your hands until they are dry. To further prevent colds: = Stay home when you are sick. = Cough or sneeze into a tissue or into the erook of your elbow (kkhuyu tay trong) and not into the air. When to Call the Doctor Try treating your cold at home first. Call your provider right away, or go to the emergency 4 room, if you have: | = Difficulty breathing J } 4 = Sudden chest pain (dau ngwe) or ae ~ abdominal pain (dau bung) = Sudden dizziness (chong mat) = Acting strangely = Severe vomiting (i) that does not go away (mi¢n man/khéng ditt) Also call your provider if: = You start acting strangely = Your symptoms get worse or do not improve after 7 to 10 days Source: medlineplus.gov *R403, 4th floor, 544 No Trang Long St., Ward 14, BinhThanh District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhnguica.comtesty IELTS Speaking i Health | Medicine 5) HecVign 7S Anh gif ICA 10 — ICA capes 02. Nine Reasons People Don’t Take Their Medicines Studies show that between one-fifth and one-third of patients do not take their medicines as prescribed. Why not? How can you make prescription medicines work for you? 1. Side effects Any drug strong enough to help people is strong enough to potentially cause side effects. These range from the possible intestinal e J (lién quan dén rudt) discomfort (khé chiu) of metformin (m6t loai thudc (rj (iéu duvng) to eon the low blood sugars (lung dung trong mau thp) that can be caused by sulfonylureas and insulin (tén thudc, google dé biét thém chi tiét nha) to the potential joint pains (dau khép) of DPP-4 inhibitors (chat tre ché), along with many other mild-to-severe (tir nhe t6i ning) problems. There are also “tintoward (khong mong mudn, thudng 1A theo nghia tiéu cwe) effects,” which may not be noticed when you first take the drugs but that come on over time, Untoward effects include possible muscle weakness caused by statin drugs or potential increased urinary tract infections (nhiém tring dudng tidu) related to SGLT-2 inhibitors. Some can be severe. ‘You can often deal with side effects by changing the way you take a medicine — the time of day, with or without food, or extended release (thudc phéng thich kéo dai — hiéu don gidn IA tac dung cia thudc s® dwg phéng thich tir tir) versus regular, for instance. Untoward effects are things you need to be aware of (nhin thire dwg) and watch out for (cn trong/coi chirng). Talk with your pharmacist (dwo'c si) and read up on (danh thdi gian doe va fim hiéu) any drug you are prescribed to find ways to prevent and deal with side effects. 2. Lack of perceived (dug biét dén) benefit Ifa drug doesn’t seem to be doing you any good (cé ich cho ban), you may want to stop taking it, and you may be right. Some drugs, though, don’t have measurable (do lwéng dug) short-term benefits; you take them to keep from getting worse. Talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or diabetes (tiéu during) educator about how a drug works, and what results you should see. Find out what it’s supposed to do, and then check to floor, 54A No Trang Long St., Ward 14, \h District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine * Hoc Vign 7S Anh gif ICA 11— ICA sce if it’s working. Keep records (gitt hd so, gidy td/ghi nh4n lai). Ask for printed handouts (t® roi/té thng tin) and check websites such as this one. Certified diabetes educator Amy Campbell says, “Give your medicines a chance to do their job. But, if after several weeks you don’t see any or much of an improvement in your blood sugars [if that’s what they're for], let your doctor know.” 3. Knowing or reading about people who have had bad fesponses (phan hi/phan tng) If someone in your family took a drug you are prescribed and got sicker or died, you might blame the drug. This fear keeps a lot of people from taking insulin, but it also applies to other drugs. Such Gonéems (méi quan ngai) may be valid (cé ly), but often there are other reasons for your family member's bad outcome. Everyone is different, and you may have a very different, more positive reaction to (phan tng tich ewe) the same drug. You have to talk it over with someone who knows. 4. EEXpeise (chi phi) Drugs, especially newer brand-name drugs (thude cé nhan hiéu/tén tudi), can cost a lot of money. You may or may not have insurance (biio hiém) to cover (chi tra cho) this, and you may or may not be able to afford the 6é-pays (khodin déng tra). Many doctors don’t know about the prices of specific drugs or about what your particular insurance covers. Unfortunately, many patients are embai -d to tell their doctor they can’t afford a drug. This is a recipe for disaster (mAm méng thiim hoa). Work with your team to find medicines you can afford — many of the older diabetes medications (thudc), including some forms of insulin, are incredibly cheap. And there are often ways to get your prescriptions for less. 5, Dig interactions (twong tac thuéc) or fear of them If you're taking more than one medicine, there’s always a chance they won't go together well in your body. This risk goes up the more different medicines you're on. If you notice vague (mo' hd) side effects that you can’t pin down to (chi ra) one particular drug, ask if you might be having drug interactions. There are many drug-interaction checkers online, such as this one from Drugs.com. District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine 6. Difficult fégimen (ché 46) Taking multiple (nhiéu) medications can have a major effect (tc dong lén) on your life. You might be asked to take some with food and some without food. Some can be taken Hoc Vign 7S Anh gif ICA 12— ICA with each other and some can’t. Some may require you to avoid certain foods or drinks. Some may require you to check your glucose levels or your meal content ( don gian J nhirng thir minh An) to calculate your dose (tinh ton liéu lwong). It may be difficult to figure out a way to make them all work. dung bita an — hiéu 7. Forgetting to take them Taking pills is not the highlight (diém nhan) of most people's day, so it’s easy to forget. Some people Set timers (hen gid’ to remind (nhc) themselves. Others link medications to another task they won't forget, like brushing their teeth or watching a favorite show. Having a pill dispenser (hp thudc) filled out for a week at a time makes it easier to remember all your medicines. Notice that most of these problems may be resolved by having fewer drugs prescribed Fewer medicines means less expense, a simpler regimen, less risk of interactions, and fewer side effects. Talk with your doctor about ways to make your drug plan simpler. 8. Difficulty Swallowing (khé nuét). Some medications are actually too big for some patients to swallow. If you have difficulty swallowing large pills (vién thud), ask if your pill can be safely cut in half (cit nita). If it can’t, see if you can get a smaller, lower-dose pill (thudc liéu lwgng thap) and take two of them. If not, perhaps an entirely different medicine will work better. 9. Needle phobia, or difficulty managing technology such as pump If you're fearful of sticking yourself with a needle, you might find it hard to take insulin or other injectable drugs. However, many insulins and other injectable (tiém dirgc) medicines now come with injection pens (biit ti¢m) that conceal (che/gidu) the needle (kim tiém) so you never see it. Insulin pumps (bom) can eliminate the need for injections altogether. Ask about these devices if needle discomfort is a problem. All of the issues on this list can be helped by talking with a professional or a support group. Don’t keep problems hidden: speak up about them. District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine * Hoc Vign 7S Anh gif ICA 13 — ICA Remember that no drug works if you don’t take it. As with every other part of diabetes self-management, you need to be in control of your medication plan. Either work out a way to follow your medication plan, or change the plan so that it works for you. Source: diabetesselfmanagement 03. What are the major challenges to modern medicine? We live longer, our DNA can be mapped (vé ban dd) and researchers can predict our risk of getting ill, new drugs are being developed all the time, we know that it's a good idea to exercise and eat greens (Jin nhiéu rau). Z ‘You'd think things would be pretty well with the Wonders (diéu ky diéu) of modern medicine but nevertheless a growing number of Europeans develop cancer (ung thw), dementia (mat tri nhé), heart problems, and diabetes. One of the most important tasks of science is preventing and understanding why so many people become ill, and scientists are currently debating (tranh cai) how best to use technological advances (tién bd vé cing nghé) and new knowledge to ensure the best public health (sire khée céng dng). Illnesses can be analysed (phén tich) At cell Ievel (cAp dé té bao) ScienceNordic asked a number of Danish researchers to give us an idea of the current trends and challenges in European health research. They told us how far researchers have come in understanding ageing (su gia di), obesity (béo phi), and resistance to antibiotics (khang thudc khang sinh). “We are going through a paradigm shift (chuyén d4i mé hinh) in our understanding of diseases,” said Professor Liselotte Hojgaard, head of the Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET at Copenhagen University Hospital. “As we find more and more biomarkers (d4u An sinh hoc), and get technology to Sequence (x4u chudi) more and more DNA details, we're really starting to understand that the health of some people is more susceptible (mn cam/nhay cm) than that of others.” floor, 54A No Trang Long St., Ward 14, \h District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngaes Seating IELTS Speaking Health | Medicine Hoc Vign 7S Anh gif ICA 14— ICA Sowert The fact, she added, that we can analyse how illnesses develop down to a cellular level is a revolution (cudc cach mang). “The technology and our new understanding that diseases develop differently in different people opens up for a long series of possible ways of treating and preventing illnesses,” she said. Personalised (4 nh4n héa) medicine is the future Hojgaard recently organised a seminar about personalised medicine, which is a course of treatment adapted to the individual patient's genetic composition (thanh phan gen/di truyén), epigenetics (di truyén hoc biéu sinh), life history (lich sir cue séng), age (40 tudi), gender (giéi tinh), and other factors that can influence how the patient's health develops. Individualised (ca nhan h6a — thay cho ‘personalized’) treatments are today's big trend -- more and more research shows that some people may need another type of therapy (phuong phap tri liu) than other people because they have certain genes, or that people with special biomarkers can run a higher risk of (cé nguy co'cao hon) developing certain diseases, said Hojgaard, “Before long I think we'll all have our elini¢al record (hd so’ lim sang) and genetic Séquence (trinh tw’ di truyén) ona USB key,” she said. “Then if you're admitted to a hospital the USB key will be read by a machine and the doctor can see your genetic composition, case record, and personal information.” “This way, the doctor can immediately target the treatment to the individual patient, based on the information on the USB key about genetic factors (yéu té di truyén), epigenetics, social circumstances (truréng hop x4 hdi), lifestyle (Idi sng), age, family history (tiéu sir gia dinh) and so on,” said Hojgaard. “In principle (theo ly thuyét) we could do it today.” Longer lifespan (tudi tho) equals more people with dementia (mAt tri nhé) Technology, new knowledge, and more ways of treating people have already meant that doctors can keep us alive longer than ever before. But a longer lifespan is not synonymous with floor, 54A No Trang Long St., Ward 14, \h District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngaes Seating IELTS Speaking Health | Medicine Hc Vien 7 Anh Ni ICA 15— ICA Sores (dong nghia véi) better health. As we live longer, an increasing number of us end our lives suffering from severe dementia or become so ill that we cannot look after ourselves. In future, age-related diseases (bénh lién quan téi tudi t4c) will have rising human and societal costs (chi phi x4 hdi), said Lene Juel Rasmussen, a professor of cellular (mire dO té bao) and molecular (mire 46 phan tit) medicine. “Many elderly people will suffer from cancer and various metabolic (chuyén héa — va trao déi chat) diseases such as type 2 diabetes because they are overweight (thira cn), but our greatest challenge will be dementia diseases that we still cannot treat or prevent,” said Rasmussen, who heads the Centre for Healthy Aging at the University of Copenhagen. “We've come a long way with stem cell (té bao g6c) therapies and we can now replace diseased (bi bénh) brain tissue (m6 nao) with healthy tissue,” she said. Furthermore, researchers have recently started looking at how social relationships and lifestyle can influence whether people develop dementia “But there is still a great deal that we don't know about the many different types of dementia that exist,” said Rasmussen. Ageing is still mystery (bi An) Dementia is a blanket term (thuat ngit/tir goi chung) covering diseases where the brain loses its functions (chire nding). As well as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases there are many other illnesses and some Are yet to be classified (chwa duoc phan loai). While researchers are becoming better at preventing (phong), treating (tri) or relieving (giam nhe) diseases such as cancer, type 2 diabetes and heart ailments (m6t tir khac dé ndi vé bénh — thay cho “illness’), they still know very little about diseases that affect the brain's functions. “There's a simple reason why researching dementia and developing therapies is difficult,” said Rasmussen. “You can't just take a sample of the brain out of a patient and carry floor, 54A No Trang Long St., Ward 14, \h District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine * Hc Vien 7 Anh Ni ICA 16 — ICA out tests, like you can if it is the intestines (rut) or the blood that is ill. We can scan the brain, but that only tells us something about the brain's structure. To develop therapies against dementia means we must know something about how brain cells behave, and that requires fresh brain tissue to work with — and that is very difficult to get from human brains.” In fact, researchers know very little in general terms about what happens in our cells when we age, said Rasmussen. In the future, one of the most important tasks of the health sciences will be unravelling the seerets (vén mang bi mat) of how and why the body ages (gia r Y i), she said. “Quite some time will pass before we understand the molecular and cellular ageing process,” said Rasmussen. “We know 3 that the ends of chromosomes (nhiém sic thé), called telomeres, shorten as we grow older. We also know that the biological processes in some cells become a little weaker — but we don't know precisely what happens and why. There are really very many unknowns (nhitng dieu chwa duge biét dén).” The obesity @pidémic (dai dich) is still a great thfeat (méi de doa) ; Obesity remains (vin 14) one of the really big risk factors in | connection with the lifestyle diseases (bénh lién quan dén I6i séng) that often hit people who are getting old, said professor Thorkild Sorensen who works with metabolic and clinical epidemiology (djch t& hge) at the University of Copenhagen and head of the Institute of Preventive Medicine at Frederiksberg Hospital. According to him, there’s still a great deal that researchers do not quite understand about why too much fat is stored in the bodies of many people. “We know much less about obesity than you would think, and the obesity epidemic is a large global challenge (thir thach toan cu), not least in developing countries,” he said. “There is no doubt that it is still a threat to world public health, because obesity increases the risk of getting a large number of diseases.” floor, 54A No Trang Long St., Ward 14, \h District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine Looked at in general terms (nhin chung), the development of obesity cannot be explained solely by (duy nhat béi) how much you eat and how much exercise you get, said the 5) HecVign 7S Anh gif ICA 17 — ICA professor. “We know that some people can stand eating more than other people, but we still know very little about why some people store too much fat in their tissue while others burn it,” he said. “It’s difficult to determine that because very few calories end up in the fatty tissue every day. Maybe @pigenetics (ngoai di truyén/di truyén hoc biéu sinh — c6 § dinh nghia bén duéi) makes us fat Perhaps the answer to the obesity mystery will be found in epigenetics, which is the study of changes in the DNA caused by environmental factors such as pollution, stress, and diet (dinh nghia cho epigenetics — thay doi-ADN vi yéu t6 mdi truong jy nh 3 nhiém, cing thing va ché 46 An uéng). It has been shown that babies weighing too little at birth because their mothers did not eat enough while they were pregnant run a greater risk of (¢6 nguy co’ bi ... cao hon) becoming fat and developing type 2 diabetes later in life -- possibly because some of their genes are no longer active. “The research field that looks at how genes work and interact with environmental effects is very large,” said Sorensen. “Perhaps we should look backwards to before the foetus (thai nhi/bao thai) was formed. There could have been epigenetic changes in the DNA in one generation (thé hé) that are transmitted (truyén) to the next generation.” In line with the theories behind individualised therapies, the professor believes that the development of obesity should be looked at in a holistic way (mt ech ton dién hon) where the individual's social and psychological factors are considered (xem xét/cdn nhc) together with the brain's function and the role (vai trd) of the genes. *R403, 4th floor, 544 No Trang Long St., Ward 14, BinhThanh District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhnguica.comIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine * 5) HecVign 7S Anh gif ICA 18— ICA “In itself it’s quite natural and not dangerous for cells to store fat but in some people the fat gathers (tp hop) in too large quantities and damages the cells and the rest of the body because fatty acids (axit béo) that are not burnt quickly or stored are harmful,” said Sorensen. “This could be a matter of the brain's ability to send signals to the fat cells about how much they should store to survive. In some people that brain function may not work as it should.” Resistance to antibiotics (khang thudéc khang sinh) is spreading globally One thing is taking up the minds of many doctors around the world these days and it is one of the largest current threats to world public health: resistance to antibiotics. thude) will continue to spread very quickly throughout the world, ikhwan khang duge nhieu loai said Dr. Henrik C, Wegener, provost at the Technical University of Denmark. This is very serious, he added. If antibiotics can no longer kill bacteria then simple infections (nhiém tring/truyén nhiém) such as inflammation (viém) of the bladder can be lethal (gay chét ngwéi) and surgeons (bi ~! x Operations (ca phiu thuat). “Resistance to antibiotics is a problem that arose just after phau thudt) cannot carry out larger antibiotics were discovered -- bacteria are very smart and can give off (t6a ra/cho ra) and absorb (hdp thu) genes so they build up resistance to anti-microbiotic (vi sinh) substances,” said Wegener. “Finding new antibacterial (khang khu4n) substances in nature went well in the beginning and that made it possible to develop new types of antibiotics when bacteria became resistant (khsing) to the old types,” he said. “But we've lost that race because we haven't found new antibacterial substances since the 1980s and there’s probably very little chance of finding some again for the time being (tam th@ii/cho lic nay).” District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhngIELTS Speaking 4) Hoe vién 7S Anh gif ICA Health | Medicine Antibiotics use (viée sir dung khang sinh) is too high Resistance to antibiotics is spreading quickly across the world — in particular because we 19 — ICA travel more, have surgery (phu thu4¢) abroad, and in the worst case by carrying multi- resistant bacteria with us when crossing borders between countries. The more antibiotics we use, the faster bacteria develop resistance -- and we use a lot in agriculture, in hospitals, and in our homes. [ “We can postpone (tri hoan) the agony (sur kh sé’) by behaving Sensibly (hop ly) and teducing our consumption (gisim vide sir dung/tiéu thy) of antibiotics, but it's a tough fight,” said Wegener. “In Europe we have a quite stringent policy (chinh sach nghiém khiie) for antibiotics but authorities (chinh quyén/nha cAm quyén) are far more liberal (rng rai) in large parts of the world -- in many places you can even buy antibiotics over the counter without a prescription (c6 ndi & trén — thude khang sinh bay ban rng rai, khong cAn ké don).” Around the world, researchers are trying to find ‘idi phap thay thé) to antibiotics but Wegener is (gidi phap thay thé ib but Wegener i skeptical (nghi ng) when asked about the chances of suc “I don't want to be too pessimistic (bi quan), but nor is there any reason to be a rejoicing (han hoan/vui mirng) optimist (ngui lac quan),” he said. “The problem is that our backs aren't so hard against the wall (‘have your back against/to the wall’ nghia la ¢6 van a nghiém trong => cau nay nghia 1a van dé chia nghiém trong dén ni ..) that the pharmaceutical industry wants to invest millions in developing alternatives. Source: sciencenordic This material is collected by ICA | CrushIELTS | 24/7 IELTS Homestay and not intended for any commercial purpose. *R403, 4th floor, 544 No Trang Long St., Ward 14, BinhThanh District *028 6675 3305 *www.anhnguica.comIELTS Speaking Health | Medicine Hoc 7 Anh Ni ICA 20 — IcA Hoe Vign Anh Ngit ICA | Crush IELTS | 24/7 IELTS Homestay '# M6 hinh lop hoc chi véi 06 hoc vién Offline | 03 hgc vién Online va 1 kém 1 Online & Offline véi giéo vién IELTS 80+ # 100% ucong tde gitta hoc vién & gido vién. ‘# Gido Vien Vigt & Ban Ngit cd chuyén mon cao. # Git hoc linh dong & duge bao leu cing nhu chuyén nhuong cho hoc vién kha. ‘# Moi truéng hoc tap hign dai & d6i ngit nhdn vién nhigt tinh, than thién # Dic biét, ICA cé lop cd nhin (1 gido vién kém 1 hoe vién), chuong trink hoc theo yéu cdu ctia hoc vién. PP Hoc Vign Anh Ngit ICA | CrushIELTS | 24/7 IELTS Homestay - Téa Nha Théng Ké Khu Vec I P. 403, Iéu 4 — 544 , No Trang Long, Phuong 14, Quén Binh Thanh, TP. 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