H.

ASSESSMENT LECTURE
YEAR 1 : SEM 2 : FINAL

CHAPTER 14: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

CHAPTER OUTLINE b. SKELETAL MUSCLE / VOLUNTARY / LARGEST
I. OBJECTIVES TYPE
II. BONES o Provides for mobility by exerting a pull on the
III. MUSCLES bones near a joint. It also provides for body
IV. TENDONS contour and contributes to overall body weight.
V. CARTILAGE
VI. LIGAMENTS
VII. BURSAE
VIII. JOINTS
IX. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
X. COLLECTING SUBJECTIVE DATA
XI. COLLECTING OBJECTIVE DATA
XII. NOTES TAKEN DURING LECTURE

OBJECTIVES
• Review the anatomy and physiology of the
musculoskeletal system.
• Perform an inspection of the musculoskeletal system.
• Describe the range of motion movements of the major
joints.
• Document the findings of the musculoskeletal
assessment.
OBJECTIVE 1: ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
Purposes:
a. To support body position and to promote mobility.
b. To protect underlying soft organs and allows for
mineral storage.
c. It produces select blood components (platelets, red
blood cells, and white blood cells).
*Disturbance in the neurological system can grossly
impact the musculoskeletal system.

BONES
Purposes:
a. For mobility and weight-
bearing function.
b. Protection of underlying TENDONS
organs and tissues.
• Attaches muscles to the bone.
Divisions:
• A tendon (or SINEW) is a tough band of fibrous
a. CENTRAL – axial
connective tissue that usually connects muscle to
skeleton
bone and is capable of withstanding tension.
b. PERIPHERAL –
• Tendons are similar to ligaments; both are made of
appendicular skeleton
COLLAGEN. Ligaments join one bone to another
bone, while tendons connect muscle to bone.

MUSCLES
Characteristics and Functions:
a. CARDIAC & SMOOTH MUSCLES / INVOLUNTARY
o The individual has no conscious control over the
CARTILAGE
initiation and termination of the muscle • An avascular, dense, connective tissue that covers the
contraction. ends of opposing bones.

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 CHAPTER 14: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
• Its resilience allows the muscle to withstand increased to allow movement (except for skull, sacral, sternal,
pressure and tension. and pelvic bones) and provide mechanical support,
and are classified structurally and functionally.

LIGAMENTS
• Are strong, fibrous, connective tissue that connects
bones to each other at the joint level and encase the
joint capsule.
• It supports purposeful joint movement and prevent
joint movement that is detrimental to that type of joint. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
1. Assist the patient in a comfortable position.
2. Be clear in your instruction to the patient of you are
asking the patient to perform a certain body
movement or to assume a certain position.
Demonstrate the desire movement if necessary.
3. Notify the patient before touching or manipulating a
certain body part.
4. Inspection, palpation, ROM and muscle testing are
performed on the major skeletal muscles and joints of
the body in cephalocaudal, proximal to distal manner.
5. Examine non-affected part before examining an
affected area.
6. Avoid unnecessary or excessive manipulation of body
BURSAE part.
• These are sacs that are
filled with fluid. COLLECTING SUBJECTIVE DATA
• Acts as cushion
between two nearby
surface to reduce
friction.
• A bursa is a small fluid-
filled sac made of white
fibrous tissue and lined
with synovial
membrane. Bursa may
also be formed by a
synovial membrane that extends outside of the joint
capsule. It provides a cushion between bones and
tendons and/or muscles around a joint; bursa are filled
with synovial fluid and are found around almost every
major joint of the body.
*N.B. A BUNION is a thickened bursae at the base of the
big toe.

JOINTS
• A union between two bones.
• Secure the bones firmly together but allow for some
degree of movement between the two bones.
• A joint or ARTICULATION (or articular surface) is the
location at which bones connect. They are constructed

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 CHAPTER 14: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

COLLECTING OBJECTIVE DATA

Preparing the Client
• Be sure that the room is at a comfortable temperature
and provide rest periods as necessary.
• Provide adequate draping to avoid unnecessary
exposure of the client yet adequate visualization of the
part being examined.
• Explain that you will ask the client frequently to
change positions and to move various body parts
against resistance and gravity.
Physical Assessment
• Observe gait and posture.
• Inspect joints, muscles, and extremities for size,
symmetry, and color.
• Palpate joints, muscles, and extremities for
tenderness, edema, heat, nodules, or crepitus.
• Test muscle strength and ROM of joints.
• Compare bilateral findings of joints and muscles.
• Perform special tests for carpal tunnel syndrome.

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 CHAPTER 14: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

NOTES TAKEN DURING LECTURE:

• TENDONS – muscle  bone
• LIGAMENTS – bone  bone
• Both tendons and ligaments are made of COLLAGEN.

LEVI SEBASTIAN T. CABIGUIN | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU – COLLEGE OF NURSING 9