AIR CONDITIONING COURSE

MEP 471

LECTURE (1)

INTRODUCTION TO HVAC

Dr. Hamdy Ahmed Abotaleb

hamdy.abotaleb@yahoo.com
COURSE CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Psychrometric chart

 Duct Design & Air Distribution

 Cooling load Calculations

 HVAC Systems

 Chilled Water System Design

 Project

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LECTURE (1) MAIN TOPICS:
 Mention what HVAC and ASHRAE stand
for?
 Why we need for HVAC?

 What are the main types of air filters used

in HVAC Equipment?
 How does HVAC used for infection
prevention in Operating Theatres?

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 1. WHAT IS HVAC?
HVAC :Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

ASHRAE: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning

Engineers

 Objectives of HVAC:
1. Human Comfort
 Temperature =20-25 oC.
 Relative Humidity (RH)= 40-60%.

2. According to the application

 Industrial Processes
 Infection Control

3. Cleanliness, Noise Control, …….

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TARGETS OF HVAC
 Temperature Control
 Humidity Control

 Air Freshness

 Air Cleanliness

 Control of Air Motion

 Control of Noise

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 Fields of HVAC applications
1-Human comfort applications
The main objective of this system is to achieve
human comfort
Ex. (rooms, hospitals, hotels, malls...)

2-Industrial Applications
The main objective of this systems is to achieve specific
control required for an industrial process

Ex. (Pharmaceutical industries, museums, weapons,)

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 Factors influencing thermal comfort

Metabolic rate
People have different metabolic
rates that can fluctuate due to
activity level and environmental
conditions
metabolic rate is the level of
transformation of chemical energy
into heat and mechanical work by
metabolic activities within an
organism

Clothing
The amount of thermal insulation worn by a
person has a substantial impact on thermal
comfort

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Factors influencing thermal comfort

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Factors influencing thermal comfort

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 The Predicted Mean Vote

(PMV) model stands among the most recognized thermal comfort

models. It was developed using principles of heat balance and
experimental data collected in a controlled climate chamber under
steady state conditions
+3 hot
+2 warm
+1 slightly warm
0 neutral
-1 slightly cold
-2 cold
-3 very cold

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 AIR FILTERS
1. STANDARD FILTERS

• In order to not
contaminate
building spaces,
filters must be
inspected
periodically, of the
proper thickness,
stored and used
properly, correctly
installed, and
handled correctly
when replacing.
AIR FILTERS
2. CARBON FILTERS

• A carbon filter
uses an
activated
carbon-filtering
medium to
remove most
odors, gases,
smoke, and
smog from the
air by means of
an adsorption
process.
AIR FILTERS
3. UV FILTERS

• Ultraviolet (UV)
air-cleaner
systems kill
biological
contaminants
using a specific
light wavelength
(approximately
450 nanometers)
not visible to the
human eye.
AIR FILTERS
4. HEPA FILTERS
 Air Filtration
 High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter. A
filter with an efficiency over 99.97% of 0.3 μm
particles.
 HEPA filter is one of the main component of health
care facilities HAVC system.
 2nd Filter Bank in most AHU is HEPA filter
HVAC INFECTION PREVENTION IN OPERATING
THEATRES
Air Flow Pattern
Laminar Flow with Air Curtains
HVAC INFECTION PREVENTION IN OPERATING
THEATRES

 Air Flow Pattern (Cont.):

VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE

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REF: AUDITAC TRAINING PACKAGE

VAPOR COMPRESSION CYCLE

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 AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN STEPS
• Study of Arch plans
• Selection of HVAC Systems
• Cooling Load and ventilation calculations
• Duct design and air distribution of each area
required to have an AC system
• Piping design, if existing
• Equipment sizing which depends on factors like the
area of the space and nature of the place
• Control over AC system such as BMS
• Documentation ( such as Drawings – specs –
buildings – order quantity )
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UNITS CONVERSION :
 1 lb = 0.454 kg
 1 TR = 12,000 Btu/hr = 3.52 kW (power units)
 1 Btu = 1.055 kJ (energy units)
 1 ft = 0.3048 m
 1 m = 3.28 ft
 1 in = 25.4 mm
 Air Flow CFM (ft3/min) – versus L/s and m3/hr
 Air Velocity FPM (ft/min) – versus m/s
 T (˚F) = [T (˚C) * (1.8) ] + 32
212 ˚F = 100 ˚C
77 ˚F = 25 ˚C
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 TUTORIAL (1) - INTRODUCTION:
PIPE SIZES FOR CHILLED WATER

1 inch = 1” = ~2.5 cm

Standard Pipe Sizes: ½”, ¾”, 1”, 1 ¼”, 1 ½”, 2”, 3”, 4”,
6”, 8”, 10”, 12”, 14”, 16”, 18”,
20” .... etc

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TUTORIAL (1) - QUESTIONS:
1. A room has length of 4m. and a width of 6m. ;
find its area in ft2?
2. A public toilet has an area of 12m x 20m and
3.5m in height; find the exhaust air flow CFM
in case of 12ACH rate? Find the same in CMH
and L/s?
3. Using air velocity of maximum 7m/s; find the
air duct dimensions in square inches?
4. Find the dimensions in mm for the previous
duct incase of aspect ratio of 4:1?
5. The above air shall be extracted via 20 square
exhaust registers with 40% blockage ratio; find
the standard size in mm for each register?
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Given that the air velocity at outlet is 500
FPM?
TUTORIAL (1) - QUESTIONS:
6. The exhaust fan used for the above toilet shall
serve three typical toilets and has 0.8” WG static;
find the fan horsepower?
7. Find the cooling capacity in TR for a FCU whose
chilled water flow is 9gpm, water inlet and outlet
temperatures are 440F and 560F? Estimate the pipe
size?
8. For a chilled water plant of 200TR, find the
pumping flow rate if water inlet and outlet
temperature difference is 100F? Hence find the
pumping horsepower in case of 85ft water losses?
Estimate the main pipe size?
9. Repeat the previous problem in case of 50psi
pressure drop?
10. An HVAC equipment of 4 Tons in mass, and
dimensions of 8.5m x 2.3m; find the structure
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weight in terms of kg/m2? And in terms of lb/in2?
 References:
• ASHRAE Applications Handbook (SI), 1999
• Carrier Handbooks
• ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170-2008: Ventilation of Health Care
Facilities.
• 2011 ASHRAE Handbook -HVAC Application (SI)-Health care
Facilities.
• ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality.
• ASHRAE SP-1 Committee, HVAC Design Manual for Hospitals and
Clinics.
• Engineering Guide-Price Critical Environments-Hospital Operation
Rooms
• Guidelines for Prevention TB - Centers for Disease Control &
Prevention
• Indoor Quality Solution – Stationary Engineers
• SPC Heat Pipe Presentation
• NC STATE UNIVERSITY - MECHANICAL & AEROSPACE
ENGINEERING- MAE – 406 - Douglas L. Gunnell, P.E., PEM, CEM -
Gunnell Engineering Services - Clemmons, NC, 2010-3
• AuditAC training package 25