Jawapan Bab 3

B
BA 4 × 0.5 × 6.02 × 1023
3
Konsep Mol, Formula dan
Persamaan Kimia (iii) 2.5
The Mole Concept, Chemical Formula and Equation 2.5 × 6.02 × 1023
(iv) 6 × 3.5 × 6.02 × 1023
3.1 Jisim Atom Relatif dan Jisim Molekul Relatif (c) (i) 2 × 6.02 × 1023
Relative Atomic Mass and Relative Molecular Mass
(ii) 1.6
1 5 × 1.6 × 6.02 × 1023
1. (a) atom unsur, / atom of the element, 1 (iii) 0.4
12 12
0.4 × 6.02 × 1023
(b) molekul, 1 / molecule, 12
1
12 (iv) 5 × 6.02 × 1023
3 × 5 × 6.02 × 1023
(c) bahan ion, 1 / ionic substance, 1
12 12
3. (a) 0.6 (b) 0.5 (c) 36.5 (d) 71
2. (b) ✓ (c) ✓ (d) ✓ (e) 1.5 (f ) 135
3. (a) 14 + 3(1) = 17 4. (a) 6.72 dm3
(b) 12 + 1 + 3(35.5) = 119.5 (b) 0.005
(c) 2(1) + 16 = 18 (c) 36 dm3
(d) 27 +3[14 + 3(16)] = 213 (d) 0.025
(e) 2(39) + 32 + 4(16) = 174 (e) 78.4 dm3
(f ) 40 + 2(16 + 1) = 74
5. (a) Bilangan mol
4. Jisim molekul relatif X2O3 = 160 Number of moles
Relative molecular mass of X2O3
=1.806 × 1024
X2O3 = 160
6.02 × 1023
2X + 3(16) = 160
= 3 mol
2X + 48 = 160
2X = 112 (b) Bilangan mol
Number of moles
X = 56
Jisim atom relatif bagi logam X ialah 56. = 3 × [12 + 2(16)]
Relative atomic mass of metal X is 56. = 132 g
(c) Jisim
Mass
3.2 Konsep Mol
Mole Concept =3×2
= 6 mol
1. (a) Mol (d) Isi padu
Mole
Volume
(b) Jisim molar = 3 × 22.4
Molar mass
= 67.2 dm3
(c) Isi padu molar
Molar volume
(d) Nombor Avogadro 3.3 Formula Kimia
Avogadro’s number Chemical Formula

2. (a) (i) 0.4 1. (a) huruf, subskrip

(ii) 1.5 × 6.02 × 1023 letters, subscripts
(iii) 0.025 × 6.02 × 1023 (b) teringkas
(iv) 2.5 simplest

(b) (i) 0.2 (c) sebenar

actual
(ii) 0.5 × 6.02 × 1023

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 Kimia Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

2. 4. Mentafsir data / Interpreting data:

Nisbah Unsur Kuprum, Cu Oksigen, O
Formula molekul bagi Formula
paling ringkas Element Copper, Cu Oxygen, O
sebatian empirik
Molecular formula
bilangan atom Empirical
Simplest ratio of Jisim unsur (g) 5.54 – 4.90 5.70 – 5.54
of compound formula Mass of element (g) = 0.64 = 0.16
number of atoms
C: H :O Bilangan mol 0.64 = 0.01 0.16 = 0.01
(a) Glukosa, C6H12O6
6 : 12 : 6 CH2O Number of moles 64 16
Glucose, C6H12O6
1: 2 :1 Nisbah mol
C :H teringkas 1 1
(b) Naftalena, C10H8 Simplest moles ratio
10 : 8 C5H4
Naphthalene, C10H8
5 : 4
Perbincangan / Discussion
(c) Hidrazin, N2H4
N :H (a) hitam, hidrogen, perang
2 :4 NH2 black, hydrogen, brown
Hydrazine, N2H4
1 :2 (b) kuprum, oksigen, kuprum(II) dioksida
copper, oxygen, copper(II) oxide
(d) Asid etanoik,
C : H : O (c) pemanasan, penyejukan, kuprum(II) dioksida,
CH3COOH
2 : 4 : 2 CH2O kuprum
Ethanoic acid,
1 : 2 : 1 heating, cooling, copper(II) oxide, copper
CH3COOH
Kesimpulan / Conclusion
C : H : N : O
(e) Kafein, C8H10N4O2 (d) CuO / CuO
8 : 10 : 4 : 2 C4H5N2O
Caffeine, C8H10N4O2
4 : 5 : 2 : 1 5.
Unsur Kalsium, Ca Karbon, C Oksigen, O
(f ) Gas ammonia, NH3 N: H Element Calcium, Ca Carbon, C Oxygen, O
NH3
Ammonia gas, NH3 1:3
Jisim (%)
40 12 48
Mass (%)
3. Mentafsir data / Interpreting data:
Bilangan mol
Unsur Magnesium, Mg Oksigen, O atom 40 = 1 12 = 1 48 = 3
Element Magnesium, Mg Oxygen, O Number of moles 40 12 16
of atom

Jisim unsur (g) 256.29 – 250.05 260.45 – 256.29 Nisbah mol

1 1 3
Mole ratio
Mass of element (g) = 6.24 = 4.16
Formula empirik
CaCO3
6.24 = 0.26 4.16 = 0.26 Empirical formula
Bilangan mol
Number of moles 24 16
6.
Nisbah mol Oksigen, O
Unsur / Element M
teringkas 1 1 Oxygen, O
Simplest moles ratio Jisim (g) / Mass (g) 5.4 x
Perbincangan / Discussion: Bilangan mol atom 5.4 = 0.2 x
(a) reaktif, magnesium oksida Number of moles
of atom
27 16
reactive, magnesium oxide
(b) kertas pasir, lapisan oksida Nisbah mol
sandpaper, oxide layer 2 2
Mole ratio
(c) oksigen, magnesium
oxygen, magnesium x
(d) magnesium oksida × 2 = 0.3 × 3
16
magnesium oxide 2x = 0.6
Kesimpulan / Conclusion 16
(e) MgO / MgO 2x = 9.6
x = 4.8

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 Kimia Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

7. (a) Anion / Anion Formula anion / Formula of anion

Unsur Karbon, C Hidrogen, H Oksigen, O (a) Ion hidroksida
Element Carbon, C Hydrogen, H Oxygen, O OH–
Hydroxide ion
Jisim (%) (b) Ion klorida
26.7 2.2 71.7 Cl–
Mass (%) Chloride ion
Bilangan mol (c) Ion bromida
Br–
atom 26.7 = 2.23 2.2 = 2.2 71.7 = 4.481 Bromide ion
Number of moles 12 1 16 (d) Ion iodida
I–
of atom Iodide ion
(e) Ion manganat(VII)
Nisbah mol 2.23 = 1 2.2 = 1 4.48 = 2 MnO4–
Manganate(VII) ion
Mole ratio 2.2 2.2 2.2
(f ) Ion nitrat
NO3–
Formula empirik Nitrate ion
CHO2
Empirical formula (g) Ion etanoat
CH3COO–
Ethanoate ion
(b) Anggapkan formula molekul sebatian (h) Ion sulfat
Assume that the molecular formula of compound SO42–
Sulphate ion
W = (CHO2)n (i) Ion karbonat
CO32–
(CHO2)n = 90 Carbonate ion
[12 + 1 + 2(16)]n = 90 (j) Ion plumbum(II)
S2O32–
Lead(II) ion
45n = 90
(k) Ion kromat(VI)
n =2 Chromate(VI) ion
CrO42–
Maka, formula molekul sebatian W (l) Ion dikromat(VI)
Hence, the molecular formula of compound W Cr2O72–
Dichromate(VI) ion
(CHO2)2 = C2H2O4 (m) Ion nitride
N3–
8. Nitride ion
(n) Ion fosfat
Kation / Cation Formula kation / Formula of cation PO43–
Phosphate ion
(a) Ion hidrogen
H+ 9.
Hydrogen ion
(b) Ion litium Sebatian ion Formula kimia
Li+ Ionic compound Chemical formula
Lithium ion
(c) Ion natrium (a) Magnesium sulfat
Na+ MgSO4
Sodium ion Magnesium sulphate
(d) Ion kalium (b) Zink nitrat
K+ Zn(NO3)2
Potassium ion Zinc nitrate
(e) Ion argentum (c) Kalium oksida
Ag+ K2O
Silver ion Potassium oxide
(f ) Ion ammonium (d) Kuprum(II) sulfat
NH4+ CuSO4
Ammonium ion Copper(II) sulphate
(g) Ion magnesium (e) Kalsium karbonat
Mg2+ CaCO3
Magnesium ion Calcium carbonate
(h) Ion zink (f ) Argentum nitrat
Zn2+ AgNO3
Zinc ion Silver nitrate
(i) Ion kalsium (g) Natrium hidroksida
Ca2+ NaOH
Calcium ion Sodium hydroxide
(j) Ion plumbum(II) (h) Kalium klorida
Pb2+ KCl
Lead(II) ion Potassium chloride
(k) Ion kuprum(II) (i) Ferum(II) sulfat
Cu2+ FeSO4
Copper(II) ion Iron(II) sulphate
(l) Ion ferum(II) (j) Plumbum(II) iodida
Fe2+ PbI2
Iron(II) ion Lead(II) iodide
(m) Ion ferum(III) (k) Litium hidroksida
Fe3+ LiOH
Iron(III) ion Lithium hydroxide
(n) Ion mangan(II) (l) Barium nitrat
Mn2+ Ba(NO3)2
Manganese(II) ion Barium nitrate
(o) Ion aluminium (m) Ammonium fosfat
Al3+ (NH4)3PO4
Aluminium ion Ammonium phosphate
(p) Ion kromium(III) (n) Aluminium nitrat
Cr3+ Al(NO3)3
Chromium(III) ion Aluminium nitrate

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 Kimia Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

10. Persamaan Kimia

3.4
Sebatian molekul Formula kimia Chemical Equation
Molecular compound Chemical formula
(a) Air 1. (a) 2Mg(p) + O2(g) → 2MgO(p)
H2O 2Mg(s) + O2(g) → 2MgO(s)
Water
(b) Ammonia (b) 2Na(p) + 2H2O(ce) → 2NaOH(ak) + H2(g)
NH3
Ammonia 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
(c) Karbon dioksida (c) Zn(p) + 2HCl(ak) → ZnCl2(ak) + H2(g)
CO2
Carbon dioxide
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(d) Hidrogen klorida
HCl (d) CuCO3(p) → CuO(p) + CO2(g)
Hydrogen chloride
CuCO3(s) → CuO(s) + CO2(g)
(e) Sulfur dioksida
SO2
Sulphur dioxide (e) AgNO3(ak) + NaCl(ak) → AgCl(p) + NaNO3(ak)
(f ) Nitrogen dioksida AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
NO2
Nitrogen dioxide
2. Bilangan mol zink karbonat
(g) Gas oksigen Number of moles of zinc carbonate
O2
Oxygen gas
= 50
(h) Gas hidrogen
Hydrogen gas
H2 65 + 12 + 3(16)

11. = 50
125
Sebatian ion Nama = 0.4 mol
Ionic compound Name
ZnCO3 : CO2
Natrium klorida
(a) NaCl 1 mol : 1 mol
Sodium chloride
0.4 mol : 0.4 mol
Kalium bromida
(b) KBr
Potassium bromide Isi padu gas karbon dioksida
Aluminium klorida Volume of carbon dioxide gas
(c) AlCl3 = 0.4 mol × 24 dm3 mol–1
Aluminium chloride
Ammonium nitrat = 9.6 dm3
(d) NH4NO3
Ammonium nitrate
(e) Ca(OH)2
Kalsium hidroksida PRAKTIS SPM 3
Calcium hydroxide
(f ) MgCO3
Magnesium karbonat KERTAS 1
Magnesium carbonate
Zink sulfat 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. D
(g) ZnSO4 6. B 7. B
Zinc sulphate
Argentum iodida
(h) AgI
Silver iodide KERTAS 2
Sebatian molekul Nama Bahagian A
Molecular compound Name 1. (a) Formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah
Karbon monoksida teringkas bilangan mol atom bagi setiap
(a) CO
Carbon monoxide unsur dalam suatu sebatian.
Sulfur trioksida Chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of number
(b) SO3 of moles of atom for each element in a compound.
Sulphur trioxide
Disulfur diklorida (b) P: Magnesium / Mg // Aluminium / Al
(c) S2Cl2 P lebih reaktif daripada hidrogen
Disulphur dichloride
Karbon tetraklorida P is more reactive than hydrogen
(d) CCl4
Carbon tetrachloride Q: Kuprum / Copper
Dihidrogen monoksida Q kurang reaktif daripada hidrogen
(e) H2O
Dihydrogen monoxide Q is less reactive than hydrogen
Nitrogen monoksida
(f ) NO
Nitrogen monoxide
Boron triklorida
(g) BCl3
Boron trichloride
Dinitrogen trioksida
(h) N2O3
Dinitrogen trioxide

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 Kimia Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

(c) (i) (ii) Anggapkan formula molekul sebatian Q

Unsur = (CH2)n
P O Assume that the molecular formula of compound Q = (CH2)n
Element
1.08 = 0.04 0.96 = 0.06
(CH2)n = 42
Bilangan mol
Number of moles 27 16 [12 + 2(1)]n = 42
14n = 42
Nisbah mol atom 0.04 = 1 0.06 = 1.5
n = 3
Mole ratio of atom 0.04 0.04
(CH2)n = (CH2)3 = C3H6
Nisbah mol teringkas
Simplest mole ratio
1×2=2 1.5 × 2 = 3 Maka, formula molekul bagi sebatian Q
ialah C3H6.
Formula empirik Therefore, the molecular formula of compound Q is
P2O3
Empirical formula C3H6.
(c) • Peratus nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam
(ii) Kaedah II / Method II
NH4NO3 / Percentage of nitrogen by mass in
Bahagian B NH4NO3
2. (a) (i) Formula yang menunjukkan bilangan = 2(14) × 100% = 35%
sebenar atom bagi setiap unsur di dalam 80
• Peratus nitrogen mengikut jisim dalam
sebatian. CO(NH2)2 / Percentage of nitrogen by mass in
Formula that shows the actual number of atoms of
each element in the compound. CO(NH2)2
(ii) • 
Formula empirik bagi asid askorbik = 2(14) × 100% = 46.67%
ialah C3H4O3. 60
Empirical formula of ascorbic acid is C3H4O3. • Urea, CO(NH2)2 ialah baja yang lebih baik
• Satu molekul asid askorbik mengandungi untuk pertumbuhan tanaman.
6 atom karbon, 8 atom hidrogen dan 6 • Kerana peratus nitrogen mengikut
atom oksigen. jisim dalam urea lebih tinggi daripada
 molecule of ascorbic acid contains 6 carbon
A
ammonium nitrat.
atoms, 8 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms.
Urea, CO(NH2)2 is the better fertiliser for the growth
• Jisim molekul relatif bagi asid askorbik: of the plants.
6(12) + 8(1) + 6(16) = 176 Because the percentage of nitrogen by mass in urea
R
 elative molecular mass of ascorbic acid: is higher than ammonium nitrate.
6(12) + 8(1) + 6(16) = 176
(b) (i) (d) • Persamaan kimia / Chemical equation:
CuCO3 → CuO + CO2
Unsur Karbon, C Hidrogen, H
Element Carbon, C Hydrogen, H
• Bilangan mol bagi 24.8 g CuCO3 // Number
of moles of 24.8 g CuCO3
Jisim (%)
Mass (%)
85.71 14.29 = 24.8 = 0.2 mol
124
Bilangan mol atom 85.71 = 7.1425 14.29 = 14.29 • Daripada persamaan kimia, 1 mol CuCO3
Number of moles of atom 12 1 menghasilkan 1 mol CO2, maka 0.2 mol
Nisbah mol teringkas 7.1425 = 1 14.29 = 2 CuCO3 menghasilkan 0.2 mol CO2.
Simplest mole ratio 7.1425 7.1425 From the chemical equation, 1 mole of CuCO3
Formula empirik produces 1 mole of CO2, thus 0.2 mole of CuCO3
CH2 produces 0.2 mole of CO2.
Empirical formula
• Isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang
dihasilkan / Volume of carbon dioxide gas
produced

= 0.2 × 24 dm3
= 4.8 dm3

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 Kimia Tingkatan 4 Jawapan

Bahagian C
3. (a) Fokus KBAT
Formula molekul Formula empirik
Molecular formula Empirical formula
• Menunjukkan unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam
1. Bilangan mol ammonia, NH3
sebatian. Number of moles of ammonia, NH3
Show the elements present in a compound. 1.5
• Menunjukkan nisbah atom bagi setiap unsur dalam = = 0.088 mol (berlebihan / in excess)
14 + 3(1)
sebatian.
Show the ratio of atoms of each element in a compound. Bilangan mol oksigen, O2
Number of moles of oxygen, O2
Menunjukkan bilangan Menunjukkan nisbah atom
2.75
atom sebenar setiap unsur paling ringkas bagi setiap = = 0.086 mol (terhad / limited)
dalam sebatian unsur dalam sebatian.
2(16)
Shows the actual number of atoms Shows the simplest ratio of 5 O2 : 4 NO
of each element in a compound atoms of each element in a 5 mol : 4 mol
compound. 0.086 mol : 0.069 mol
(b) (i) Jisim nitrogen monoksida, NO
Eksperimen Mass of nitrogen monoxide, NO
I II = 0.069 mol × (14 + 16) g mol–1
Experiment
Persamaan • Melibatkan pemanasan = 2.07 g
Similarities Involves heating 5 O2 : 6 H2O
• Tindak balas melibatkan gas dan pepejal 5 mol : 6 mol
Reaction involves gas and solid
0.086 mol : 0.103 mol
Perbezaan • Logam bertindak • Oksida logam
Differences
Jisim air, H2O / Mass of water, H2O
balas dengan gas bertindak balas
oksigen dengan gas
= 0.103 mol × [2(1) + 16] g mol–1
Metal reacts with hidrogen = 1.85 g
oxygen gas Metal oxide reacts
• Oksida logam with hydrogen gas
2. Bilangan mol kalsium nitrat, Ca(NO3)2
terbentuk • Logam terbentuk
Number of moles of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2
Metal oxide is Metal is formed
formed • Jisim bahan tindak 820
=
• Jisim bahan balas berkurang 40 + 2[14 + 3(16)]
tindak balas Mass of reactant = 5 mol
bertambah decreases
Mass of reactant Ca(NO3)2 : NH4NO3
increases 1 mol : 2 mol
Contoh • Kuprum(II) oksida 5 mol : 10 mol
Example // Stanum(II) oksida Jisim maksimum ammonium nitrat, NH4NO3
–
Copper(II) oxide // Maximum mass of ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3
Tin(II) oxide
= 10 mol × [14 + 4(1) + 14 + 3(16)] g mol–1
(ii) = 800 g
Unsur Magnesium, Mg Oksigen, O
Element Magnesium, Mg Oxygen, O
Jisim (g)
x–z y–x
Mass (g)
Bilangan mol atom (x − z) (y − x)
Number of moles of atom 24 16
• (x − z) mol magnesium bertindak
24
balas dengan (y − x) mol oksigen.
16
(x − z) moles of magnesium react with (y − x)
24 16
moles of oxygen.
• Maka, formula empirik ialah
(x − z) (y − x)
Mg( 24
)
O( 16
)
.
(x − z) (y − x)
Hence, the empirical formula is Mg( 24
) (
O 16
)
.

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