ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

This passage discusses the economic developments in the Philippines during the 19th century,
particularly focusing on the growth of an export economy and its impact on society, which is
essential for understanding the context of Jose Rizal's nationalist thought. Here's a b sda
reakdown:

INQUILINOS:
FRIALS: GROUP OF ROMAN CATHOLICS (POVERTY)
FRIAROCRACY: RULE OF FRIALS

1. Economic Growth: Economic growth was a significant factor in the emergence of the
nationalist movement in the late 19th century. Starting around 1830, an export-oriented
economy began to thrive in the Philippines. This economic expansion brought prosperity to the
Filipino middle and upper classes who could benefit from it, as well as to Western merchants,
primarily British and American, who organized this trade.

2. Imports and Industrial Goods: The growth of this export economy meant that the
Philippines started importing machinery and consumer goods from industrialized Western
economies like Britain and the United States. These goods were essential for modernization
and development and were often unavailable or insufficiently supplied by Spain.

3. Trade Figures: The passage provides trade figures for Philippine foreign trade at different
points in the 19th century, illustrating the significant economic growth during this period. Both
exports and imports increased substantially, leading to a booming trade industry.

4. Exported Products: The main products of the Philippine export economy were agricultural,
including rice, sugar, and abaca. The growing population's demand for rice, in particular,
contributed to the profitability of those who controlled large agricultural lands in various regions
of the Philippines.

5. Prosperity and Land Ownership: Those who profited the most from this economic growth
were landowners, including Filipino hacienderos and friar orders who owned large haciendas
(plantations). The inquilinos (renters or sharecroppers) of these haciendas also benefited and,
over time, some became hacienderos in their own right.

6. Friction and Disputes: As prosperity increased, tensions grew between the inquilinos and
the haciendas, especially the friar-owned ones. Disputes arose over land values and rent
increases. Traditional practices clashed with modernizing efficiency, leading to questions about
the friars' rights to the haciendas.

7. Political Motives: The passage notes that the motivation for challenging friar ownership was
not solely economic but also political. The prosperous inquilinos sought to weaken the friars'
influence in Philippine political life, which would later play a role in the broader nationalist
movement.

In summary, this passage emphasizes the close relationship between economic development,
land ownership, and social dynamics in the 19th-century Philippines. It sheds light on the
economic factors that contributed to the emergence of Filipino nationalism and how economic
prosperity played a role in shaping the society of that time.

POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT

Certainly, the passage you provided discusses the political developments in the Philippines
during the 19th century and how they were influenced by economic factors. Here's an
explanation of the key points:

1. Economic Development: Economic development in the Philippines during this period was
largely driven by non-Spanish initiatives. Some modernizing Filipinos believed that Spanish
colonial policies were not contributing to economic prosperity. Instead, they saw these policies
as hindrances to further progress.

2. Political Instability in Spain: Spain experienced political instability during the 19th century,
with Liberals and Conservatives taking turns in power. This instability made it difficult to
establish a consistent policy for governing the overseas colonies, including the Philippines.

3. Use of the Philippines for Political Patronage: Both political parties in Spain used the
Philippines as a place to reward their supporters with government positions. This led to a
constant influx of job-seekers from Spain, who aimed to profit from Filipino resources before
being replaced by others. As a result, Filipinos lost positions in the bureaucracy.

4. Indifference of Spanish Bureaucrats: Many Spanish bureaucrats sent to the Philippines

had little knowledge of or interest in the country they were supposed to govern. They often
engaged in graft and corruption but had not been completely indifferent to the welfare of the
Philippines. However, with the opening of the Suez Canal, they became more transient, staying
briefly to enrich themselves.

5. Inadequate Public Services: The Spanish colonial government failed to provide basic public
services such as public works, schools, and maintaining peace and order. The Guardia Civil,
originally created to combat lawlessness, became oppressive and corrupt.

6. Taxation and Trade Policies: The taxation system penalized modernization, and tax
revenues were not invested in infrastructure. Highly protective tariffs forced Filipinos to buy
expensive Spanish products instead of cheaper British ones, further hampering economic
growth.
7. Nationalist Sentiment: Liberal nationalists and even conservative upper-class Filipinos
began to lose faith in the Spanish colonial regime. They saw that meaningful reforms were
unlikely, leading to a growing desire for separation from Spain.

8. Rizal's Perspective: Jose Rizal, a nationalist figure, had long believed in the need to
separate from Spain. The passage notes that by 1896, this separation was considered
inevitable, and the focus was on how and when the revolution should occur.

In summary, the passage highlights how economic development, political instability in Spain,
patronage-based politics, and inadequate governance contributed to a growing dissatisfaction
among Filipinos with Spanish colonial rule. This dissatisfaction ultimately fueled nationalist
sentiments and the desire for independence, with figures like Rizal advocating for change.

CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

This passage discusses the cultural developments in the Philippines during the late 19th century
that contributed to the emergence of nationalism. Here's a breakdown of the key points:

1. **Spread of Education:** One crucial factor in the rise of nationalism was the rapid spread
of education, particularly from around 1860 onwards. It's noted that it's common to attribute the
role of ideas learned by European-educated ilustrados (enlightened Filipinos) in the nationalist
movement. However, it wasn't just these individuals who were important; the spread of
education among the middle and lower-middle-class Filipinos who couldn't afford to study
abroad played a significant role in propagating liberal and progressive ideas.

2. **Spanish Language:** The ability of a limited but substantial number of Filipinos

(approximately 5 percent) to communicate in Spanish was crucial. This allowed for the first time
in history a movement that had both regional and national scope.

3. **Role of the Jesuits:** The return of the Jesuits to the Philippines in 1859 had a significant
impact on education. They introduced new ideas and methods, and the Ateneo Municipal,
initially a primary school, was transformed into a secondary school that provided education
beyond official requirements. This institution offered instruction in Latin, Spanish, Greek,
French, and English, and emphasized the natural sciences. The Escuela Normal de Maestros,
also under Jesuit direction, aimed to provide Spanish-speaking teachers for the primary school
system.

4. **Opposition to Modern Education:** Some segments of society opposed modern

education for Filipinos, viewing it as a threat to the continuation of Spanish rule. The friction
between graduates of the Normal School and parish priests is mentioned.

5. **Impact of Humanistic Education:** The Ateneo, while not directly teaching nationalism or
liberal principles, provided a humanistic education in literature, science, and philosophy. It
instilled principles of human dignity, justice, and equality, which indirectly undermined the
foundations of Spanish colonial rule. Many of their Filipino students drew their own conclusions
from these principles.

6. **Other Educational Institutions:** The passage mentions that Filipino nationalists were
less appreciative of educational institutions run by the Dominicans. These institutions had
deeper traditional ties and would modernize later in the century. Nevertheless, some key early
nationalist figures, including Fr. Jose Burgos and Fr. Mariano Sevilla, came from the University
of Santo Tomas.

7. **Influence of Filipino Students in Spain:** Filipino students studying in Spain were

influenced by the liberties they observed in the Peninsula. They became more aware of the
servitude experienced by their fellow Filipinos and recognized Spain's backwardness in
promoting welfare, both for itself and its colonies.

8. **Interest in Filipino History:** There was a growing interest in the Filipino past, influenced
by European, especially German, preoccupation with history and ethnology. Rizal, in particular,
recognized the importance of historical investigation to create a national consciousness. He
sought evidence of a Filipino civilization before Spanish colonization, emphasizing Filipino
values and accomplishments in contrast to Spanish culture.

In summary, the passage highlights the critical role of education, particularly the spread of
modern education and the ability to communicate in Spanish, in fostering nationalist sentiments
in the Philippines. Additionally, it underscores the influence of Filipino students' experiences in
Spain and the growing interest in Filipino history as significant cultural factors that contributed to
the rise of Filipino nationalism during the late 19th century.

RELIGIOUS DEVELOPMENT

The passage you've provided discusses the role of cultural and religious developments in the
emergence of nationalism in the Philippines during the late nineteenth century. Here are some
key points from the passage:

1. **Cultural Development:** Education played a crucial role in the emergence of Filipino

nationalism. The spread of education, particularly among the middle and lower-middle class
Filipinos who couldn't afford to study abroad, contributed to the propagation of liberal and
progressive ideas from Europe.

2. **Jesuit Influence:** The return of the Jesuits to the Philippines in 1859 had a significant
impact on education. They established institutions like the Ateneo Municipal and the Escuela
Normal de Maestros, offering a broader curriculum that included literature, science, and
philosophy. This Jesuit education exposed students to liberal and progressive ideas, fostering a
sense of justice and equality.
3. **Nationalism and Education:** While the Ateneo and other educational institutions didn't
explicitly teach nationalism, they provided students with a broader perspective beyond their
Philippine experience. This education indirectly undermined the foundations of Spanish colonial
rule by promoting principles of human dignity and justice.

4. **Role of the Filipino Clergy:** The Filipino clergy, particularly figures like Fr. Jose Burgos,
played a crucial role in the development of Filipino nationalism. They asserted the equality of
Filipinos with Spaniards and demanded justice. Burgos, in particular, was instrumental in
articulating national identity and rights among Filipinos.

5. **Conflict with the Spanish Friars:** The conflict between the Filipino secular clergy and
Spanish friars was a significant factor in the emergence of nationalism. The Spanish friars were
seen as a tool of Spanish control in the Philippines, and their influence was a target for the
nationalists.

6. **Liberal Reformists:** There were also liberal reformists, including criollos (Spaniards born
in the Philippines), who aimed to bring economic progress, modern legal systems, and civil
liberties to the Philippines. They supported Governor Carlos Ma. de la Torre's liberal policies but
were eventually suppressed.

7. **Suppression and Exile:** The efforts of the clergy and liberal reformists were met with
suppression and exile. The leaders of these movements were arrested, executed, or exiled to
Guam.

8. **Continued Role of the Clergy:** Even after these suppressions, the clergy continued to
play a role in the rise of nationalism during the Philippine-American War, with many Filipino
priests imprisoned or tortured for their involvement in the resistance.

Overall, the passage highlights the complex interplay of cultural, educational, and religious
factors that contributed to the development of Filipino nationalism in the late nineteenth century.
It also underscores the key role played by individuals like Fr. Jose Burgos in articulating the
principles of equality and justice for Filipinos.