SHEARING DEFORMATION:

- Shearing forces cause deformation. An element subjected to shear does

S
not change in length but undergoes a change in shape

O
AM
R
N
O
YN
- The change in angle at the corner of an original rectangular element is

E
called the shear strain and is expressed as;
𝛿 R
R
𝛾=
𝐿
G

- The ratio of the shear stress 𝜏 and the shear strain 𝛾 is called the
N

modulus of elasticity for shear or modulus of rigidity and is denoted

E

as, 𝐺;
 𝜏
𝐺=

S
𝛾

O
- The relationship between the shearing deformation and the applied

AM
shearing force is;
𝑉𝐿 𝜏𝐿
𝛿𝑠 = =

R
𝐴𝑠 𝐺 𝐺

N
where:

O
𝑉 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

YN
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

E
R
Poisson's Ratio: R
When a bar is subjected to tensile loading, there is an increase in
G

length of the bar in the direction of the applied load, but there is
N

also, a change in lateral dimension perpendicular to the load. The ratio

E

Of the sideways deformation (or strain) to the longitudinal deformation

(or strain) is called Poisson’s Ratio and is denoted by, 𝑣 . For most
steel, it lies in the range of 0.25 to 0.30, and 0.20 for concrete.

S
O
AM
R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
 𝜀𝑦 𝜀𝑧
𝑣=− = −
𝜀𝑥 𝜀𝑥

S
where:

O
𝜀𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

AM
𝜀𝑦 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

R
𝜀𝑧 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

N
* The negative sign indicates a decrease in transverse dimension, and

O
𝜀𝑥 is positive

YN
BIAXIAL DEFORMATION:

E
R
If an element is subjected simultaneously by tensile stresses, 𝜎𝑥 and
R
𝜎𝑥
𝜎𝑦 , in the x and y directions, the strain in the x-direction is and
G
𝐸
𝜎𝑦
N

the strain y-direction is . Simultaneously, the stress in the

𝐸
E

x-direction will produce a lateral contraction on the y-direction

 𝑣𝜎𝑦
of the amount −𝑣𝜀𝑦 or −
𝐸
. The resulting strain in the x-direction
will be;

S
O
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜀𝑥 +𝑣𝜀𝑦 𝐸
𝜀𝑥 = − 𝑣 , 𝜎𝑥 =

AM
𝐸 𝐸 1−𝑣 2
𝜎𝑦 𝜎 𝜀𝑦 +𝑣𝜀𝑥 𝐸
𝜀𝑦 = − 𝑣 𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 =

R
𝐸 𝐸 1−𝑣 2

N
TRIAXIAL DEFORMATION:

O
If an element is subjected simultaneously by three mutually

YN
perpendicular normal stresses 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 , 𝜎𝑧 , which are accompanied by

E
strains 𝜀𝑥 , 𝜀𝑦 , 𝜀𝑧 respectively,
1 R
R
𝜀𝑥 = 𝜎𝑥 − 𝑣 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧
𝐸
G

1
𝜀𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 − 𝑣 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧
N

𝐸
E

1
𝜀𝑧 = 𝜎𝑧 − 𝑣 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦
𝐸
Note:
* Tensile stress and elongation are taken as positive. Compressive

S
stress and contraction are taken as negative.

O
AM
Relationships between E, G and 𝒗;

R
𝐸
𝐺=
2 1+𝑣

N
Bulk Modulus of Elasticity or Modulus of Volume Expansion, 𝒌;

O
- Is a measure of a resistance of a material to change in volume without

YN
a change in shape or form;

E
𝐸 𝜎
𝑘= =
R
3 1−2𝑣 ∆𝑉ൗ
𝑉
R
where:
G

𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
N

∆𝑉 = 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
E

∆𝑉Τ = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛

𝑉
 ∆𝑉 𝜎 3 1−2𝑣
= =
𝑉 𝑘 𝐸

S
O
Illustrative Problem:

AM
A rectangular steel block is 3′′ long in the x-direction, 2′′ long in the
y-direction, and 4′′ long in the z-direction. The block is subjected to a

R
triaxial loading of three uniformly distributed forces as follows;

N
48 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 tension in x-direction, 60 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 compression in the y-direction, and

O
54 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 tension in the z-direction. If 𝑣 = 0.30 and 𝐸 = 29𝑥106 psi, determine

YN
The single uniformly distributed load in the x-direction that would

E
produce the same deformation in the y-direction as the original loading
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:
R
R
𝑥 = 3′′ 𝐹𝑥 = 48 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑇
G

𝑦 = 2′′ 𝐹𝑦 = 60 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝐶
N

z = 4′′
E

𝐹𝑧 = 54 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑇
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Illustrative Problem:
A 150 mm long bronze tube closed at its ends is 80 mm in diameter and

S
has a wall thickness of 3 mm. It fits without clearance in an 80 mm hole

O
AM
in a rigid block. The tube is then subjected to an internal pressure of
1
4.0 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Assuming 𝑣 = and 𝐸 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎, determine the tangential stress in

R
3
the tube.

N
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛: 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑:

O
𝜌 = 4.0 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝜎𝑥

YN
𝐷 = 80 𝑚𝑚

E
𝑡 = 3 𝑚𝑚
𝑣=
1
R
R
3
G

𝐸 = 83 𝐺𝑃𝑎
N

𝐿 = 150 𝑚𝑚
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Illustrative Problem:
The 50 mm rubber rod is placed in a hole with a rigid lubricated walls.

S
There is no clearance between the rod and the sides of the hole.

O
AM
Determine the change in the length of the rod when the 8 𝑘𝑁 load is
applied. Use 𝐸 = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝑣 = 0.45 for rubber.

R
N
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛:

O
𝑃 = 8 𝑘𝑁

YN
𝐷 = 50 𝑚𝑚

E
𝐿 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝐸 = 40 𝑀𝑃𝑎
R
R
𝑣 = 0.45
G

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑: ∆𝐿
N
E
Illustrative Problem:
A standard tension test is used to determine the properties of an

S
5

O
experimental plastic. The test specimen is a − 𝑖𝑛 diameter rod and it
8

AM
is subjected to 800 𝑙𝑏 tensile force. If an elongation of 𝛿𝐿 =0.45 𝑖𝑛 and a
decrease in diameter of 𝛿𝐷 = 0.025 𝑖𝑛 are observed in a 5-in gage length,

R
determine;

N
a) the modulus of elasticity of the material

O
b) the Poisson’s ratio of the material

YN
c) the modulus of rigidity of the material

E
R
R
G
N
E
E
N
G
R
R
E
YN
O
N
R
AM
O
S
Problem Set No. 01:
A 2-m length of an aluminum pipe 240-mm outer diameter and 10-mm wall

S
O
thickness is used as a short column and carries a centric load of 640 𝑘𝑁.

AM
If 𝐸 = 73 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝑣 = 0.33, determine;
a) the change in the length of the pipe

R
b) the change in its outer diameter

N
c) the change in its wall thickness

O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Problem Set No. 02:
A 20-mm square has been scribed on the side of a large steel pressure

S
O
vessel. After pressurization, the biaxial stress condition of the

AM
is as shown. Using 𝐸=200 𝐺𝑃𝑎 and 𝑣=0.30, determine the percent change
in the slope of diagonal DB due to the pressurization of the vessel.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Problem Set No. 03:
The rectangular block of material of length 𝐿 and cross-sectional area

S
O
𝐴 fits snugly between two rigid, lubricated walls. Derive the

AM
the expression for the change in length of the block due to the axial
load 𝑃.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E
Problem Set No. 04:
Two 1.75-in thick rubber pads are bonded to three steel plates to form

S
the shear mount as shown in the figure. Determine the displacement of

O
the middle plate when the 1200-lb load is applied. Consider the

AM
the deformation of the rubber only. Use 𝐸 = 500 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and 𝑣 = 0.48 for rubber.

R
N
O
YN
E
R
R
G
N
E