Unit 7 Edited

PICTORIAL DRAWING
Total Period: 25
Unit Outcomes
At the end of this unit, students should be able to:
 Understand the basic principle of pictorial drawing;
 Recognize the different types of projection and the three types of
pictorial drawing;
 Apply the principle of Axonometric, Oblique and perspective
projection in describing 3D objects;
 Appreciate the importance of pictorial drawing to describe the
shape of structures in today’s world.
Unit Overview
There are four common types of drawings that you need to learn. During
Graphic Communications, you will be expected to use three of these
four types. Of these four drawing types, Isometric, Oblique, and
Perspective are called Pictorial Drawings. They are used to convey
general shape and structure of an object. They are much easier for people
who do not have a background reading blueprints and multi-view
drawings to comprehend.
Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11 63

Unit 7 Pictorial Drawing
For specific size information, multi-view drawings are heavily relied on
and are the most common technical choice.
General comments about pictorial drawings:

Construction of drawings should proceed in this order:
1. Create a box of construction (very light) lines along the
principal axes which enclose the entire overall form and
general shape of the body.
2. Next add other construction lines along principal axes to
locate features of the body (usually edges of planes and
surfaces).
3. Use offset dimensions to locate lines which don't follow the
principle axes and lightly construct them.
4. Locate the center of circular features, and make construction
boxes for creating the arcs.
5. Darken in the final lines starting with
a. Circles and Arcs
b. Straight Lines (starting from the front of the object)
6. Construction lines need not be erased if they’re drawn very
lightly.
7. Final lines should be dark, sharp, and consistent in width.
8. Do not show hidden lines in pictorial drawings.
9. Do not show center lines in pictorial drawings.
64 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

Lesson 7.1 Introduction & Types of pictorial drawing

Number of Period: 2
Learning Competencies
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
 describe the concept of projection and its constituting element;
 identify the different types of pictorial drawing.
Planning ahead
This unit is to introduce students to the language of technical drawing.
Through demonstration, handouts and, the students will learn the
beginning standards for technical drawing.
1. Prepare visual aids to show “examples of drawings drawn by

hand and CAD”
2. Prepare to make a review of a projection and the different ways
of projection to understand the types of pictorial projection.
Hints for Teaching

1. Allow your students to survey the types of pictorial drawing,
giving each one a try.
2. For all the lessons, list new vocabulary discussed each day and
review at end of class and begin the next day class with review of
the terms.
Discussion
1. Demonstrate by showing the difference in orthographic and
pictorials. Give definitions and have students list in notes.
Show PPT “Technical Sketching” and/or PPT “Sketching.”
Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 65
2. Sketch a person as a pictorial and then a person as an
orthographic. Do the same thing with a common object such as
a chair. Explain what determines whether orthographics or
pictorials are to be used.
3. Explain the three dimensions. Ask which dimension (width,
depth, and height) would show on the sketch of the person.
4. Let the student to do activities 7.1 &7.2 and check point 7.1
Teaching Note
Projection defined as the representation of an object on a picture
planes as it would appear to an observer stationary at a point and
viewing along the direction of projection. a plane of projection or
picture plane on which the projection is made. Projection can be
categorized into two broad groups namely: central or perspective
projection and parallel projection.
Pictorial drawing is a means by which the three principal faces and
dimensions of an object are represented on a single 2D projection
plane (sheet of paper). Pictorial drawing is divided into three
classifications:
i. Axonometric projection,
ii. Oblique projection, and
iii. Perspective or central projection.

Lesson 7.2 Axonometric Projection

Number of Periods: 14
(3 period theory and 10 periods for practice)
 Define the principle of axonometric projection;
 Identify the types of axonometric projection;
 Choose appropriate position of isometric axis to describe the
shape of an object;
 Identify isometric and non isometric lines;
 Identify the procedure of constructing angles are located in
isometric drawing;
 Draw circles, arcs and irregular curves in isometric;
 Apply offset location measurement in isometric drawing;
 Prepare the isometric drawing using box method and center line
layout method;
 Perform Isometric drawing of an object with its principle;
Planning ahead
1. Prepare visual aids or models to show “examples of types of
axonometric projection drawn by hand and CAD”

2. Make a further reading on axonometric projection too.
3. Teacher uses three periods for theoretical concept and
demonstration about Axonometric projection and Isometric drawing
specially. In addition ten periods for student practice on activities and
check points.
Hints for Teaching

When you teach this lesson you can use the following discussion points:
Discussion
1. Start the lesson by asking students from the textbook about
Axonometric projection.
2. Discuss and demonstrate by showing the types of Axonometric
projection from the teaching aid or diagram and also on black
board.
3. Discuss and demonstrate how principles of constructing isometric
drawing. Have students take notes from the demonstration.
4. Activate students to do activities 7.3 and 7.4 and check points 7.3
&7.4 from the textbook on isometric drawing and the principle of
construction.
Teaching Note
How do reading the face of a clock and sketching isometric pictorials
relate to each other? Picture a cube in your mind. All of the surfaces of
the cube form right angles with their adjacent faces. If you were to draw
an isometric pictorial of the cube, you would see that the edges point
toward 2 and 10 o’clock, and 12 o’clock. This idea helps when sketching

isometric pictorials on writing surfaces that do not have isometric grids
so tell the students this idea.
What to do
In this activity, you will develop your isometric sketching skills by
drawing views of objects that are already given in an isometric
orientation. You will then apply your sketching skills throughout the
remainder of the course.
Before you begin, you must understand how an isometric view is called
out. The image below represents a top, front, right side view isometric.
The order is first face, second face, then third face.
Top
Right Side
Front
In your Engineering Notebook, complete the isometric pictorial of the

object pictured below. Use points and construction lines to layout the
isometric sketches. DO NOT ERASE YOUR POINTS AND
CONSTRUCTION LINES. To construct the box, first draw the front
vertical corner. Next to approximate the angle to show the front and
right side views count over two blocks up one. Continue to do this until
you sketch the width and depth of the box.

In your Engineering Notebook, complete the isometric pictorial of the
object pictured below. Use points and construction lines to layout the
isometric sketches. DO NOT ERASE YOUR POINTS AND
CONSTRUCTION LINES. To construct the box, first draw the front
vertical corner. Next to approximate the angle to show the front and
right side views count over two blocks up one. Continue to do this until
you sketch the width and depth of the box.
Count over
two, up one
In your Engineering Notebook, make isometric sketches of the three

objects pictured below. Sketch the objects in the same orientation that
they are pictured in. Use points and construction lines to layout the
isometric sketches. Then, delineate the visible edges of each sketch with
object lines to make them stand out. DO NOT ERASE YOUR
POINTS AND CONSTRUCTION LINES. Add tonal shading to the
sketches when finished.

Study the isometric objects below. Recreate the three objects for
practice. Add tonal shading to the sketches when finished.
What did you learn?

1. What are the three common sides that are shown with an
isometric sketch?
2. Why do designers use tonal shading on their sketches?
3. Describe the technique you used to approximate the proper
isometric angles in order to complete an isometric sketch?

Lesson 7.33 Oblique projection

 Describe the principle of oblique projection;
 Identify the types of oblique drawing;
 Identify the axis and position of objects in oblique drawing;
 Apply method of construction of oblique drawing;
 Draw circle and arcs in oblique drawing;
 Perform Oblique drawing of an object with its principle;
Planning ahead
axonometric projection called Oblique drawing drawn by hand
and CAD”
2. Make a further reading on oblique drawing too.
3. Teacher uses one period for theoretical concept and demonstration
about type of Axonometric projection called oblique drawing
specially. In addition four periods for student practice on activities
and check points.

Hints for Teaching
Discussion
1. Start the lesson by asking students from the textbook about oblique
drawing.
projection called oblique drawing by using the teaching aid or
diagram and also on black board.
3. Discuss and demonstrate about the principles of constructing
oblique drawing. Have students take notes from the demonstration.
4. Activate students to do check points 7.5, 7.6 &7.7 from the
textbook on oblique drawing and its principle of construction.
Teaching notes
Have you ever tried to tell someone what an object looks like by using
words and hand gestures? It usually does not work very well, especially if
the person does not understand the vocabulary you use.
In Engineering Design it is often the case that an idea will need to be
communicated and explained quickly. Questions, such as “What does
the idea look like? How will it work?” In most cases, words and hand
gestures alone cannot answer these questions. Sketching is a quick and
efficient method that is used in all fields of engineering to get ideas down
before they are lost. If the idea turns out to be a possible solution, the
sketch will serve as the basis for more advanced drawings and conveying
ideas, such as Computer-Aided Design (CAD) solid-modeling.

What to do
In this activity, you will practice your sketching and technical
communication skills by creating general oblique sketches of objects in
your Engineering Notebook. A general oblique sketch has lines that can
be drawn at any scale and any angle. The most common angles are 30, 45
and 60 degrees, but any angle can be used.
Study the figures below.

• Use points and construction lines to layout a general oblique
sketch of the object on the large grid.
• Remember that one unit distance in the figure is equal to one
unit distance on the large grid.
• Show the object in a top, front, right side view orientation in
your general oblique sketch.
• Delineate the visible edges of the sketch with object lines.
• DO NOT ERASE YOUR POINTS AND
CONSTRUCTION LINES.
• Add tonal shading to the sketch when finished.

What did you learn?
1. Why practice sketching shapes when a Computer-Aided Design
(CAD) program can produce much more accurate Geometry?
2. What pencil techniques are used to create the differences
between construction lines and object lines?
3. What are the differences between oblique sketches and isometric
sketches?
Lesson 7.4 Perspective Projection

 Explain the terms of perspective drawings;
 Identify the best location of station point, picture plane and
vanishing point,
 Show the location of ground line and Horizon line;
 Identify the three types of perspective drawing;
 Apply the procedure of construction of objects in
perspective;
 Draw circles and arcs in perspective drawing;
 Perform perspective drawings with its principle.

Planning ahead
axonometric projection called Perspective drawing drawn by
hand and CAD”
2. Make a further reading on perspective drawing too.
3. Teacher uses one period for theoretical concept and demonstration
about type of Axonometric projection called perspective oblique
drawing specially. In addition four periods for student practice on
activities and check points.
Hints for Teaching
Discussion
1. Start the lesson by asking students from the textbook about
Perspective drawing and its three types.
projection called perspective drawing by using the teaching aid or
diagram and also on black board.
3. Discuss and demonstrate about the types of perspective and
principles of constructing perspective drawing. Have students take
notes from the demonstration.
4. Activate students to do check points 7.8 from the textbook on
perspective drawing and its principle of construction.

Teaching Note
If you can stand on a straight road and look down the road, it appears to
you the sides of the road begin to look as if they are narrowing to one
point and the center of the road vanishes when the road meets the
horizon. If the road is straight enough and long enough, the sides of the
road not only look like they are converging to a single point, but the road
seems to appear to vanish as it meets the horizon. A similar effect
happens if you stare upward from the base of a tall building. The vertical
edges of the building will appear to angle in toward each other. This
effect is called perspective.
The human eye sees the world in perspective. Objects that are further
away from the eye appear smaller, and edges appear to recede into the
distance. Perspective sketches depict objects in much the same way that
the human eye sees the world.
There are three different types of perspective drawings: one-point, two-

point, and three-point perspective. The different types of sketches are
frequently used by architects, industrial designers, and illustrators when
representing large scale objects or environments in which the effect of
distance must be taken into consideration.
Procedure
In this activity, you will practice your sketching skills by generating a
one-point, two-point, and three-point perspective of a given object. You
will then apply your skills by creating either a one-point, two-point, or
three-point perspective of an object you randomly choose.
Study the objects in Figures 1 and 2. Use lightly drawn points and
construction lines to layout a one-point perspective sketch of the object
within the given box. The perspective sketch must show the object in
a top, left side, front view orientation. Delineate the visible edges of
the sketch with object lines. DO NOT ERASE YOUR POINTS AND
CONSTRUCTION LINES. Add tonal shading to the sketch when
finished.
Study the objects in Figures 3 and 4. Use lightly drawn points and
construction lines to layout a two-point perspective sketch of the object
a top, front, right side view orientation. Delineate the visible edges of
finished.

Study the pictorial in Figure 5. Use lightly drawn points and

construction lines to layout a three-point perspective sketch of the object
a top, front, right side view orientation. Delineate the visible edges of
finished.

Lesson Guide
Period Lesson title Starter activity Main activity Concluding activity
2 1.1 Introductio • Ask brain storming • Discuss and • Students give
n and types question about demonstrate the feedback about
of pictorial projection and types of pictorial today’s lessons.
drawing types of pictorial projection (Teacher acts as
drawing from the facilitator.)
textbook • Give home work
• Let the students to
to do exercises
practice on activities
from the
7.1 &7.2 and check
textbook
points 7.1.
13 1.2 Axonometri • Ask brain storming • Illustrate how to apply • Students give
c drawing question about the the principles to draw feedback about
type of objects in isometric today’s lessons.
axonometric • Let the students to (Teacher acts as
projection called facilitator.)
practice on activities
isometric drawings • Give home work
7.3 & 7.4 and check
to do exercises
from the textbook points 7.3 and 7.4.
from the
textbook
5 1.3 Oblique • Ask brain storming • Discuss and • Students give

drawing question about demonstrate where feedback about
oblique and the and how to apply the today’s lessons.
type of Oblique principles to draw (Teacher acts as
drawings from the objects in oblique facilitator.)
• Give home work
textbook • Let the students to
to do exercises
practice on check
from the
points 7.5,7.6 and 7.7.
textbook
5 1.4 Perspective • Ask brain storming • Discuss and • Students give

drawing question about demonstrate where and feedback about
perspective and how to apply the today’s lessons.
the type of principles of (Teacher acts as
perspective construction of facilitator.)
drawings from the perspective drawing. • Give home work
to do exercises
textbook • Let the students to
from the book
practice on check 7.8

Evaluation
Instruct your students to:
• Identify the use of orthographic projection and pictorial drawing
in working drawings.
• state differences in the application of orthographic projection
and pictorial drawing in working drawings.
• Draw isometric, oblique and perspective drawing
Method
• Presentation (lecture)
• Demonstration
• Group discussion (6-8 students per a group)
Assessments
The teacher should follow and assess each student’s work continuously
over the whole activity of the each lesson and compare it with the
following description to determine whether the student has achieved
the minimum required level.
Students working below the minimum requirement level will require
extra help if they are to catch up with the rest of the class. They should
be given extra attention in class and additional activities at the end of
the lesson or during breaks.
Students working above the minimum requirement level should be

praised and their achievements recognized. They should be
encouraged to continue working hard and not become complacent.

Pictorials Quiz I
Name ________________________
Use either inclined or vertical lettering to fill in the blanks.
Label each type of drawing in the blanks below.
5. Which of these is not a pictorial drawing? ________________

Isometric b) Oblique c) Orthographic
6. A circle will appear in an isometric as a(n)_____________.
a) Template b) ellipse c) parabola d)arc
7. In what kind of pictorial does the front view show its true shape?
_____________
a) An isometric b) A perspective c) An oblique
8. What kind of oblique shows its depth at half its true distance? _____.

9. To make true measurements in isometrics, you only measure along
the ______________.
10.What type of pictorial gives you a view of how an object actually
looks to the eye? _______
Pictorials Quiz II
Name _________________________
1. Which common drawing method is not a pictorial drawing?
a) Multiview drawing c) Isometric drawing
b) Oblique drawing d) Perspective drawing
2. What is the major advantage of an oblique drawing over an isometric?
a) Oblique drawings just look better.
b) Oblique drawings are better for showing dimensions.
c) In oblique drawings, frontal features are easier to draw.
d) In oblique drawings, all circular features appear circular.
3) Lines in an isometric drawing are not distorted when
a) they are construction lines.
b) they run along the principal axes.
c) they do not run along the principal axes.
d) None of these, all lines are distorted in isometric drawings.
4) What is the difference between a cabinet and cavalier drawing?
a) Cabinet is an isometric drawing; cavalier is oblique.
b) Cavalier is an isometric drawing; cabinet is oblique.
c) Cabinet drawings are only half as large as cavalier drawings.
d) The depth scale is reduced in cabinet drawings.

Answer to the Exercises for textbook

Answer for check point 7.1
1. Representation of an object on a picture plane as it would appear
to an observer station point and viewing along the direction of
projection. The constituting element that should be fulfilled are:-
Object, observer, station point, projection rays (projectors), plane
of projection (picture plane)
2. Central and parallel projection. In central projection system
projectors start from a single point where as in parallel projection
projectors are parallel.
3. Both use parallel projectors. But oblique uses other than ◦ 90
where orthographic projection only uses 90◦ for its projectors.

1. To represent a three dimensional object on a two dimensional
plane. And to let illiterate persons on drawing visualize drawing
proposal of an object.
The limitation of pictorial representation are
- It has distorted appearance
- Require more time to prepare
- Difficult to measure and give dimensions
2. Axonometric projection mostly shows the three planes exposed
equally.
Oblique projection keeps the front view as it appears on the multi

view drawing and projects the side edge at an angle of 30◦, 45◦ or
60◦.
Perspective drawing represents an object pictorially as if the

object was captured with a camera.

Solution for check point 7.3
Solution for exercise 1
A)
B)


1. Axonometric projection inclines the three principal planes more
or less in a similar exposure, especially if it is isometric
projection. But when we go to oblique projection the front plane
as it appears on elevation where the side edges will be projected
with 30◦, 45◦ or 60◦.
2. Cavalier and cabinet


One point perspective A

Two point perspective
B
One point perspective


1
1

2

2


3


Reference
 C.Jensen,J.D.Helsel (1994). 4th ed., Macmillan/McGraw-

Hill, New Yourk.
 Enginneering Drawing with Auto CAD T-Jeyapoovan Vikas
Publishing House PVTLTD 2004.
 Macmillan, (1974). Technical Drawing (6thed). F.E
Giesecke, A.Mitchell, and Spencer and I.L.Hill.
 Machine Drafting and related Technology Herbert
W.Yankee Webster Division, Mc GRAW Hill Book
Company (1966).
 T.E French, C.J. Virxk (1972). “Engineering Drawing and
Graphics Technology, 11th ed, McGram-Hill,Inc.
 W.J Luzadder (1977). “Fundametals of engineering drawing;
7thed, Prentice. Hall Inc.”
 Verne C. Frykland Ph.d (General Drafting) Meknight and
Mcknight Publishing Company 9th Edition 1948.

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PICTORIAL DRAWING

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11 63

General comments about pictorial drawings:

64 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

Lesson 7.1 Introduction & Types of pictorial drawing

1. Prepare visual aids to show “examples of drawings drawn by

Hints for Teaching

66 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

Lesson 7.2 Axonometric Projection

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 67

Hints for Teaching

68 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

In your Engineering Notebook, complete the isometric pictorial of the

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 69

In your Engineering Notebook, make isometric sketches of the three

70 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

What did you learn?

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 71

Lesson 7.33 Oblique projection

72 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 73

Study the figures below.

74 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

Lesson 7.4 Perspective Projection

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 75

76 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

There are three different types of perspective drawings: one-point, two-

78 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

Study the pictorial in Figure 5. Use lightly drawn points and

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 79

5 1.3 Oblique • Ask brain storming • Discuss and • Students give

5 1.4 Perspective • Ask brain storming • Discuss and • Students give

80 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

Students working above the minimum requirement level should be

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 81

5. Which of these is not a pictorial drawing? ________________

82 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 83

Answer to the Exercises for textbook

Answer for check point 7.2

Oblique projection keeps the front view as it appears on the multi

Perspective drawing represents an object pictorially as if the

84 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

Solution for check point 7.3

Solution for exercise 1

Solution for check point 7.4

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 85

Solution for exercise 2

Answer for check point 7.5

Solution for check point 7.6

86 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

Solution for check point 7.7

Solution for exercise 3

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 87

Solution for check point 7.8

One point perspective A

88 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 89

Solution for exercise 4

90 Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide- Grade 11

One point perspective

Technical Drawing Teacher’s Guide - Grade 11 91

One point perspective