Depart ment of Ph11sics . Anna I fn11..:r s1ty. Ch/mna ; .

,_
- - -- - -- - - -- - -- - - - - -- - - - -- - ---------- -~ ... I
Table
L.C = 0.001cm

- -

S.No M .S.R V .8 .C V .8 .R - T.R ,.

fV .8 .C
" LC) M .8 .R . V .9 .Jlt
- 1•·=
Units cm dlvtalon e cm cm
- ,__
-

~ --
! -
f
l •
I ,

'
'

'
•
.. I
Tor sio n Pen dul um

1. Torsion Pe~dulum
Objec tiv e
rti a o f 0 gi ve n di s<' by to r qion al nqn lJAt 1on 'l' nnri tn
To det erm ine the m o tn e nt o f in e w,·r.,,
f t h e. m a te ri e l o f IL,,,
r , RU~penq1on
calc ula te the rigi di ty mod ulu s o

Materials an d Appara tu■

♦ Cir cul ar disc t Sus pe ns io n wire

)
♦ Sto p cloc k • Iden tical cylindn ca l mas s /2 No"'

. ♦ Scr ew gau ge f

at one end and

sion pen dul um con sist s of a met al wire· cla,mped to . a rigid su pport
Tor sion wire of the djsc 1s
the oth er end. When the s~s pen
· carr ies a hea vy circ ular disc at tions suc h th at
twi sted , the disc at the bot tom of ,the wire exe cute s tors ional oscilla
slightly dis plac eme nt and the
directly proportional to its ang ula r
ang ula r acc eler atio n of the disc is s is
The period of torsional oscillation
oscillations are sim ple har mo nic .

T = 2ff JF the disc abo ut the axis of sus pen

(l )

sion and C is the

I is the mo men t of iner tia of
where ss sym metrically ove r
the wire. By placing the equ al ma
rest orin g cou ple per uni t twist of e,
of oscillations. Using this principl
the disc , we get different period
is given as
the mo me nt of ine rtia of the disc

(2)

of the two ide ntic al

re T is the per iod of osc illa tion of the circ ula r disc wit hou t any
whe sse s are pla ced as
0
tion of the disc whe n the two ma
ma sse s ' T I is the · per iod of osc illa of the disc wh en
e as pos sibl e (d pos itio n}, T 2 is the per iod of osc illa tion
close to the wir 1
n) and m is th e ma ss
two ma sse s are pla ced as far as pos ible ove r the disc (d 2 pos itio
the
ndr ical ma sse s me asu red in kg.
of eith er of the two ide ntic al cyli
teri al of the sus pen s ion wire is
The rigi dity mo dul us of the ma
2
G =[16mnl(di -d1 )]N I m2, (3)
r4(T/ -7; 2)
or
(4)

two chu cks as

l is the len gth of the sus pen sio n wire, (i.e .) dis tan ce bet wee n the
whe re
sho wn in Fig. 1.1. 19
 Department of Physics, Anna University, Chentta.i _)
Procedure

11) Form the torsion pendulum as shown in Fig.1.1.

(2) Measure carefully the length l of 'the suspension wire between the two chucks,
(3) Make a v~rtical chalk mark on the side of the disc when it is at ret11t as a reference
point.
(4) Standing in front of the pendulum,, .gently set it in torsional oscillation (i.e., put your
hand gently below the 'disc and rotate it slowly in anti-clockwise direction).
I '

(5) Make sure the angle of twist ex_erted. on the disc is 1mall.
(6) Observe the disc malting J;Otational oscillations with the wire as the axis.
• I •

(7) After first few oscillations, just as the mark on the disc passes the equilibrium .
.. . ' "
pos1t1on, start the stop clock.
(8) Note the time for 10 oscillations. Find the period of oscillatiori T0 (Titis is the period of
oscillations of the disc alone without any. added identical masses on it).
(9) Place two identical cylindrical masses syrhmetrically on eithe~ side of the suspension
wire as close as possible over the disc as shown in Fig.1.2. ·
( l 0) Measure the distance d I between the centre of the mass and the suspension wire.
( I 1) Re peat th e steps (4) ·to (7). Note the time for 10 oscillations. Find the period of
osciIla tion Tr
( 12) Move the two identical cylfodricaJ masses symmetrically on either side of the
s uspension.. wire as far as possi ble over the disc as indicated in Fig.1.3.
( I 3 ) Mcosure the distance d, between the centre of the mass and the suspension wire.
( 14) Rep ea t th e s teps (4) to (7} . Note the time for 10 oscillations. Find the period of
osci lwtlon .Tr
( 15 ) R~pen t th e experiment for three djffe ren t lengths of the wire.
( I b) Mens ure the: mean radius r of rhc wire using a screw gauge and weigh the mass
m of e tlCh cy lindnca.l masses .
( 1_7) Apply Eqs .(2) nnd (3) to calculate the moment of inertia 10 of the disc and the rigidity
mod ulus G of the wire.

Precautions

f\fo.k~ sure che tarsional pe.nduJum is not having any lateral movement (wobbling)
dunn~ rorn uonal osciliuions.

~ Allow suffic1e-nc tran siem time before measuring the time period of oscillations.
J. MeRSltre ca.refuJJy the diameter of rhe wire a t five different places. Find the mean of
fh<' d.Jan1t>rer and c-hlculare the radius.

-. The- e-qual mas.se-s should be placed diametrically opposite with respect to the centre
oi the di st"

20
fft;tveltitig Microscope
~te,, and they
B. f ,h@ ffiass@s sfi6Uifl be _itlehHcai in ail respects such tts ijhnt:H!; tt11is~
stttm1tl fla.V@ a gebinettical shat,e.
jj6W~f of th@ radius bccUts itt the tbrmuta 1 it thUst be tflMsuted wHh
e, A!:3 the foufth
weater cat@.

J;tagfttm af the experiment:

§ 7
. ,,,'
Hiu i~ support

,
,, _/L ,,
j ,
I
I
I
I

o,-:i~ Ref;,~(!fl Cf'

()•/in;;,;;:al -+id. ,.4-
pnin I
mass

'/'(I

n 1.1.1 n,. 1.2 Fi&♦ 1.3

Torsional Pend ulum Arrangements.

Reault
10 kg m2
The mom ent of inerti a of the circu lar disc I
G .JN/m2 or Pa
Th e rigidity modu lus of the suspe nded wire

Analysis Queationa
1. Why is it called torsio n pend ulum ?
lengt h of the pend ulum is
l. Wha t will happ en to the perio d of oscillation if the
incre ased?

3. \Vhat will happ en to the period of oscill ation

if the mass of the disc is incre ased?

4, \\'ilJ tn1 s meth od is u seful to meas ure the

mom ent of inert ia of a irregu lar body?

21
 Departme~t of Physics, Anna University,-- -: :,
Tablet
~
Trial I: ~
Length of the suspension wire
:
X l 0·2 m

Position of the Time for 10 oscillations · Period of

equa l mas ses Trial I Trial II Trial III Mean oscillation
·uni t ,
s s s s s
with out mas ses
(. I

'-
To=
With mas ses I

at d 1 = cm } TI=
n ,,
With mas ses
at d 2 = cm h T2 s

~
.
Trial II:
Length of the susp ensio n wire Z X lQ·2 m
Posi tion of the Time for 10 oscil latio ns Perio d of
equa l mas ses Trial I Trial II Trial III Mea n oscil lation
Unit s s s s s
with out ma sses
To=
With mas ses
at d I = Tl=
cm

With mas ses

a t d, = T2 =
cm

1ha l III:
Leng th of the susp ensio n wire X 10·2 m
Posi tion of the Time for 10 oscillatio ns
Period of
equ a l mas ses Trial I Trial II Tria l III Mea n oscil lation
Unit s s s s s
with out mas ses
To=
With mas ses
l [ d,= cm Tl =
'

ut d
\\'1 th mas ses
T2 =
---
= cm
"'}
-
'rravelling Microscope
L.C = 0.01m m Zero error m: Zero oorre otlon (Z,C) • - ~ ..

S.No. P.S.R. H.S.C H.8.R c. Total readtn1 Corrected

(H.S.C x L.C) • (P,1.R + rt1dln1
H,9,R) • (T,I + Z.C)

Unit mm div mm mm mm

1.
-
2. (
-- 1
I
3.
l ., J -
-
4.

s.
'-

-i I I
__L

/ l
(y_
' I
l, I

Mean= t x: 10-3 m

Calculations
X 10·2 m
Length of the suspe nsion wire (ij
(ry = L, X 10·2 m
Mean radius of the wire
x 10-3 kg
Mass of one of the equal cylindrical masse s (m)
nsion
Distance between the centre of one of the mass and the :rnspe
the wire (d X 10·2 m
wire when the masse s are placed close to 1)

,
Distance betwe en the centre of one of the mass and the Bl.lspe~
X 10·2 ffi
wire when the masse s are placed away from the wire (d 2) -
Period of oscillation (without additional masses) (TJ
') s

s
Period of oscillation when the masse s are at di$tance d 1 (Ti)
s
Period of oscillation when the masse s ar~ at distance d2 (T;)
Moment rf inertia of the disc
I
2 2
I = [ 2m ( d 2 - d 1 )T ~]
o r/ - r, 2 7

The rigidity modul us of the material of the wire

G == [ I 6 ,r ml ( d / - d / ) ] N I m 2 ,

r 4 (T / -T 1 ~)
or

by using graph N/m'~

23
 Deparlment of Phyc;,r~ . Anno llni,~r~rty Chp,,,t•
- - -- - - - - -- -- - - -
l
-:---0=-r__
, .,&.-::"'-
ll-= : _ _ _ _ __ _..:,.(B
_e_t_w_e_en_ l_cn--=gt
~ h_l Along .r. (JYlS s~ct J~Y plnns a~
I

-
-I

I•
I

I .. I
• I .'
J-

.' .
I

I I
. ~~

I
♦ . 6.

t l l l
' I
• '
I I

I ♦

I
I
t '
♦ ,. -t--

11--rt -,i---r-- t~t---t-n r+-H

l_;__H ++--.+-,.... ~.....- ~
HT-:----r-t-t~- --t-H~H -+-l+ -H++--++ 1-++1-l-+--+-l-t- l
1

d •l
I
I I

..

...
I

.
----.
I I
I I I
I I I I
t1~;::~+J=tt~=ttijttj j=-~tjj~tjj=ttjj=~tjj=tt~1j~=+~~~t~==f=· :~ ...
I I I I
I
1
11
1

-+-t+t--i--HH-+-t+--t+~l+f-+++++-++-t--t-t-++
1

t ~
I -t+t+~--t-rt- ti11-r ------;---•-• •
I I I I I
I 1 ,....~ r • • • • i I
t ••
.
I
I I
I I
'l
:tjJtt:i,:tt~j;::t±j:t:t'jjtt:ij=t±jj:t±~~tt=ti=~t=tl~:t+=t:=!~t~J~u:r: : :- ..
I I --- ~
- I I
t.
---l-----JH-++1+.+..2+++++-
1
1
•• t '
I -+-++i1++++++ ,+H-t ttt-+-1-t-rr·t -tn, ~ i - · 1

I
~

I
. -..
----H--+-r+ +++++
I
I

'
-t+rrt -r ttttti --n,tH-1, M-I-,- ~ - ..
~!
\
r
•f-

~
....

~
,_
- :J .
..
'
µ
i--r -+ i- ♦
-
. . -· . •1l -. . - ..
\ t
t
i - '
e-e-r\
I
+.- --♦ -•7

I
\. t .
+ -+- 1-f·
t
♦

I I

1-++µ,+ ~+f+-H~-H ~n+H +HT M~~ n,n1 H1 ~ ,n -r ~T1 i-1 t ' ...-- ..
W+W--l--l-++!-++~-Hf+-H+-H+H+H-HH--!--l:-J-ti: -J-H1111t"t'. - 1~ ~~ - -
~ 1
r~ t \-+
,. . 1 t
•
. . . t
• t
I

7
l I .
t 'L:
I
I
1 TI • I •.
I
rtT I
~t
I
l ....

24
YOf.'Tlfl 'JJ Mud!4lua by non-unifo~. bending

2, Young'■ Modulus by non-uniform bending

O!'J!Otive
To determine the Young's 'modulus of the given material of the beam by non-uniform
bending,

Materlala and Apparatus

♦ Heam {Wooden scale) ♦ Two knife edges
♦ Travelling microscope ♦ Weight h~ger with slotted weights
♦ Screw Gauge ♦ Vernier Caliper
♦ Pin

Theory
When a beam is lqaded at the midpoint and symmetrically supported on the two knife
edge,, the bent beam would not form an arc of the circle. This type of bending is called
non-uniform bending. This experiment is b~sed on the principle of bending moment. The
maximum depression (y) is produced at the centre and it is given by

Mgl3
y - ( 1)
4bd3 E

Mgl3
E. Nm<1 (2)
3
4bd y

where
E - Young's · modulus of the material of the beam,
y - depression of the beam at the centre,
/ length of the beam between the two knife etjges, •
b - breadth of.1the beam,
d - · -thickness of the beam,
g - acceleration due to gravity.
M - load acting at the center

Procedure
I. Place the given wooden scale horizontally and symmetiically on the two knife edge
supports (Fig.2.1.)
2. Measure the distance (ij between the two knife edges.
3 Su spend a weight hanger at the centre of the beam •
Fi.'< o pin using wax vertically, exactly at the centre of the beam.
25
 Department of Physics, Anna U~versity, c~
. . ~
5. Adjust the telescope of the travelling microscope such that the tip of the pin 'r "
. h . , e,er
Fig.2.2) is seen in the centre of the field of view of t e mtcros~ope. r
0
6. To start with, the beam is brought into elastic mood by loading ~d unloading it
several times.
7. Keeping the weight hanger as the dead load W, adjust the microscope until the
tip of the pin is seen in the field of view touching the point of intersection of the
two cross wires (Refer Fig.2.2).
8. Take the reading of the microscope as noted in the vertical ■cale.
9. Then add Ure weights in the hanger in units of 50 gm and adjust the microscope
using fine adjust1:11ent screw every time such that the tip of the pin touches point
of intersection of t~e •two cross wires and note the readings in each case.
10.
After a maximum load, unload the weights slowly in steps ·of 50 gm and take the
readings as noted in the loading . part.
11. Measure the breadth (b) and thickness (d) of the beam using Vernier caliper and
screw gauge respectively.
12. From the above observations, .the Young's modulus of the material of the beam is
calculated by using the for:rpula
Mgl 3
E = Nm·2
3
4bd y

Graph (Optional):
The depression 'y' produced is proportional to the mass suspended M. A graph is
drawn by plotting ma ss (M) along the X axis and the depression (y) along Y axis. The
0

graph will be a straight line. The slope of this straight line gives the .(y/ ~ value. From
the graph , unknown mass ca n also be d~termined.

Addit.onal Exercises
I. The Young's moduJus of elasticity of cylindrical rods can be determined
2. The ma ss of different bodies can be found out.
; .

3. T' .... e_xperiment is repeated for different lengths (~ between the two knife edges.

Precaution
l. The beam must be kept horizontal.
·
1
Bac k la sh error should be avoided by moving the travelling microscope in the same
direc tion .
3 . Sin ce the value of thickness (cl) is small and is involved as third power in the formula,
it must be measured accurately using screw gauge.
4. :\ft er loading and unloading weights, transient time must be allowed before taking
rhe readings.

26
•

-- us by non-u mfo m,
, Modul lv:nd,.1<1
Young,.s~::.::..:=-----= ---- -' - - -
z ,iagram of tM experl '"'"' :
H' :)
. --
. . i--- ti'.

' f

'
"'

Fie• l.1

... •·· Pin im o~l'

... .. •·

Mic·r osco pe
cross wire
Fig. 2.2

Result
\/ m of) P11
ine Young's modulus of the material of the beam is (Calculated) = _
(from graph) "' _ _ __ NI rn ,(or) P&

Analysis Quest ions

1. Will there be any change in Young's modul us of the materi
al , if the th1ckn o~ ur
breadth of the beam is change d?

2. What is meant by depres sion? I

weig h ts ?
3. How do you minimi ze the depres sion of the bea m due to ics own

5. Why Young's modul us is involve d in bendin g of beams ?

6 , How will you determ ine the unknow n mass of th e body ?

27
 Department of Physics ,
Anna University, Che
~
Table
To jl nd th e br ea dt h
of th e beam (b) (use
. .
~
L.C = 0. 00 2 cm
V er ni er caHperJ:
~
en or = Zero
Zero co ne ct lo n ==
S.Ro. li_.S.R. v.s.
c V.S.R = Total ruclln1 Corrected
(V.S.C~L.C) =(M.S.R + ~•cll na
(V.S.R) =(T.J{ .! Z.C)
Un it

I
cm div cm
I
cm cm ---
-
1.
.
- - I
_ L_ S
2.
'
- -, ., 7
3.

4.
e

~
-
.....

v1
-
----
-

J
-

---
C

C,
-

(
+
\ .
- -
-

~
~- -- I
-
\.
-
- I I
X }Q ·:l m llean = <
To fi nd t he t hf ck ne
u of tM N am (d)
L .C • 0 .0 1 m m tu - Sf fe w gauge} :
Zero er ro r •
Zero co rre ct io n =
8. No . P.S.R. 8 .8.C 8. 8.R • To tal reading
fB .8. C a L.C) Corrected
= (P.S.R +
. (8 .S.R)
reading
= (T .R !. Z.C)
Un it mm db IIU ll
mm mm

1.

l. -
l
-

~ . -

5. -
- J

- ' 'a'\
Me an =
2• ( ll 10- 3 m
Young's Modulus by non-unifonn bending
~~Ti~o~Jtnd.
~.:..::..t-he
--me
- a~n~d- e_p_re
_ ssi
~ o-n_l_J_~_(us_e_Tra._.;;....~
ve~l-~-
::::::-:=
m-ic~ro
~'~s-co~p:
b
, e~j; :~ iaiiii::zw:..J
~
~
-•

L.C ,. 0.001cm
- m1crosco1>e Kea ~ 1vert1ca1 5calel
,.
~

&Md Loading Unloading Mean Depre,~ion (y) for

MSR vsc VSR TR MSR VSC VSR TR f,tkg
a 10,aq cm div cm cm cm cf~v cm cm ~m · cm
- - -~ -
"
r:-- r, . ~

ll
" 1
fW+200) • W •

'
W+&O

W+lOO i '

·P .., \ii I ,
,
fW+250) • fW+SOJ •

fW+300) • fW+ 100) =

W•l 50
I - - + l L~-,_~ .J

+~- -
(W+350J • ·tw+lSOJ =,

1•200 I
I I
I ~ - ,- I
I'
...250

W+300
.
I

C
'
l ~ .
l f '
,, .)/
I
(.
◄ -
1•350
le. - 1 ,t
1
' ' I I I.
llean depreulon = 0 • ).JJS·x 1O·2 m

Calculation•

Mn ss su s prnded 01 1he ce ntre IM) X 10·3 kg ,

o ,strrn cl" berween I he rwo knife edgts M X 10·2 m

r:
l),•prt'ss1on for mns s M 1200 x l O ')kg IYJ - x 10-2 m
I
O, t>11a th o f I he be run l b) / X 1Q·
2

:::N- ,
Th h' knc-~ ~ ol the beum Id) X 1Q·3 ' ..

(g) m/s 2
Mgl3 ~
(1I C\iJci,lmi'd \'oung 's modulus (£ } of the git.>en UJOOden scale = = N/m2
4bd3

gl3
- - {M/y) "'" f'l /m 2
4bd.3

L,
t
~
'7 / 29
 Department of Physics, Anna Unive
rsit y, Cfie
Graph: (Between mass M along x-axi.s and
depressio n y ~ ~'i·
11,

__ -- _ ,_
,
,_ ,_ ,_
. -
_,_- ,__ ..
i f ... 1
I -•
l'
j
r
......
l I
~

I
l~~
l t l • ,......_ .. ''-
- .... - L I
I I
I ..
L I ... •I I I ••• l
... i.L ~
,_, ·'- l . ._
.. •
-- - ,- -
'--
-
I.

i ~ ft I
j 1-!-L
L L+~
N
..
l 1 L •
- .. J L •

-- - -~ t . 1 ' I ~
L
I l l
.t. ._ ..
I- I.. I I

__
t
/
-- 1-L ._1-
t -,
...... 1....-.., +- .............. , ,-l.--L
- ,___
...... -~1.-u -i
....
l

t
~ ~
l. l - -4.-...L. ~ L

-- I- - - L
I-~
L • .I. 1- l
I
L ~

.L L -L •
L -4,. L,
-'--~~
LI. I - f- .
... , I ,

•·' '•--~• itl

~
l _ L ... ~ ._ .... 1.4 ....__ ,. -.,,.__...
,-
~ .. L ~
1-1--- ._

l+-......L.+t
LL._
..___ -1.--
L
'--•·t·- -
--~ .._
I I ~i.
I :

t
I

.... ..... ,_..... ..... .......... - I-- L~ -, '

-- • .
I +- L. ~ 4-..,_.L. ,....._

----- ._ .__,__ L~-

_.........._..L.,..._ ---•
.. L I
--+.l
1-L .. ..... L.
i. -

~
I
l..-4-4- l.L.. .. -
I
. E_ ·- ...... ~..... 4. - -

I.

'--
-
I I ,
i r
I.

I I

. I

I I

1
I
I ..... . -- ...... ... .... - - ---
I
--►
I
I
I .

1 I

I
1
I
I

I I

I
I I

30; ; - - - -- - -- - - - - - -
-
Lees, Disc Method

3. Lees' Disc Method

Objective
To determine the coefficient of therm al cond uctivity of a ha d co nd ucto r u s ing Lees '
· disc.

Materials and Apparatus

♦ Lees' disc apparatus ♦ Stop cloc k
♦ Steam boiler ♦ Thermomete rs
♦ Card po~d ♦ Screw gauge
♦ Verni~r caliper ♦ Electronic ba la n ce

Introductory Information ,
This is an accurate method of measuring the thermal conductivity of bad conductors
capable of .givin-g results over· a wide- range of temperature.

Theory
Let us consider a circular card board being en~losed between a steam chamber A
and a brass disc B as shown in Fig.3.1. When steam is passed through the steam
chamber, a quantity of heat is conducted through the card bocU"d (bad conductor) to the
lower metallic disc B. When, a steady state is r{lacp.ed, let T1 ap_d T2 be the temper atures
of steam chamber A and brass disc B. So, the temperature difference between the two
erids of bad conductor is (T1 - T2 );,

The rate of heat conducted through the bad conductor is,

where, dis thickness of the bad conductor and A is the arna. of ~rpss section. The rate
of heat lost by the brass disc to the surrounding under ~teady state is, -

Q2 = mc(dTJ
dt Ti
(2)

where m is the mass of the brass disc, c is the heijt capllcity of brass disc and dT/ dt
is its rate of cooling at tempera~ 2 ·r ,, ·

1
From Eq.(l) and (2),
mcj dT)
K= '4l dt Ti
(3)
A(fi -T2)

By measuring, {dT/ dt}T2 and (T 1 - T2 ) using Lees' apparatus the thermal

_ conductivity K can be determined.
31
 Proced ure
Departm ent of Physics, Anna Univers
. ity., Chennc,),-
i -- ~~ ,
. --------::
1. Measure the mass o f th e b
rass disc using a balance and take it as m kg. ,e,
Measure the ' diamete
. r and h ence the radius
. r of the brass disc using Vernier 2
ca)li perf. Note thi di · equal to the
s ra us r is ,.
radius of the card board. Calculat e the t.
are a o cross section of the cardboar d ( A = 1tr2). ··
3. Measure the thicknes s of the brass disc (h) using Vernier caliper .
4, Measure the thicknes s of the cardboa rd 4sing a screw gauge a,nd t$~ j,t as q.
a. Arrange the steam chamber A, cardboa rd and brass disc B as shown in the
Fig.3 . 1 . Insert the thermom eters into the grooves of steam chamber and bra.ss
disc, which measure the tempera tures T, and T 2 respectiv ely. ·
6. Start t h e heater so that steam passes through the steam chamber .

7. M o ni tort h e tempera tures T , and T at a regular interval till they reach the
2
s tead y state . Note the steady state tempera tures T 1 apd T2.
8. T h e n ext p art is to d et e rmine the rate of cooling of brass disc. Lift the stearn
c h amber a nd re m ove the cardboar d , then place the steam chambe r directly on the
bra ss di sc . B ..
9. All o w th e bra ss di sc B to he a t a t leas t a bout 10 °C above the steady state
te mpcro t u re T mea s ured in the first part o f the experim ent. Remove the steam
1
c hombe r .
1 O. S tu rt the s to p w n tch w he n t he tc mpernt u r e is 5 °C ahoy~ the ~teady &tate
l <"mpcro turc o nd m ct1su rc t he tempera ture o f bra ss disc B '1t an int~rval pf
30sec
u11 11 c~oo ls d o wn Allo w lhc brou dase t o cool d o wn to 5 °C belqw
the steady state
1rrnp ~r o n1rc . r_
11 . Plo1 n J(rn ph bc t--\,•e-cn tcmpc nuurt T or che b rass disc and time t as tncllcated
n f"•t-< .3 . 2 Dnl\\' uu,,:c nt aal line to l he c u r ve . co rrespon c\ing to the
1
1c- m pc'rtH \Ht' . r nnd dctc:nna nc ah ~lope

1'he slop< as c-qluvnlc nt co ,rr

'11
J 2 . Cn.k-u.lm~ thcnn.i\l corduetl \"'UY, ·I(' using Eq.(3) and by multiply ing a correction
factor

lkrr, h lS th e dudme-s s of the brass cilsc .

Th t" fac-mr LS mtroduc ed because the cooling rneasure met,lt was not
\."-lrT't"<'ll OI\

t" U l t l~ 1hr sa!llc' enn."'On..."llen

. r of steady state measur ement.

--
Ptteau tions
--- --- -- -- -- --- --- --- --- --/
f~as ,ht' cs.rd boa.rd beN-«'~ l:t.e c::sc and the chambe r m the beginntl1
. g [0

r 'f" ffl;O°• :r ,u-:, !lH :OC ~t'C i.r. slde .

! Titt ra~r 01 ccoh.'lt-: 1> <!c-tt-~.1.'1.ed at ~he s:eady state tt"mperat•Jres onlY

Jl
-
J.ACS , [)isc Method

J. Tht" bad conductor should be perfectly dry.

4 , Wot er 1hould. not be allowed to collec t in the steam ch a mber. I
s. Th<" cxpc rlment to find out dT/ dt should be conducted und er identical condition s as
tha t of the previous part. '

S'team In

Steam Chamber
..... ~earnout
.
,

..
!

T, A
.1
CardBoerd

Brass Disc B
I •r
T2
d

Fla.3.1 Lee■ ' cUac apparatu■

I\
C
·-a
~ .n = AfVH('

f --,",
,It ,

i I

J n
I
L.
I
)-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Ti me (sec)

Fig.3.2. Rate of cooling curve

Result
Tht coeffici ent of t hermal conductivity (K} of the given bad conductor is =
W rnK

33
•
•
 De pa rtm ent of Ph ysi.cs, A nn a Unw
. · ,
ers1ty, Chenno.·
An aly aia Qu est ion s ~
1 DcfU1e coe ffi cie nt of the rma l con
duc tivi ty of a m a teri al.
Wh y do _you find the rate of
2. fall of tem per atu re dT/ dt onl
y at the stea dy sta L
trm per atu re of the d isc? te
3 . How Wlll you com par e the
the rma l con duc tivi ties of differe
nt ma teri als usin g lee's
d1 :...r a ppa ra tus ?
4' . HrJw W1 1I you det em une the coefficien t of
the rm al con duc tivi ty of air usi ng
:'lpp~, ra tu~ ? Lee 's disc

5 . How doc ·, th e fa cto r (r·

2h)/ (2r ·2hl en te r the equ atio n?
6 . If ,m,. ,,(
th e- two flo. t &u rfoc c~ of the dis c is of differe nt col
our fro m the oth er, is the
f<1rmt tlo r- <>rrr c t "'>

Tab l e ■
--
(tJ To fin d t,-.dta nvt •,. of 0... bra .A dt. c (~'1
fu,N V.,- nte r cal ipe r) :
L.C • O.~ cm z.n > e_nor • Zer o cor rec tion =
11.a.a:T -;., .c-
I
I .No V 1-R • Tot al Ra d.l q Corrected
(V .l ,C • LCt • tll .8 .R • rea dln 1
~v.a.a,
,.
- ---dl• = (T.R + Z.C)
Unl t CIII
' c.,• CWI cm

I
l~
l
r
l.
. I
3.
I
I

••
. 5'
I
Me an =
X 10'2 m
Lees' Disc Method
(ii) To find the thickne ss of the brass d~ (hi (UH Vernler ca ltpcrJ:

L.C = 0.002 cm Zero error = Zero correcti on =

S.No. M.S.R. v.s.c V.S.R = Total readlq Correcte d
(V.S.C a L.C) =(M.8 .R + readJnc·
V .8 .RJ = (T.R .! z.q
Unit cm div cm cm cm

1.

- ....& ~ :-

2.

3.

4.

5.

Mean= X 10-3 m

(iii} To find the thickne ss of the cardbo ard (d} (use screw gauge):
L.C = 0.01 mm Zero error = Zero correcti on =
S.No. P.S.R. H.S.C H.S.R = Total reading Correcte d
(H.S.C x L.C) = (P.S.R + reading
H.S.R) = (T.R :t Z.C)

Unit mm div mm mm mm

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Mean= X lQ·3 m
35
 . , A
Department of Physics nna ~
urw;· ersity, c~
(tv} The ttme ra te of coolt 'ltirii
"f of br a• • dfsc

Ti me (t) Te mp er atu n (TJ Tlme (t)

-
T• m ,U lh ue ,,,
se c ·c 1e c ·c
-
,

Ca lcu la tio ns

Ma ss of the dis c
(MJ = kg
Sp eci fic he at cap aci ty of
the ma ter ial of the bra ss
disc (cJ J kg- 1 K- 1
Me an thi ck ne ss of ca rd
bo ard
(d) m
Me an dia me ter of the bra
ss dis c (2r) m
Me an rad ius of the bra ss
dis c (ii m
Me an thi ck ne ss of the bra
ss dis c (h) m
Te mp era tur e of the ste am
ch ambe r
K
Ste ad y sta te tem pe rat ure
K
Ra te of co oli ng (from Gr
ap h) ( d; ) r, K/ s

me ( r + 2 h ) d ( dT )
K =
dt r,
W/ mK.

36
Lees' Disc Meth.od

Graph: (Between time t along x-axis and temperature T along y-axis)

--r
-
T
I
I
,- 1--1- 1- I- -
--- -- ----•- ·-
--- - - --- -'-ti
,_ ._
.1=
1- 1-

- I
•- ~
-
1--
1-
-
-
,_
--
-•-1-
I-
I- -
1- 1-
I- I -
-1-
I- L-

1- R
1-
I
I ---- -- 1-1- 1- L-
-- - I-

r
t1
_t_
i
I
I
I
I
I I
1--1-

- --
:1 t [t-
;1 t
I-
1 FF
j
I

-l-
I
I '
,_ -
L-
1- t- L- I-
-
,_+
I

1
f 1 '
I j
!
'
- I
I
I
I ..__ I I
l l ;
l " I
I
I

1 I I-

- --
T
I
I

-
I ;_
I-
,_

-
~
I
I
- ,_
I . L - 1- 1-1--
I
j •-
I - L- '
;l - -1
I
I

- ~-
l
'-1-

- 1-1--

I I
I
1--,- ,- - I I

- 1.-.H - -I
--
I
t-
L- L ,-
I
~

--.-- I- I

--
-
,_ j. •-h't•r. 1--
'
-- -+ I
I I
I I I
I

IT I I

tr.~: ,_.. l '

·r
-1-

I
I ,

Il
I I I T ~~ -! +--+- .
;
·r

_:~- r-, t t+·

I

I! I I I
w
r
tL:r.-'
I
+ I
•
t t
' t
~
!~-l--/ t-t
t ·r I
~

i---:
I
I

I
I

ll
I l I j I '

I
I I
I

11
I

I
1
I
I

'
l. . t ....-.-.-
1H
I
' t 1 I-! t ·+ ' r · -t TI l
I
I I I

I I
1 1 ' } I '
I I l
I
♦

•t r t t
•f

±Lr· ;
I
I I
I '
. 1 I I I
t
t' ' !
f I

:· 1
I

:j
I

t +
11: Hr:
I
I
'
•I~
- I I l I

I
I
' 1 I
I I
I
T
T
I I
I
I

; .. I ~ · -+
.- ~
I I I
I I
I I I I
I

L:. .. . ♦•
• • l
.. t ~
~ I
I
I
7
I
I
~ ~ I I
'

37
nw Air \-Vt'CTfJt'

s. The Air Wedge

Objective
'f'o ck'tt.'rt\\11\t' the thk kt\t'SS ,,r
11 ~h·,•11 tl\111 wit,· Pl ' " '" 11 1, lf' 111 l' d l •'' l l td11 w
inte-tft'rt'nC't' pattt'rn thnne-d by nir wc•d~,~ h C' IW l't ' II tw,1 1-(IIHHi pl111,, ,.

Materials and Apparatua

♦ 1\\'o opticnl~· pliuw t't'<'h\1,i;;.,1lnr ~lnss plnH--:-i ♦ ~(1(11\1111 vup11111 ll ui1p
♦ Travelling mkrosrope ♦ 1'11111 wit ,~1 1 ltl11 ~,, Ip 111 p 11f11 11
♦ 45'' inclined glass phltt'

Theory
th In µlrer, of' p11 r>r , I w I wrrr1
A very thin wee!__~ shapt'Ci air film can be formed b,v plncln i;t fl
two glass plates L, and L_, a t one- end B, with the glnss plntes 111 e,)nt11(1t 111 th,· 1Jlhrr "nd
A, as depicted in Fig.5.1. By ilh.nninadng the nir film nom1n.lly 1c1s lng fl mnncwhrornutlc lif4ht
(Sodium lamp). straight bright and dark fringes m-e formed which nre p 11 r11 llcl to the line
of intersection A of the two glass plates. If the eye is in o pos,ltlon to sec I he rcllcc tcd imu~e
of the lamp, the image will not be continuous but will be mnde up of dork und brigh t fringes.
This is due to the interference between the light waves reflected from lhe gloi:.e on t he top
and bottom surfaces of the air wedge. These rays have trave lled different distances and
meet at the eye in phase or out of phase, depending upon the thickness of the a ir film .
If d is the thickness of air film corresponding to the 11111 dark fringe from the edge of the
contact A of two glass plates. then the path difference is given a s

21,d cos r = nA, ( 1)

.
where µ is refractive index of air. r is a ngle of refraction , n is order of the fringe and
). is the wavelength of light used.Whe n Jl - 1 for air and cosr = 1 (since r = oi , then
a dark fringe is obtained at a thickness d given by

2d = nA . (2)

It can be shown that the thickness t of the paper can be obtained by using the relation
I).
t = 2p m, (3)

where, ). is the wavelength of the monochromatic (Sodium lamp) light(5893A) , fJ is the

fringe width and l is the distance betwee n points A to B.
Procedure
l. : 0 r~ an air wedge by holding two optically plane glass plates (L, and L2 as ~hown ·
in Fig. 5.2) in contact using rubber band at one end and place the given thin material
near the other end parallel to the edges of contact.
2.
Place this air wedge set inside the wooden box which has thin glass plate inclined
at 45°.

47
 Department of Ph
ysics, Anna Un
- iversity, Chenna
Keep the whole h h . o n ta l b ed p la i :._:
3. se tu p on t e te o f a tr av el li
Adjust \he air wed o n z n g m ic ro sc o p e
.
4, ge setup in suc
b a way th a t th
to fall vertically e light from so
on th e ai r wed d iu m la m p is m
ge , ade
The thic\me~s of
5, th e wedge sh ap
of contact of th ed ai r film in cr
e glass plates ea se s a s th e d
increases. Corn~ is ta n c e fr o m th
spaceti alternate eq ue e edge
d ar k and brigh ntly a la rg e m .u
t fringes are fo n b er o f equally
the edge of con rmed. T h es e fr
tact . in g es a re p ar al
lel to
6, Adjust th e micro
scope to obtain
a clear view of
in te rf er en ce fr
7. Focti~ the micro inges (Refer F
scope on to th e ig.5 .3).
to coincide with fr in ges a n d a d ju st
th e centre of on to m a k e th e v
of the plane glas e of th e d a rk fr er ti ca l c ro ss w
s plates (Refer inge (nth) n e a r ire
Fig.5 .3) . th e ed g e o f co
n ta ct
8. Note down the
microscope read
ing in th e llori
9. Move th~ microsc zontal sc a le .
ope acros~ th e
the rea~mgs whe fringes l)sing th
n_the vertical cr e fine adjqatm
successive dFilk oss wire coinci eiit ic te w a n d
fnnges (n+3, n+ des w it h th e c take
6 , ...) (Refer Fig e n tr e o f eve
10 . .5.3). th ir d
Take the readin ry
gs till 33 (n+33
) fringes ar e co
11 , Calculate the m vered .
ean fringe width
from th
12. Measure the dis ese re ad ings a . .
s m d ic a te d in
p\ates using travtance between th e w ir e/ T ab le 1.
elling microscop th in a
e. P p er a n d th e
edge o f c o n ta c
13 . Assume the wav t o f g la ss
elength of sodiu
m light a s 5 8 9
.3 n m .
Precaution
1. The two
g1as s plates m u
st be optically -
2 . The movemen plane
t of the .
verrue r sh o u ld be in
3. The edge _of co one direction
of the microscop ntact of th e gla only
e. ss la te s
P sh o u ld be p er p .
en d ic u la r to th
4 . The glass e li n e of m o ti
plates should b on
e clean .
,
~ -
__ _ _ __
Air We:.::dg::!...e_ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _
~of tll• 1.JqNrim•nt: ..
Dial"°

Sodi um lamp
◄--- 0
('

ce fring~s b~t~e~n two gla.s s pl~~es

FIJ,S,l, Basic setu p f~r _observation of interferen
glass plates due · to presence of thin
L1 & L2 Thin film of azr 1s formed between the
pape r (solid circle) having thickness t.

~- T •I -
' : I
I I I
I
I
I
I
I
I 01.aaplate
I I I
I I
I I L
I I
I
I Source
I
I

t - Spccimt.O (wire)
L1• ~ - Trampareot plane glass plllel

Fig. 5.2
49
 -
Dep a r t me t o f Phy .
n stcs, A n na Un
i v e rs i ty . l h P nri r,i

• I
: '
I
I I'
\ ! .
I.
1 Il n+3
,I n+6

Result F i g .5 .3
The thic
knes s of the
g iv e n t h h
l wire/ p
Analysis ap er =
Question
s m
1. What
is in te r f e
rence?
2. How
to c h e c k
t h e o p ti c
al flatne
3. What ss of a
w il l b glass pl
in c r e a s e s e h a p p e n to ate?
? t h e f r in g
e width
if the an
4. What gle betw
is t h e r e een the
la ti o n b e two gla
tw e e n t h ss plate
5 . F o r th e thickn s
t,he b aen ds a m e s p e c im ess of sp
w id th ? e n if a lo e c imen an
nger gla d band
s s p l a te width?
6 . How is used,
m e th o dc?a n t h e t w h a t w il
hickness l b e it
of insula e f fe c t o
tion of a n
7. What
w ire c a n
ty pe o f f r b e deter
in ge s will mined u
b e fanne sing th
d if m e r c is
ury vapo
ur lamp
i s u se d f
or illum
i n a tio n ?

so
 ft'J
~If "I (}(jt '

-r.i,le -·~
1_ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _ ________ ..:ci~ - - - - - - -
• ::..----1,.. c
--- - 0 00 1 c m

S !IO
- o,der of
Microscope Reading (horizontal scale)
Width of 18 Mean width
M.S.R v.s.c V.S.R = T.R. =
tbt band
bands of one band
M.S.R +
(V.S.C x LC)
V.S.R
(n+ 18 - n], etc f3 X 10·2
I div cm cm cm m
cm
t)a_iU

f .. (
C
1 D

l o•3
I
C.
3 n+6

(
l
4 o+9
I
5 o•12
I

rl
6 n• l5 I. - I

I
I
,....._ - -· I

. 7 a +l.8

8 n+21 -

9 n•24

10 n•l7 -

11 n +30
' -

ll n•33

'--- - . .
Mean

51

r w,
1