MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

II. Figures of Deformation

I. Introduction - Analyzing a circular cross-section
Mechanics of deformable bodies deals
rod. The longitudinal and
with the relation between externally
applied force and their internal effects on cross-sectional lines serve as
bodies. fibers of the material and the red
arrows represent the applied
A. Stresses - the internal effects of force on force.
the certain material per a certain area: It
is the pressure experienced by a material. A. Initial figure experiencing zero stress
B. Strength - the internal effects of force on
a certain material per a certain area: It is
the capacity that can withstand or carry
by a material.
Take note: that strength has the same unit
as stress and the same way of
mathematical expression but differs from
meaning.
C. Mathematical Expression of a simple
stress
B. Compressed
σ=F/A
Where: σ (sigma) - Stress/strength
P - Internal force
A- Corresponding Area

D. Unit of Measurement for stress/strength

1. Metric System

Force A Fractional Stress C. Elongated

Unit Unit

N(Newton/s) m2 N/m2 Pa

N(Newton/s) mm2 N/mm2 MPa or

10^6 or
10^3kPa

kN(kiloNewton/ m2 kN/m2 kPa or

s) 10^3kPa D. Shear

2. English System

Force A Fractional Stress

Unit Unit

lbs (Pound/s) in2 lbs/in2 Psi

lbs (Pound/s) ft2 lbs/ft2 Psf

kips in2 kips/in2 Ksi or

10^3 Psi
E. Twisting
F. Bending
III. Types of Stresses
A. Simple Stress
- Simple stresses are expressed as the ratio
of the applied force divided by the
resisting area. It is the expression of force
per unit area to structural members that
are subjected to external forces and/or
induced forces. Stress is the least to
accurately describe and predict the elastic
deformation of a body.
1. Axial stress – is defined as force per
unit area where the force is
perpendicular to the respective
cross sectional area of the material.
The axial stress can be categorized
as tensile stress or compressive
stress.
a. Tensile stress is a simple stress
where a material is being stretched
outward along the direction of the
force applied.
b. Compressive stress is a simple stress
where a material is being compressed
outward along the direction of the force
applied.
- Mathematical Expression of Axial Stress
σa =P⊥/Aa
Where: σa - Axial Stress/Strength
P⊥ - Perpendicular Internal/Reacting
force
Aa - Corresponding Cross-sectional Area
The block represents the material being stressed,
the red arrow represents the force applied to the
block and the gray shaded area represents the
perpendicular cross sectional area to the
corresponding force. Take note that the force
applied is not the one that you will use in the
formula but the reacting force exerted by the
material and in this case we may say that the
applied force is equal to the reacting force. The
figure on the left is being stretched therefore
experiencing tensile stress and the figure on the
right is being compressed therefore experiencing
compressive stress.
2. Shear Stress
- is defined as force per unit area where
the force is parallel to the respective
cross sectional area of the material. The
shear stress can be categorized as single
shear or multiple Shearing.
- The Mathematical Expression of shear
stress is the same as the axial stress but
to lessen the misleading and confusing
variables let us change the Sigma () to
Tau () and Force (P) to shear force (V).
Thus: τ = V/As
Where: τ - Shear Stress/Strength
V - Parallel Internal/Reacting force
As - Corresponding Cross-sectional
Area
The block represents the material being stressed,
the red arrow represents the force applied to the
block and the gray shaded area represents the
parallel cross sectional area to the corresponding
force. Take note that the force applied is not the
one that you will use in the formula but the
reacting force exerted by the material and in this
case we may say that the applied force is equal to
the reacting force.
3. Bearing Stress
- is defined as force per unit area where
the force is perpendicular to the in
contact only of the respective cross
sectional area of the material. The
bearing stress is a compressive stress.
- The Mathematical Expression of bearing
stress is:
Where: Bearing Stress/Strength
PꞱb – Perpendicular Internal/reacting
force acting in contact only with the cross sectional
area
Ab – Corresponding in contact only of
Cross sectional Area that is perpendicular to the
internal force.
The block represents as the material being
stressed, the blue cylinder represents as the
adjacent material connected to the block, the red
arrow represents as the force applied to the
cylinder and the blue shaded area (on the right
figure) represents as the perpendicular cross
sectional area to the corresponding force that is in
contact with the block. Take note that the force
applied is not the one that you will use in the
formula but the reacting force exerted by the
material and in this case we may say that the
applied force is equal to the reacting force. The
figure on the left is a block carrying the cylinder
and the force applied, if you were to analyze the
stress experienced by the cylinder it is simply an
axial stress but if you were to analyze the stress in
the block it is experiencing bearing stress. As you
can see the force applied was being carried by the
cylinder where the cylinder transfers the load to
the block. Since the block has a contact area with
the cylinder, the block is being compressed due to
the area contacted by the cylinder thus the area
contacted is in the figure on the right, provided
that the force is still perpendicular to the
corresponding cross sectional area.