Graphical Presentation of Data

 Graphical Presentation of Data.

Another way of presenting data is through diagrams or graphs.

1. Bar Chart
▪ the simplest and most commonly used graphical representation of a frequency
distribution.
▪ the most common presentation for nominal, categorical or discrete data.
▪ displays the count for each distinct value or category as a separate bar, allowing
us to compare categories visually.
▪ In a bar chart, a bar shows each category, the length of which represents the
amount, frequency, or percentage of values falling into a category
Graphical Presentation of Data

Example. Construct a bar chart for the levels of risk of mutual funds based on the following
information.

There are more high-risk funds (346) than low-risk or

average-risk funds. There are about the same number of
average-risk funds as low-risk funds.
Graphical Presentation of Data

Component Bar Chart

▪ used when there is a desire to show a total or aggregate divided into its
component parts.
▪ the bars represent total value of a variable with each total broken into its
component parts and different colors are used for identification.
Graphical Presentation of Data

Example: Construct component bar chart for the following data.

Graphical Presentation of Data

2. Pie Chart
▪ used to show the percentage break down of data.
▪ displays the contribution of parts to a whole.
▪ each slice of a pie chart corresponds to a group defined by a single grouping variable.
▪ the scale axis can be labeled either by frequency counts or percentages
Graphical Presentation of Data

3. Histogram
▪ most common graphical presentation of a frequency distribution for numerical data.
▪ It uses a series of adjacent bars in which the width of each bar represents the class width and the heights
represent the frequency or relative frequency of the class.
▪ It is used for grouped data in which the class boundaries are marked on the X axis and the frequencies are
marked along the Y axis.
Graphical Presentation of Data

4. Frequency Polygon
▪ graph that consists of line segments connecting the intersection of the class marks and the
frequencies of a continuous frequency distribution.
▪ It can also be constructed from histogram by joining the midpoints of each bar.
▪ It is also called frequency curve if the points are joined by a smooth free hand sketch

Example: Construct a frequency polygon using the same data above (score of 56 students).