E.

How Society is Organized

Objective:
• Understand the important role played by different organized groups
in our lives.
• Assess the dynamics of social networks.
Activity #: Are you in or out?
Processing:
Try putting yourself in the shoes of an out – group member.
What does you’re in – group look like from that perspective?
Application:
“No man is an island”. Can we live on our own outside any
group?
 Individuals in a group
are connected with each
other by social relationship
1. Groups within society: Primary and secondary
Social Group - as a collection of two or more persons who are in social
interactions, who are guided by similar norms, values, and
expectations and who maintain a stable pattern of relations over a
period of time.
According to social ties:
Primary group
• Small groups with intimate,
kinship-based relationships:
• They commonly last for
many years or even
generations.
• They are small and display
face-to-face interaction.
• arises spontaneously out of
the interactions of two or
more persons.
Secondary group
• Large groups
involving formal and instituti
onal relationships.
• May last for years or may
disband after a short time.
• deliberately formed and
their purpose and objectives
are explicitly defined
According to self identification
a. In-group
A group to which we do belong.
It is a group that
an individual identifies in
positive direction.
a. Out group
A group to which we do not
belong. It is a group that
an individual identifies in
negative direction.
Reference group
these are groups to which
the individual conceptually
relates him/herself, and
from which he/she adopts
goals and values as a part
of his/her self identity.
Influence or pressure group –
groups organized to support or
influence social actions.
Ex. Social movement, campaign
groups, Political parties
Some examples of types of groups

Peer Franchise

Club Mob

Clique Team

Gang GROUPS Squad

Collections or clusters of people which are not considered as social
groups:

1. Aggregates – a cluster of
people who may be on close
physical proximity but do not
interact with one another.
2. Collectivity – cluster of people
interacting with one another on a
passing or short-lived manner.
Ex. Crowds, mass, public and social
movement
3.Social category – refers to a
collection of people who are
classified or categorized in
accordance with some other
characteristics.
Ex. Sex, Age, Race, Religion,
Ethnicity, Occupation, Political
affiliation
Networks
• a series of social relationship that links a person
directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more other
people
• Uses: finding employment, women leaving their welfare role to paid
labor force find employment through networking, campaign
propaganda
• Texting the exchange of wireless emails over cellphone which begun
in Asia in 2000 and has taken off worldwide. The use of shorthand
messages (e.g “WRU” “CU2NYT”)
 F. Cultural, Social and Political
Institutions
Objective:
• Understand the role of different institutions (e.g., school,
government, religion, economic, health and family in our life.
• Assess what system of norms influence our behavior.
Activity #:
• Readings (THE FILIPINO FAMILY IN THE THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT by Randy David)
• How do you define modern (nontraditional alternative) Filipino family
compare it the TFF?
• In 15 minutes, create a slogan about family, religion, education and
health and economic system in the Philippines. Content = 60%
Artistry = 20%
Delivery 20%

Processing:
• What are the key roles of these different institutions in our lives?
1. Kinship, Marriage and Household

Marriage

Engagement

Dating

Courtship
 MARRIAGE
Religious View:
Is a union between husband
and wife. It is a lifelong
Commitment.
“for better or worse, for richer or
poorer, in health or sickness, until
death do us part”.
Legal point of view:
Marriage is a special contract of
permanent union between a man
and woman entered into in accordance
with law for the establishment of
conjugal and family life.
(Article 1, Title 1, Family Code)
The formal requisites of marriage:
• Authority of the solemnizing officer (judge or priest)
• Marriage license issued by competent authority
• A marriage ceremony which takes place in the presence of the
solemnizing officer and their personal declaration that they
take each other as husband ( consent freely given) and wife in
the presence of at least two credible witnesses of legal age
Marriage Impediments:
• Age.
• Impotence.
• Previous marriage
• Abduction
• Consanguinity
• Legal Adoption
Family Pattern
According to the number or spouses or a)Monogamy.
mates b)Polygamy or plural marriage
Residence Pattern a) Patrilocal
b) Matrilocal
c) Neolocal
d) Bilocal
e) Avuncolocal
Authority Pattern a)Patriarchy or Patriarchal.
b)Matriarchy or Matriarchal.
c)Equalitarian or egalitarian.
d) Matricentric

Descent patterns a) Bilinial

b) Patrilinial
c) Matrilineal
Membership, organization and structure a) Nuclear ( Family of Orientation, Procreation)
patterns b) Extended
Filipino Family
1.Filipino family in general is still monogamous.
2.They play a unique role for the child as it gives him affection,
care, attention, protection and engenders in him a sense of
belonging or security.
3.Is an institution of security that protects its members from
exigencies of living.
4.The members are bound to help each other.
5.The Filipino family founded on love and affection, sanctified by
marital virtue is cohesive in nature.
6.It is governed in the best tradition of human rights and of
understanding of each and every member of the family
Dissolution of Marriage:
Legal Separation – is a judicial declaration when the separation of man
and wife merely entitles the spouses to live separately in the bed and does not
dissolve marriage.
Grounds for legal separation are the following:
• Adultery on the part of the wife or concubinage on the part of the husband.
• Attempt by one spouse against the life of the other.
• Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner, to change religious or
political affiliation.
• Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against petitioner, a
common child, or a common child petitioner.
• Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner, to change religious or
political affiliation.
• Attempt of the respondents to corrupt or induce the petitioner common child or a child
of the petitioner, or to engage in prostitution or connivance in such corruption or
inducement.
Annulment
Is a way to dissolve a marriage, declaring the marriage void from
the very start.
Grounds for annulment of marriage:
• Absence of parental consent if one of the parties is eighteen
years old but below twenty-one.
• Either of the party was of unsound mind;
• Consent of either party was obtained by fraud.
• Force, intimidation or undue influence obtained consent of
either party.
• Physical incapacity
• Affliction of serious and incurable sexually transmitted disease.
THE TRADITIONAL FAMILY NORMS AND THE NON-TRADITIONAL ALTERNATIVES
TRADIONAL
Legally married
Married once
Heterosexual marriage
Endogamous marriage
Two adult house holds
Children
Two parents living together
Parents as the key source of:
Education
Religion
Protection
Recreation
Until death
Male as provider
Male as “head” or authority
Self-supporting, independent
Premarital chastity
Marital exclusivity
NON-TRADITIONAL ALTERNATIVES
Single-hood, non-married cohabitation
Remarriage. Multiple marriages
Same sex marriage
Interfaith , interracial, interclass marriage
Multi-adult households, communal living
Voluntary childless
Single-parent, joint custody, step families
School
Churches
Government- police
Clubs, professional sports
Until divorce or separation
Female as provider, dual careers
Female as “head”, androgynous rel.
Welfare, social security
Pre-or non marital intercourse
Extra marital relations, sexually open
Marriages, intimate friendships
2. Political Leadership Structures
Political organizations:
• Bands and tribes (foraging bands, tribal cultivators, the village head,
the “Big Man”, nomadic politics
• Chiefdoms (political system, social status, stratification)
• States and nations ( population control, judiciary)
• Social Control (Hegemony, Weapons of the weak, politics)
Authority and legitimacy
Power lies at the heart of a political system (Max Weber)
Power is the ability to exercise one’s will over others.
Types of authority:
• Traditional – legitimate power is conferred by custom and accepted
practice. (e.g. King, Emperor, Sultan)
• Legal rational – leaders derive their legal – rational authority from the
written rules and regulations of political systems, such as the Constitution
(e.g. US constitution gives Congress and the president the authority to
enforce law)
• Charismatic – refers to power made legitimate by a leaders exceptional
personal or emotional appeal to his or her follower (e.g. Joan of Arc,
Martin Luther King, Adolf Hitler Jesus, Gandhi, Malcolm X, )

As Weber observed, the power can be legitimized by the charisma of an individual
Government (Art. VI, VII, VIII)
A government is the aggregate of authorities that rule society
and must be obeyed by its people.
3. Economic Institutions
Two Basic economic systems:
• Capitalism
- laissez faire (let them do – British economist, Adam Smith)
- Monopoly
- free enterprise system
- Regulated vs, deregulated
• Socialism – (refined by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels)
• Informal economy/black economy/underground economy - transfer
of money, goods or services takes place but are not reported to the
government (selling goods on the street, gambling, drug dealing)
4. Non State Institutions
• Banks
• Cooperatives and trade unions
• Transnational advocacy groups
• Developmental agencies
• International organizations - A multinational corporation is usually a
large corporation which produces or sells goods or services in various
countries.
5. Education

Education Index: high, medium,

and low human development
Human Development Report was published on November
27, 2007; in Brasília, Brazil .
Education
• A preparation for effective participation in social relations.
A right to education has been created and recognized by some
jurisdictions:
1.Since 1952, Article 2 of the first Protocol to the European Convention
on Human Rights obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to
education
2.At the global level, the United Nations' International Covenant on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 guarantees this right
under its Article 13.
3.RA 10157 – Kindergarten Act
4.RA 10533 – Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013
Functionalist view of education
• Manifest: transmission of knowledge
• Latent:
a. transmitting culture b. promoting social and political integration
c. maintaining social control d. serving as an agent of change
Education may be:
• Formal
• Non – formal

Education as an agent of change

Indigenous education
- refers to the inclusion of indigenous
knowledge, models, methods and
content within formal and non-formal
educational systems
- it can enable indigenous communities to
“reclaim and revalue their languages and
cultures, and in so doing, improve the
educational success of indigenous
students
Alternative education
- also known as non-traditional
education or educational
alternative, is a broad term that
may be used to refer to all forms
education outside of traditional
education
Technology
Technology is an increasingly influential factor in education:
- E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported learning
and teaching. The information and communication systems,
whether networked learning or not, serve as specific media to implement
the learning process.

- online-education (distance education)

- Multimedia (virtual learning environment)
- PowerPoint and interactive whiteboard
- Audience Response Service (ARS) – which allows immediate
feedback tests and classroom discussion

Purpose of schools
• develop reasoning about perennial
questions
• master the methods of scientific
inquiry
• cultivate the intellect
• create positive change agents
• develop spirituality,
• model a democratic society
The interpersonal may be
improvement of:
• basic knowledge
• intellectual and manual skills
• power of reason and criticism
• acquisition of desirable values and
attitudes and motivations
• power of creativity and innovation
• cultural appreciation
• sense of responsibility
• understanding of the modern
world
Primary schools
- Primary (or elementary) education
consists of the first 5–7 years of
formal, structured education
- Under the Education For All programs
driven by UNESCO,
it is compulsory for children to receive
primary education
Primary school in open air. Teacher (priest)
- Primary schools in these countries are with class from the outskirts of Bucharest,
often subdivided into infant around 1842.
schools and junior school.
- The major goals of primary education
are achieving basic literacy and
numeracy amongst all pupils, as well
as establishing foundations
in science, mathematics, geography, h
istory and other social sciences.
Teacher in a classroom in Madagascar
6. Religion and Belief system
Religion Functions of Religion:
• Unified system of beliefs and • Religion gives man assurance of superhuman
practices relative to sacred things; help and brings comfort in times of distress
that is to say things set apart and and crises.
forbidden beliefs and practices which
unite into one single moral • Religion offers some practical explanations to
community called a church, all those the presence and meaning of evil, and
who adhere to them.(Emile
Durkheim). provides a technique for overcoming it.
• Religion provides a way of salvation from evil
and its best gift to men is its actual integration
of the personality of the individuals.
• Religion motivates individuals and group life. It
cultivates faith, hope, beauty, goodness and
love and respect for the human life.
• Religion supports sound morals; it integrates
and promotes group solidarity.
Classification of religion according to the number of Gods
worshipped:

• Monotheistic
• Polytheistic
• Animistic
Disadvantages of Religion:
• Religion promotes divisiveness.
• Religion promotes the concept of predestination of fatalism
Instruments/techniques of Religion: (Cuber)
• Ritual, Ceremony Taboo, prayer, sacrifice, reverence, divination, magic
Types of religious organization:
Church or Ecclesia
• Church of England, Catholic Church in Spain in the Philippines, Muslim
Shiites in Iran.
Sects
• INC, Protestantism, Jehovah's Witness, Phil. Independent Church
Cult
• Rizalista
Related social concepts in religion:
• Folk Catholicism – refers to the indigenous practices and old beliefs of the people
which are interwoven into Catholic official practices. Example: beliefs in
ecncantos, anting-anting, talismans.
• Split-level of Christianity – refers to the situation where there is coexistence
within the same person of two or more thought-and-behavior systems which are
inconsistent with each other. Catholics who commit graft and corruption and
attend the mass every Sunday.
• Faith Healing – refers to indigenous practice of faith healers who serves as
mediums for healing energy. This is done by invoking power though empathy and
reliance on the faith of the patient.
• Occult – derived from Latin “occultus” which means mysterious practices related
to supernatural forces beyond the five senses. Included version and practices and
beliefs is astrology, magic, witchcraft, numerology, crystal ball gazing, spiritism
and fortune telling.
• Invisible or private religion –the practice of the many people who are
critical of organized religion, to focus on certain ultimate themes and
private experiences such as intimacy, work, or peace of mind rather
than on the issues of central to traditional religion.
• Fundamental Revival – a religious practice of the many people who
retrieve the powerful spirit of traditional religion but adapting it to
modern life. It stresses evangelization and piety, absolute authority of
the Bible, personal conversion and salvation.
• Electronic church – refers to the form of religious expressions using
radio and television programs that reinforce traditional beliefs and
ultimate themes of private religions, autonomy, self-realization and
essence of the family. Among the stars of “electronic church” in the
US are Jimmy Lee Swaggart, Jim Bakker. IN the Philippines, we can
mention Bro. Mike Velarde, Bro. Eddie VZillanueva and Ely Soriano of
Dating Daan.
Is religion nowadays a contributing factor or a deterrent to national development and
progress? Why or why not?
7. HEALTH
a. Culture specific syndromes and illnesses
b. Systems of diagnosis, prevention and healing
c. Health as a human right
Disease
- a scientifically identified health threat caused genetically by a bacterium,
virus, fungus, parasites or other pathogen.
Illness
- a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual. (Inhorn & Brown 1990)

Personalistic disease theory Naturalistic disease theory

VS.
Health care Scientific
systems medicine

Emotional disease theory – an illness caused by anxiety or fright (Bolton 1981: Finkler 1985)
Modern psychoanalysis focuses on the role of emotions in physical and psychological
well - being
Health as a Human Right
• Section 15
The State shall protect and promote the right to health of the people and
instill health consciousness among them.
• Republic Act No. 10354 – promotion and protection for the right to health
of women especially mothers.
• Republic Act No. 10643 – right of the people to the highest standard of
health
• Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act Co. 2012informally
known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, which guarantees
universal access to methods on contraception, fertility control, sexual
education, and maternal care.