MEP471-2018-Lect 2&3

AIR CONDITIONING COURSE
MEP 471
LECTURE (2&3)
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Dr. Hamdy Ahmed Abotaleb

hamdy.abotaleb@yahoo.com
COURSE CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Psychrometric chart
 Duct Design & Air Distribution
 Cooling load Calculations
 HVAC Systems
 Chilled Water System Design
 Project
2
LECTURE (2&3) MAIN TOPICS:
1. Compare between dry, wet and dew temperatures?
2. Give example for using dew point temperature in
practical life?
3. Compare between air electrical heater and air
cooling coil performance in HVAC systems?
4. Mention five processes that could be obtained
using air washers?
5. Explain with the help of sketches the evaporative
cooling process?
6. Explain with the help of sketches the effect of
hygroscopic material on passing air?
7. Explain with the help of sketches the difference
between cooling coil performance in case of 100%
recirculating air and in case of fresh air mixing?
8. Explain with the help of sketches the aim of
installing reheat coil after the DX cooling coil?
9. Explain with the help of sketches the two stage3
indirect evaporative cooling process?
LECTURE 1: PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS
 Psychrometry: used to describe the field of
engineering concerned with the determination of
physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-
vapor mixtures.
 Psychrometric charts : charts that gives moist air

properties
 Moist air = Dry air(O2 , N2 ….) + water vapour(H2O)
4
AIR PSYCHROMETRICS
5
6
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
6
AIR PSYCHROMETRICS
1. Dry-bulb temperature (DBT)
2. Wet-bulb temperature
3. Relative humidity
4. Humidity contents
5. Dew point temperature
6. Specific enthalpy
7. Specific volume
7
AIR PROPERTIES 8
 Psychrometric properties:
Dry-bulb temperature (DBT):
The dry-bulb temperature is the
temperature indicated by a
thermometer exposed to the air in
a place sheltered from direct solar
radiation.
Wet-bulb temperature (WBT):
The thermodynamic wet-bulb
temperature is a thermodynamic
property of a mixture of air and
water vapor. The value indicated
by a wet-bulb thermometer often
provides an adequate
approximation of the 8
thermodynamic wet-bulb
temperature.
DRY AND WET BULB TEMPERATURE
 DBT = WBT @ SATURATED CONDITIONS.
 DBT > WBT @ NOT SATURATED CONDITIONS.
 DBT ≥ WBT
 Example :
If DBT=41
in dry atmosphere WBT=28
in wet atmosphere WBT=35
 DBT = WBT if air is saturated

9
9
Psychrometric properties:
 Dry-bulb temperature (DBT):
The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature

indicated by a thermometer exposed to the air in a
place sheltered from direct solar radiation.
 Wet-bulb temperature (WBT):
The thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature is a

thermodynamic property of a mixture of air and water
vapor. The value indicated by a wet-bulb thermometer
often provides an adequate approximation of the
thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature.
DBT WBT indication for

41 C 38 C Wet Air
41 C 28 C Dry Air 10
41 C 41 C Saturation
11
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
11
12
13
14
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
14
Humidity
Humidity Relative
Contents Humidity
(w) or (x) (RH) or ()
15
AIR PROPERTIES 16
Humidity ratio
Humidity ratio is usually expressed as mass of moisture per mass of
dry air

• Dry Air and

≤ 30% dry skin of
human
Relative =40-
60%
• Suitable for
human
Humidity • Difficult for
breathing as,
≥ 70% huge amount of
w.v 16
17
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
17
18
19
20
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
20
HUMIDITY RATIO (W)
2/13/2018
 Mass of water vapour for each kg of dry air
21
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)
 Ratio of water vapour mass in air to water
vapour mass required to saturate the air
 For RH=100% ,air is fully saturated that’s why

fog appears
 Comfort range 40 – 60 %
22
 Specific volume
The total volume of both the dry air and water
vapour per kilogram of dry air
For simplicity it may be assumed to be 0.84 m^3/Kg
 Specific enthalpy
The total energy of both the dry air and water

vapour per kilogram of dry air.
23
24
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
24
25
26
27
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
27
AIR PROPERTIES 28
 DEW POINT TEMP.

(DPT): is the temp. of the
surface which the near air
to it begin to condense , so
for avoiding the Dew point
is insulating the pipe .
 Dew point depend on the
atmospheric temp .
 In air conditioning can dew
point happen between the
hot stream (fresh air) and
the cold stream (the
conditioned air in the
room).
 DPT=WBT=DBT ( at 28
saturation)
* At point 1: the DBT
is high so the air
has the capacity to
absorb large amount
of water vapor.
* At point 2: the DBT is
getting lower so
the moisture content
that air can absorb
will decrease.
* At point 3: it’s the
saturation point with the maximum moisture
content that air can handle, below this point the
29
air will condense
30
31
USING THE CHART
32
 According to ASHRAE 55 standards the comfort
zone is in the region from 22 to 27 degree Celsius
and R.H (40% 60%)
33
34
PROCESSES
ON
PSYCHROMETRIC
CHART
34
CLASSIFICATION OF PROCESSES
Load
SENSIBLE Latent
35
Load
SENSIBLE Latent
36
37
38
TYPES OF PROCESSES
39
PROCESSES ON PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
1. Sensible Heating
 Q(heater)= ṁ(h2-h1)
 W1=W2
40
41
PROCESSES ON PSYCHOMETRIC CHART

(PRACTICAL PROCESSES)
41
2. Heating &Humidification
42
During winter it is essential to heat and humidify the room
air for comfort. This is normally done by first sensibly
heating the air and then adding water vapour to the air
stream through steam nozzles
43
PROCESSES ON PSYCHOMETRIC CHART 44
Heating and
humidification:
It is a combined 3
system between the
heating and
humidification for 1 2
achieving by the
process the comfort
zone .
44
3. Evaporative cooling
 Adiabatic
 Water = ṁa(w2-w1)
ALSO CALLED THE DESERT

CONDITIONER THIS
PROCESS IS MADE FOR
HUMIDIFY THE AIR WITH
LOWERING THE
TEMPRETURE OF THE AIR .
• DB2 < DB1
• ADIBATIC PROCESS H =
CONST
• NOT USED IN HUMED 45
REGION
4. HEATING AND
DEHUMIDIFICATION:
DEPENDING ON HEATING AND
LOWERING THE HUMIDITY OF THE
AIR BY “HYGROSCOPIC” MATERIAL
46
4. Heating and dehumidification:
This process can be achieved by using a hygroscopic material, which
adsorbs the water vapor from the moisture. If this process is thermally
isolated, then the enthalpy of air remains constant, as a result the
temperature of air increases as its moisture content decreases as shown.
This hygroscopic material can be a solid or a liquid.(e.g. Silica gel) In
general, the absorption of water by the hygroscopic material is an
exothermic reaction, as a result heat is released during this process,
which is transferred to air.
47
PROCESS IN PSYCHROMETRIC CHART (CONT.)
5. Air Washer:
An air washer is a device for conditioning air. As shown, in an air washer air
comes in direct contact with a spray of water and there will be an exchange of
heat and mass (water vapor) between air and water. The outlet condition of air
depends upon the temperature of water sprayed in the air washer. Hence, by
controlling the water temperature externally, it is possible to control the outlet
conditions of air, which then can be used for air conditioning purposes.
48
a) Cooling and dehumidification: Process O-
A
Tw < DPT. Since the exit enthalpy of air is less
than its inlet value, from energy balance it can be
shown that there is a transfer of total energy
from air to water. Hence to continue the process,
water has to be externally cooled. Here both
latent and sensible heat transfers are from air to
water.
b) Adiabatic saturation: Process O-B
Tw = WBT, here the sensible heat transfer from
air to water is exactly equal to latent heat
transfer from water to air. Hence, no external
cooling or
heating of water is required.
c) Cooling and humidification: DPT < Tw <
WBT.
Here the sensible heat transfer is from air to
water and latent heat transfer is from water to
air, but the total heat transfer is from air to
water, hence, water has to be cooled externally. 49
This is shown by Process O-C
d) Cooling and humidification: WBT < Tw < DBT. Here the sensible
heat transfer is from air to water and latent heat transfer is from water to
air, but the total heat transfer is from water to air, hence, water has to be
heated externally. This is shown by Process O-D
e) Heating and humidification: Tw > DBT. Here both sensible and latent
heat transfers are from water to air, hence, water has to be heated
externally. This is shown by Process O-E.
 Advantages:
Flexible to get different conditions all over the year.
 Disadvantages:
-Need a lot of make up water
-Expensive cooling
50
5. Air Washer
D E
C
A i
51
Air
wash
Make up er
water
For 52
pump For
coolin heatin
g g
53
PROCESSES ON PSYCHOMETRIC CHART

air comes in direct contact with a spray of water .The outlet
condition of air depends on the temperature of water
sprayed in the air washer.
i----a Cooling and dehumidification: tw< tDPT d

c
I----b Cooling and humidification : tw= tWBT b
i----c Cooling and humidification: tDPT< tw< tWB
i----d Cooling and humidification: tWBT< tw< tDBT
i----e Heating and humidification: tw> tDBT
a
Advantage : flexible 53
Disadvantage : more water used & high cost
 i-A
 Cooling and
dehumidification
i
 Twater<dew point A
temp.(DPT)
 Doesn’t need make up

water
54
 i-B
 Cooling and
humidification
B i
 DPT<Twater<WB
55
 i-C
 Cooling and
humidification C
i
 Twater=WB
 h=constant
56
 i-D
 Cooling and D
humidification
i
 WB<Twater<DB
57
 i-E
E
 Heating and
humidification
i
 DB<Twater
58
6. Air mixer :
Mixing of air streams at different states is
commonly encountered in many processes,
including in air conditioning.
Air Mixer
Without with
condensation condensation:
59
6. Air Mixing:
Mixing of air streams at different states is commonly encountered in many
processes, including in air conditioning. Depending upon the state of the
individual streams, the mixing process can take place with or without
condensation of moisture.
60
THE POINT (3) 1

POSITION AND
CHARACTAREST 3
2
ICS IS CLOSE TO
THE POINT
CFM(3) = CFM(1) +
WHICH HAVE CFM(2)
THE HIGHEST
CFM .
61
Mixing of air streams at different states is commonly
encountered in many processes, including in air conditioning
62
 Air mixing
63
 Example on Air mixing
64
Mixing with condensation:
when very cold and dry air mixes with warm air at high relative humidity,
the resulting mixture condition may lie in the two-phase region, as a result
there will be condensation of water vapor and some amount of water will
leave
the system as liquid water. Due to this, the humidity ratio of the resulting
mixture (point 3) will be less than that at point 4. Corresponding to this will
be an increase in temperature of air due to the release of latent heat of
condensation. This process rarely occurs in an air conditioning system, but
this is the phenomenon which results in the formation of fog or frost (if the
mixture temperature is below 0 C). This happens in winter when the cold
air near the earth mixes with the humid and warm air, which develops
towards the evening or after rains.
65
Mixing of air with condensation
when very cold and dry air mixes with warm air at high
relative humidity, the resulting mixture condition may lie
in the two-phase region
66
7. Cooling Coil (100%
Recirculation)
Qs
QL
 TS<TR
 Qs: room sensible
cooling load
 QL: room latent
cooling load
67
 Sensible load is usually much
larger than latent load in
middle east & gulf countries
with exceptions of :
1. Crowded places (ex: lecture R
hall)
2. Closed water pool
S
3. At night when sensible load
considerably decreases
 RSCL=1.1*CFM*(DBR-DBS)
 RLCL=0.68*CFM*(WR-WS)
68
69
70
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
70
• COOLING COIL PROCESS
71
AIR CONDITIONING
 Cooling coil:
o ADP: mean temperature of the coil (apparatus dew
point)
o IF contact factor = 1 so temperature of supply equal
ADP temperature
o Range of contact factor from 80 to 85 %.
o Bypass factor +contact factor = 1
o To reach the supply temperature To ADP temp. the
contact factor of the coil =100%
72
AIR CONDITIONING
73
B.F. = 10%
C.F = 1 – 0.1 = 0.9 74

• 100% AIR RECIRCULATION
75
AIR CONDITIONING
 COMFORT ZONE:
• When make a design we must look at
comfort zone not to exceed it.
76
 Cooling coil :
Any place has two loads :
latent and sensible loads In
our country the most load is COOLING
sensible Latent load places : in COIL
traffic places , classes and
losing swimming pool In night
the principal load is latent
load WITH OUT WITH
 Room sensible cooling load FRESH AIR FRESH AIR
(RSCL) =1.1* CFM * (DB
return – DB supply )
 Room latent cooling
load(RSCL) = 0.68 * CFM *
( W return - W supply ) 77
WITHOUT WITH
FRESH AIR FRESH AIR
FA
ROOM
78
8. Cooling coil with Fresh Air:
 Process includes mixing fresh air with the return.
Fresh air mix with return then coil take mix and cool
it
79
 Cooling coil:
80
• OUTDOOR AIR VENTILATION
81
AIR CONDITIONING
 Psychometric:
82
9. Cooling Coil with Reheat Coil:
When the latent load on the building is high due either to high outside
humidity or due to large ventilation requirements (e.g. hospitals) or due to
high internal latent loads (e.g. presence of kitchen or laundry), then the
simple system discussed above leads to very low coil ADP. A low coil ADP
indicates operation of the refrigeration system at low evaporator
temperatures. Operating the system at low evaporator temperatures
decreases the COP of the refrigeration system leading to higher costs.
Hence a reheat coil is sometimes used so that the cooling coil can be
operated at relatively high ADP, and at the same time the high latent load
can also be taken care of.
83
REHEAT COIL:
IN SOME TIMES THE
POINT “R” GO OUT THE
COOLING COIL
CONDITIONS AND OUT
THE COMFORT ZONE
ROOM
BECAUSE OF AVERY LOW
TEMPRETURE OR VERY
LOW HUMIDITY,SO WE
INSALL A REHEAT COIL
AFTER THE COOLING COIL
.
84
 Reheat coil
85
• REHEAT COIL
86
 Apparatus Dew Point
(ADP)
 If Contact Factor
(CF)=1  Ts = ADP
 CF normally 80-95 %
 Ts>ADP
 By pass factor (BF)

 BF+CF = 1
87
88
REHEAT COIL
Advantages and disadvantages of reheat coil:
 a) Refrigeration system can be operated at
reasonably high evaporator temperatures leading
to high COP and low running cost.
 b) However, mass flow rate of supply air
increases due to reduced temperature rise across
the conditioned space
 c) Wasteful use of energy as air is first cooled to a
lower temperature and then heated. Energy is
required for both cooling as well as reheat coils.
However, this can be partially offset by using
waste heat such as heat rejected at the condenser
for reheating of air.
89
10. WINTER AIR CONDITIONING WITH PRE-HEATER
90
10. WINTER AIR CONDITIONING WITH PRE-HEATER
91
11. INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM
92
12. TWO STAGE INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM
93
12. TWO STAGE INDIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM
94
???
95
PREVIOUS YEAR EXAM
96
PREVIOUS YEAR EXAM
97
PREVIOUS YEAR EXAM
98
PREVIOUS YEAR EXAM
99
TUTORIAL (2) - QUESTIONS:
1. Complete the following table…
Points (1) & (2): Refer to the data given in below table
Points (3): Mixing between 1000 lit/sec of air at 40oC DBT and 28oC WBT with 5000 lit/sec
of air at 25oC DBT and 50% RH
Points (4): Output of cooling coil with ADP of 12oC and 10% by pass; while air enters the coil
at 32oC DBT and 45% RH
Points (5): Output of 2 kW electrical heating coil fed with 500 lit/sec air at 12oC DBT and 8oC
WBT
DBT WBT RH W (kg Enthalp Specific DPT

moist/kg y Volume
(oC) (oC) (%) dry air) (kJ/kg) (m3/kg) (oC)
Point (1) 12 …….. 90 …….. …….. …….. ……..
Point (2) …….. 25 …….. …….. …….. …….. 20
Point (3) …….. …….. …….. …….. …….. …….. ……..
Point (4) …….. …….. …….. …….. …….. …….. ……..
Point (5) …….. …….. …….. …….. …….. …….. ……..100
2. A cold water pipe with a surface temperature
of 11oC passes through a room that is at 24oC
DB. At what RH in the room will moisture
condense on the pipe?
3. Air at 4.5oC DB and 60% RH is heated by an
electric heater to 26oC. Find the DP, WB, and
RH of the air leaving the heater. Draw the
process line on the psychrometric chart.
4. Air initially at 32oC DB and 21oCWB is cooled
and dehumidified to 13oC DB and 12oCWB.
Draw the process line on the psychrometric
chart and find graphically the sensible,
latent, and total heat removed per kilograms101
of dry air.
5. Air flows at 100 kg/min with a dry bulb
temperature of 30oC and wet bulb temperature of
21oC is mixed with another stream at 150 kg/min
with a dry bulb temperature of 24oC and relative
humidity of 30 %. Find the mixed air properties.
6. Air at 25oC dry bulb temperature and 20 %
relative humidity passes through an air washer.
The sprayed water is heated so that the process
is adiabatic. If air exits with 60 % relative
humidity. Find the water injected per unit dry
air mass flow rate.
7. Air with a dry bulb temperature of 25oC and 70%
relative humidity passes over an adiabatic de-
humidifier. If the final dry bulb temperature is
102
32oC, find the amount of water absorbed by the
de-humidifier per unit dry air mass flow rate.
8. A cooling coil cools 2.36m3/s of air from 26.5oC
DB and 70% RH to 14.5oC DB and 13.5oCWB.
Determine the sensible, latent, and total load
on the coil and the kg/s of moisture removed.
9. An air handling unit mixes 0.47m3/s of
outside air at 33.5oC DB and 24oC WB with
1.89m3/s of return air at 25.5oC DB and 45%
RH. Determine the mixed air DB, WB,
enthalpy, and humidity ratio.
10.A space to be maintained at 24oC DB and 50%
RH has a RSCL=33kW and a RLCL = 6.2kW.
An air supply of 2.36m3/s is provided.
Determine the supply air DB and WB. 103
11. A room has a RSCL=5.9kW and a RLCL=
2.6kW. The room design conditions are 25oC
DB and 50% RH. Supply air is delivered at
14.5oC. Determine the required supply air
flow rate in m3/s. What is the supply air WB?
12. Air enters a cooling coil at 27oC DB and 19oC
WB and leaves at 15.5oC DB and 14oC WB.
Determine the coil CF, BF, and effective
surface temperature (ADP).
13. Air at 28oC DB and 19.5oC WB passes
through a coil with a CF of 0.91. The
effective coil surface temperature ADP is
13oC. Determine the DB and WB of the air 104
leaving the coil.
References:
• ASHRAE Applications Handbook (SI), 1999
• Carrier Handbooks
• ASHRAE/ASHE Standard 170-2008: Ventilation of Health Care
Facilities.
• 2011 ASHRAE Handbook -HVAC Application (SI)-Health care
Facilities.
• ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality.
• ASHRAE SP-1 Committee, HVAC Design Manual for Hospitals and
Clinics.
• Engineering Guide-Price Critical Environments-Hospital Operation
Rooms
• Guidelines for Prevention TB - Centers for Disease Control &
Prevention
• Indoor Quality Solution – Stationary Engineers
• SPC Heat Pipe Presentation
• NC STATE UNIVERSITY - MECHANICAL & AEROSPACE
ENGINEERING- MAE – 406 - Douglas L. Gunnell, P.E., PEM, CEM -
Gunnell Engineering Services - Clemmons, NC, 2010-3
• AuditAC training package 105
• Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, by EE IIT, Kharagpur, India, 2008
• Presentations by Students, Graduated on 2014

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AIR CONDITIONING COURSE

Dr. Hamdy Ahmed Abotaleb

 Duct Design & Air Distribution

 Cooling load Calculations

 Chilled Water System Design

 Psychrometric charts : charts that gives moist air

 Moist air = Dry air(O2 , N2 ….) + water vapour(H2O)

 DBT = WBT if air is saturated

The dry-bulb temperature is the temperature

The thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature is a

DBT WBT indication for

• Dry Air and

 For RH=100% ,air is fully saturated that’s why

The total energy of both the dry air and water

 DEW POINT TEMP.

PROCESSES ON PSYCHOMETRIC CHART

ALSO CALLED THE DESERT

PROCESSES ON PSYCHOMETRIC CHART

i----a Cooling and dehumidification: tw< tDPT d

 Doesn’t need make up

THE POINT (3) 1

C.F = 1 – 0.1 = 0.9 74

 By pass factor (BF)

DBT WBT RH W (kg Enthalp Specific DPT

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