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On
Computer Networking & Internet
(Subject Code – BBAN504)
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Question 1
What is Computer networking? Discuss its need, merits & demerits.
Answer 1:-
A Computer Network is a system that connects many devices to share resources
and communicate with each other. It enables data transmission and sharing of
information between devices. It is done within the network, regardless of their
physical location.
A computer network can be in wired or wireless mediums. They can range from
small, local networks within a home or office to global networks spanning many
countries. They are essential for businesses, organizations, and individuals to
communicate and collaborate in the digital age.
Needs of Computer Network
The applications of computer networking are as follows:
Resource Sharing.
Server-Client Model.
Communication Medium.
Ecommerce.
Access to remote information.
Person-to-Person communication.
Interactive entertainment..
Advantages of Computer Networks
1. Computer Networking helps to develop more opportunities for the field
of information security.
2. Being on the cheaper side, almost every person can bear the expense of
a computer network.
3. A network provides a better-personalized experience.
4. It allows us to collaborate on projects.
5. It can ease us to send/receive large-sized files in a few blinks of the eye.
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6. It is a great way to make money.
7. It also helps to save money.
8. A single internet connection can be shared in computer networking.
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Question 2
What are the various types of networking? Discuss in detail with proper
diagrams.
Answer 2:-
There are mainly five types of Computer Networks
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
2. Local Area Network (LAN)
3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
4. Wide Area Network (WAN)
1. Personal Area Network (PAN)
PAN is the most basic type of computer network. This network is restrained to a
single person, that is, communication between the computer devices is centered
only on an individual’s workspace. PAN offers a network range of 1 to 100 meters
from person to device providing communication. Its transmission speed is very
high with very easy maintenance and very low cost.
This uses Bluetooth and IrDA as technology.
Examples of PAN are USB, computer, phone, tablet, printer, PDA, etc.
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2. Local Area Network (LAN)
LAN is the most frequently used network. A LAN is a computer network that
connects computers through a common communication path, contained within a
limited area, that is, locally. A LAN encompasses two or more computers
connected over a server. The two important technologies involved in this network
are Ethernet and Wi-Fi. It ranges up to 2km & transmission speed is very high
with easy maintenance and low cost.
Examples of LAN are networking in a home, school, library, laboratory, college,
office, etc.
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Wide Area Network (WAN)
WAN is a type of computer network that connects computers over a large
geographical distance through a shared communication path. It is not restrained to
a single location but extends over many locations. WAN can also be defined as a
group of local area networks that communicate with each other with a range above
50km.
Here we use Leased-Line & Dial-up technology. Its transmission speed is very low
and it comes with very high maintenance and very high cost.
The most common example of WAN is the Internet.
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Question 3
Write short note on:-
Data Communication & its modes
Network Devices (Repeater, Hub, Bridges, Router)
Analogue & Digital
Signals Answer 3:-
Data Communication & its modes
1. Simplex
2. Half-Duplex
3. Full Duplex
1. Simplex - Simplex is the data transmission mode in which the data can
flow only in one direction, i.e., the communication is unidirectional. In this
mode, a sender can only send data but cannot receive it. Similarly, a receiver
can only receive data but cannot send it.
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3. Full-Duplex - Full-Duplex is the data transmission mode in which the data can
flow in both directions at the same time. It is bi-directional in nature. It is two-way
communication in which both the stations can transmit and receive the data
simultaneously.
For Example, a Telephone Network, in which both the persons can talk and listen
to each other simultaneously.
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4. Switch – A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can
boost its efficiency (a large number of ports imply less traffic) and performance. A
switch is a data link layer device. The switch can perform error checking before
forwarding data, which makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets that
have errors and forward good packets selectively to the correct port only. In other
words, the switch divides the collision domain of hosts, but the broadcast
domain remains the same.
5. Routers – A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on
their IP addresses. The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally
connect LANs and WANs and have a dynamically updating routing table based on
which they make decisions on routing the data packets. The router divides the
broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.
Analog signals utilize the properties of medium to convey the information. All the
natural signals are the examples of analog signals. However, the analog signals are
more susceptible to the electronic noise and distortion which can degrade the
quality of the signal.
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Digital Signal
A signal that is discrete function of time, i.e. which is not a continuous signal,
is known as a digital signal. The digital signals are represented in the binary
form and consist of different values of voltage at discrete instants of time.
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Question4.
Define network topology also discuss its types with the help of proper
diagram. Also mention two merits and demerits of topology ?
Answer 4 ;-
Here are some common types of network topologies along with diagrams:
1.Star Topology:
In a star topology, all devices are connected to a central hub or switch. Data traffic
flows through the central hub, and each device communicates directly with the hub.
This topology is commonly found in home networks and small office setups.
Merits:
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Demerits:
2.Bus Topology:
In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single central cable (the "bus"). Data
travels along the cable, and each device receives the data and determines whether it is
intended for that device.
Merits:
Simple and easy to set up.
Requires less cabling than a star topology.
Demerits:
If the central cable fails, the whole network is affected.
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3.Ring Topology:
In a ring topology, devices are connected in a circular manner. Data travels in one
direction around the ring, passing through each device until it reaches its destination.
Merits:
Demerits:
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4.Mesh Topology:
In a mesh topology, every device is connected to every other device. There are two
types of mesh topologies: full mesh (every node is connected to every other node)
and partial mesh (only some nodes are interconnected).
Merits:
Demerits:
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5. Tree Topology:
Tree topology combines characteristics of both star and bus topologies. It has a
central root node (often a switch or hub) from which multiple branches extend. Each
branch can have its own sub-branches. It's hierarchical in nature and provides some
level of redundancy.
Merits :
Demerits :
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Question 5.
Answer 5.
Here are the seven layers of the OSI Model, along with a diagram:
2. Data Link Layer: Manages data framing, error detection, and access control
to the physical medium.
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6. Presentation Layer: Handles data translation, encryption, compression, and
format conversion.
TCP/IP Model:
The TCP/IP Model, also known as the Internet Protocol Suite, is a more concise
networking model that corresponds closely to the actual implementation of the
Internet. It has four layers and is named after its two most important protocols:
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP).
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Here are the four layers of the TCP/IP Model, along with a diagram:
4. Application Layer: This layer includes functionality from OSI's top three
layers: Application, Presentation, and Session. It provides application services
directly to end-users.
Question 6.
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What are Analog and Digital Signals. Explain there concept with proper
Diagram and Example.
Answer 6.
Analog Signals and Digital Signals are two fundamental types of signals used to
convey information in various communication systems. Let's explore their concepts,
diagrams, and examples.
Analog Signals:
Concept: Imagine a graph where the horizontal axis represents time and the vertical
axis represents the amplitude (signal strength) of the waveform. An analog signal
would create a smooth curve that can take any value at any given point in time.
Diagram:
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Example: A classic example of an analog signal is a human voice. When you speak,
the sound wave produced is an analog signal that varies smoothly in amplitude and
frequency.
Digital Signals:
Digital signals are discrete, non-continuous signals that represent information using
discrete values (usually binary) such as 0s and 1s. Digital signals are commonly used
in modern communication systems and digital devices.
Concept: Think of a digital signal as a sequence of discrete steps or levels. The signal
can only take on specific, quantized values, and transitions between these values are
instantaneous.
Diagram:
Example: Digital signals are used in computers to represent data and instructions. A
computer's memory stores information using binary digits (bits), which are essentially
digital signals.
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