INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY • Hyperfunction – hypersensitivity (Example:

allergies).
• Immunology – the study of reaction of the body in • Homeostasis – “Balance” (equilibrium of the body).
response to an “invading pathogen” such as foreign
substances introduced to the body (fungi, bacteria, ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
parasite, and allergen).
o Allergens – substance that cause allergies. NATURALLY ACQUIRED ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED

• Antigen – such foreign substances that induce a host

ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
response
• Immune system – a system of pathways that will Your body
Live;
provide: creates its Your body doesn't
create your own Attenuated
Antibodies are
injected.
own
o Detection of self vs. non-self. antibodies antibodies. vaccine

o Recognize; respond to; or destroy of foreign

substances. Example: Example: Example: Example: Anti-
Recovery Vaccination toxins; Anti-
• Immunity – State of being resistant to infection from
Placental
transfer of venom
diseases.
o Latin “immunis” means “to be free” (from antibodies from
mother;
infection). Colostrum

o Capacity of an animal to recognize “self from

non-self” *Naturally acquired active immunity.
o Good immunity is resistant to disease.
o Weak immunity susceptible to disease. • Given antibodies will runout.
• Non-specific Immunity/Innate • Making your own antibodies will last for a lifetime.
o (First line of defense) innate; natural
NOTABLE INDIVIDUALS
protection against all infection causing
agents. 1. Edward Jenner
▪ Cilia • Successfully prevent infection with smallpox by
▪ Mucous membrane injecting a less harmful substance, Cowpox, from
▪ Coughing a disease affecting cows.
▪ Sneezing 2. Louis Pasteur
▪ Intact skin • Pasteurization
▪ Sebaceous gland • Live, attenuated (weakened) vaccine.
▪ Tears 3. Emil Von Behring
▪ Acidic pH • Humoral Theory of Immunity
• Second Line of Defense • Humoral – liquid or fluids that travel through
1. Phagocytic Cells blood.
▪ Neutrophils 4. Robert Koch
▪ Macrophage
• Delayed type hypersensitivity
2. Complement
• Koch’s postulates
▪ Series of protein will aid.
5. Paul Ehrlich
3. Enzyme
• Antibody Formation Theory
▪ Lysozyme – secreted by the
6. Jonas Salk
neutrophil that will lyze the bacteria.
▪ Interferon – interfere the pathway • Polio vaccine
of viruses. 7. Rosaline Yalow
• Specific • Radio immunoassay – detection of radioactive
o Third line of defense isotopes.
o Antibodies against existing pathogen. TYPES OF VACCINES
• Not defense mechanism but will contribute to
immunity: • Live Organism Vaccines
o Physiologic factor affecting immunity: o Living; presenting the disease with no
▪ Age alterations to it.
▪ Body temperature o Not used in modern day.
▪ Oxygen tension saturation o Example: Vaccinia vaccine of Smallpox
❖ Block anaerobic bacteria • Live Attenuated Vaccines
growth. o Weakened (by applying chemical
▪ Humoral balance changes) living pathogen.
o There is a possible chance of reversion
SPECIFIC IMMUNITY o (pathogen is back to its virulence state)
• Autoimmune disease – disorder where the body’s o Reversion is unlikely or the possibility is
own tissue attacks itself. low enough.
o Example: HIV, a virus causing AIDS; and o Virulence – pathogen’s ability to cause
diabetes mellitus type 1 changes in the body.
o Example: Oral Polio Vaccine and MMR
• Hypofunction – increased susceptibility to disease.
vaccine (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella)

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 – these two are both live attenuated
vaccines.
• Killed Organisms Vaccines
o No risk of getting sick.
o Particularly used for pathogens that are
extremely contagious and fatal.
o Example:
▪ Vaccine for Bordetella pertussis
that causes whooping cough.
▪ Parenteral Polio Vaccine
▪ Rabies vaccine
▪ Japanese B encephalitis
vaccine
▪ Influenza vaccine
▪ Typhoid vaccine
• Toxoids Vaccines
o Vaccines against toxins that produces
from pathogen.
o Destroys toxicity of the toxin.
o Example:
▪ Tetanus – caused by
Clostridium tetani which
produces a toxin called
tetanospasmin.
▪ Diphtheria caused
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
which produces diphtheria
toxin.
▪ DPT (Diphtheria, pertussis,
tetanus) vaccine – a one-time
big-time shot.
• Recombinant Vaccines
o Uses gene splicing to recreate the
pathogen without virulence factor.
o No risk of reversion.
o Example:
▪ Plasma-derived Hepa B
▪ Yeast-derived Hepa B
▪ Herpes simplex – virus that is
sexually transmitted.
▪ Influenza vaccine – a yearly
vaccine; vaccine against a
popular strain of previous year.
• Synthetic Vaccines
o To recreate simply the epitope seen by
the antibody.
o Example:
▪ Malaria vaccine
▪ Diphtheria vaccine
▪ Hepa B vaccine
o These three are prophylaxis or a
preventive measure.
• Anti-Idiotypic Vaccine
o Vaccine against unknown antigen.
o ‘’Idio” means we don’t know why it is like
that.
o Example: Hepa B vaccine
• RNA/mRNA Vaccine
o Injecting the literal blueprint to produce
specific antigen.
o Example: Moderna vaccine and Pfizer
vaccine
• Disadvantage: there is a miniscule change of being
sick when treated with vaccine. For example, the
patient is allergic to the vaccine
CELLS OF INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• Leukocytes in peripheral blood plays key role in both
innate and adaptive immunity. Leukocytes defend
against invasion by bacteria, virus, fungi, and other
foreign substances.
• Five principal types of leukocytes in peripheral blood:
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and
lymphocytes.
• The first four are all part of innate immunity, while
lymphocytes are considered part of adaptive
immunity.
Neutrophil (Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs))
• 50-70% of total peripheral WBC in adults.
• Segmented and Band form:
• Phagocytosis – kill of foreign substances through:
o An enzyme Myeloperoxidase (MPO)
through respiratory burst/oxidative burst.
o H2O2 MPO
H2O + O2
• Lysozyme or Muramidase
o Found in tears.
o Present if primary and secondary granules of
neutrophil that will degrade the bacterial cell
wall.
• Lactoferrin
o Iron-binding glycoprotein that will competes
with bacteria for available iron in the body.
o Promotes PMN adherence to the endothelial
cells.
Eosinophils
• Combats parasites.
• Major Basic Protein rich in Arginine which plays
major role in killing parasite.
• Has a role in allergic reaction which lessens the
hypersensitivity/allergic reaction by releasing amine
oxidase which neutralize histamine.
o A mechanism of action of medicine used for
allergic reactions such as anti-histamine.
Basophil
• Has dark purple granules which obscure the bilobed
nucleus.
• Constituents of these granules are:
o Histamine
o Cytokines
o Growth factor
o Small amount of heparin
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 • Chemotactic Factor A – signals it sends to other Secondary Lymphoid Organs
cells.
o Chemotaxis – a purposeful movement of • Provide a location where contact with foreign antigens
cell. can occur.
a. Spleen
Monocytes b. Peyer’s patches
c. Lymph nodes
• Largest in peripheral blood. d. Appendix
• Capable of migrating to the tissue (in which they are e. Tonsils
now called macrophage). f. Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
• As monocyte or macrophage, it can do phagocytosis (MALT)
in which they secrete cell mediators.
o The concept: Macrophage after eliminating
threat, it will get the antigen and present it to
the cell that produce antibodies. Perform
antigen presentation.

TISSUE CELLS

Mast cells

• Tissue based basophil

• Relatively long live (9-18 months survival period)

Dendritic cells

• Most potent phagocyte cells in the tissue.

INNATE LYMPHOID CELLS AND NATURAL KILLER CELLS

Natural Killer Cells

• That kills the target cells (pathogens) without prior to

exposure in pathogen.
• Associated with two antigens of its own: CD16 and
CD56

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Lymphocyte

• Produce antibody (B-lymphocyte and T-lymphocyte)

• B Lymphocytes
o Stays in the bone marrow.
o Programmed to produce unique antibody
molecules.
• T Lymphocytes
o They differentiate in the thymus.
o Thymocytes – lymphocyte precursors which
enter the thymus from the bone marrow
through the bloodstream.
o Three main subtypes distinguished
according to unique functions:
a. Helper T Cells (Th)
b. Cytotoxic T Cells (Tc)
c. Regulatory T Cells (Treg)

ORGANS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM

Primary Lymphoid Organs

• Where maturation of B lymphocytes and T

lymphocytes takes place.
o Bone marrow
o Thymus

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