有機不有機 - 土壤 生態 與農藥 (2023.4.10)

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土壤、生態與農藥

華國泰
毒理所 腫瘤分子生物學實驗室
有機質層
表土層

底土層

風化層
全球豐沃的表土正以每年240億噸的速率流失 !!

土壤沖蝕 (肯亞)
土壤退化
(肯亞 柏哥利亞湖區)

25% 地球表面已沙漠化,同樣面積可養活15億人
No Dig Organic Gardening - Charles Dowding
Agricultural chemicals
Agents for controlling harmful insect pests that damage
A Insecticides
field crops.
B Fungicides Agents for controlling diseases that damage field crops.
Agents that simultaneously control harmful insect
C Insect-fungicides
pests and diseases that damage field crops.
D Herbicides Agents for controlling weeds
E Rodenticides Agents for controlling rats and other rodents
F Plant growth regulators Agents to promote or inhibit the growth of field crops.
Agents that attract mainly harmful insect pests by odor
G Attractants
or other means.
Agents for having repellent action on harmful
H Repellents
mammals and birds that damage field crops.
Agents that are mixed with other agricultural chemicals
I Spreaders
to enhance the adherence of these chemicals.
有機農業
農委會的定義:「有機農業是遵守自
然資源循環永續利用原則,不允許使
用合成化學物質,強調水土資源保育
與生態平衡之管理系統,並達到生產
自然安全農產品目標之農業。」
有機農業是一種較不污染環境、不破壞生態,並能提供消費者健康與
安全農產品的生產方式。

有機農業有時亦被稱為生態農業、低投入農業、生物農業、動態農業、
自然農法、再生農業、替代農業、或永續農業之一種。

有機農業—最好的耕種方式!?
讓·奧古斯特·多米尼克·安格爾
(Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres,
1780-1867)

Roger Freeing Angelica


1819年作
達維 (Jacques Louis David
1748—1825)

Napoleon Crossing the Alps


1802 年作
尚-弗朗索瓦‧米勒(Jean-François Millet,1814—1875),《拾穗》,1857作
布荷東Jules Breton (1827-1906) .《拾穗者之歸》1859作
Napoleon III
Potato Planters, 1861 The Potato Harvest, 1855

The Potato Gatherers, 1853


The Angelus, 1857-59
Great Famine 愛爾蘭大饑荒(馬鈴薯飢荒)

起因: 馬鈴薯晚疫病/單一農作物的過度依賴/政策失誤
時間: 1845–1849
死亡總人數: 1百萬人
愛爾蘭大饑荒(馬鈴薯飢荒)

起因: 馬鈴薯晚疫病/單一農作物的過度依賴/政策失誤
時間: 1845–1849
死亡總人數: 1百萬人
“Investigations on damage caused by diseases and pests in cultivation without
agricultural chemicals (1993)” by the Japan Plant Protection Association. (Knuston,
1990-1993)
Crops Estimated crop yield decrease (Mean) %
Corn 32
Cotton 39
Peanuts 78
Rice 57
Soybeans 37
Wheat 24
Potatoes 57
Apples 100
Grapes 89
Peaches 81
Oranges 55
Lettuces 67
Onions 64
Tomatoes 77
造成1850年愛爾蘭大饑荒的成因以下何者為非?

1. 晚疫病
2. 種植基改作物
3. 政府政策失當
4. 種植單一作物
台灣農藥使用量

2010年台灣農藥銷售量34,709公噸,其中有效成分7,852公噸,銷售金額
$8,851,734千元。

34,709公噸/2,300萬= 1.5公斤/人

哥斯達黎加 20.40公斤/公頃
哥倫比亞 16.70公斤/公頃
南韓 12.80公斤/公頃
台灣 12.60公斤/公頃
1798, 人口論
⚫ 人類具備兩種基本欲望:
性欲→繁衍後代→人口增殖
食欲→維持生命→糧食增產
托馬斯·羅伯特·馬爾薩斯
1766~1834 ⚫ 人口是呈幾何級數增長; 而食物供應呈算術級數增長。

⚫ 人類增殖終必受抑制。

馬爾薩斯災難 :人口增長超越食物供應,會導致人均佔有食物的減少,最弱者就會因此而餓死。
1866

1800s 1838 1842

1960

1960s 綠色革命 現代慣行農業


諾曼·布勞格 1914~2009
DDT

保羅·赫爾曼·穆勒
1899~1965

1948 年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎
1874 首次合成
1939 發現具廣效性殺蟲功能
WORLD WAR II

DDT
有機物名稱 半衰期(年)
阿特靈 1.0
氯丹 1.0
滴滴涕 5.5
地特靈 2.7
安特靈 11
飛佈達 0.7
六氯苯 2.7
滅蟻樂 8.2
毒殺芬 >0.5
DDT in Taiwan

1969 1981 2004 2017


1949 1973 1989 2015
Rachel Carson, 1907-1964
1962 published
1962
“There was a strange stillness. The birds, for example—where had
they gone? Many people spoke of them, puzzled and disturbed. The
feeding stations in the backyards were deserted. The few birds seen
anywhere were moribund; they trembled violently and could not fly.
It was a spring without voices. On the mornings that had once
throbbed with the dawn chorus of robins, catbirds, doves, jays,
wrens, and scores of other bird voices there was now no sound; only
silence lay over the fields and woods and marsh.”

― Rachel Carson, Silent Spring


農藥—化學農藥與生物性農藥
有機氯劑:DDT、BHC 等,在農業上及環境衛生上發揮革命性的防治效果。
在環境中殘存時間長且有生物累積性,早已禁用。

有機磷劑及氨基甲酸鹽類:「巴拉松」、「陶斯松」;「加保扶」、「加
保利」等。效果快易分解,但有許多對人的毒性高。

合成除蟲菊類:「百滅寧」、「賽滅寧」,對人畜毒性低,也廣泛當作環
境衛生用藥,但對魚蝦毒性高。

類尼古丁類:「益達胺」、「亞滅培」、「賽速安」、「可尼丁」等。系
統性藥劑,作用為菸醯膽酯鹼受體的作用體而影響神經系統。
生物農藥 (biological pesticides, biopesticides)

天然素材農藥指天然產物不以化學方法精製或再加以合成者,如菸鹼
(尼古丁,nicotine)、除蟲菊精 (pyrethrum) 、魚藤精 (rotenone) 、
藜蘆鹼(sabadilla, vertrine)、印楝素(azadirachtin)、皂素
(saponins)等。

生化農藥指以生物性素材經過化學粹取或合成,惟其作用機制無毒害
者,有四個明顯的生物功能類別,分別為化學傳訊素、荷爾蒙、天然
植物調節劑與酵素。

微生物農藥: 蘇力菌(Bacillus thuringiensis, Bt)和核多角體病毒


(nuclear polyhedrosis virus, NPV)
Country roads, take me home
To the place I belong…
Rural health risks high
•Birth defects: Researchers say rates of birth defect in rural areas are highest among infants
conceived in the spring and summer, when pesticide levels spike in surface water.

•Autism: California rural children whose mothers were exposed to certain pesticides during
pregnancy were six times more likely to have autism spectrum disorders.

•Cancer: Farmers, applicators, cropduster pilots and manufacturers have higher rates
of several kinds of cancer, including prostate, melanoma and others.

•Parkinson’s: Many studies link pesticides with Parkinson’s Disease, including one in 2007
that found pesticide applicators had nearly double the risk of
Parkinson’s disease.
種植面積
1996 年: 170 萬公頃
2015 年: 17970萬公頃
第一種基改食物
Calgene公司: FLAVR SAVR™ 番茄
藉由抑制番茄內分解果膠的酵素,有效延緩番茄過熟軟化
市場流通時間:1994~1997
Giovanni Stanchi’s paiting from the 17th century.
Created in 1993
冠瘤(crown gall tumor)

農桿菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)
2004 2005

β-carotene level (µg/g): 1.2~1.8 ~8.0 ~36.7


全球最大基因改造作物公司──孟山都

✓ 二十世紀最大的化學公司之一: 生產全美99% 多氯聯苯

✓ 越戰時,為美國軍方生產橙劑(落葉劑)的主要廠商之一

✓ 目前主力產品為 roundup 除草劑(農達/嘉磷塞/年年春)

法國紀錄片(2008): 孟山都眼中的世界
Glyphosate resistant weeds

2000 2006 2004


Monsanto’s demonstration plots near Collinsville have been
used to show the impact of Palmer Amaranth (left) and how its
new biotech-enhanced soybean seed (right) with tolerance to
the herbicide Dicamba can have on knocking out Palmer and
other glyphosate-resistant weeds.
蜂群衰竭失調症
Distribution of the honeybee
非有機農業 有機農業
“A Who's Who of pesticides is therefore of
concern to us all. If we are going to live so
intimately with these chemicals eating and
drinking them, taking them into the very marrow
of our bones - we had better know something
about their nature and their power.”
台大昆蟲系楊恩誠教授

TEDxTaipei 2014 大哉問 What Matters Now


Normal adult bee 500 ppb 益達胺(imidacloprid)

Sci Rep. 2016 Jan 13;6:19298.


1996 1998
Environmental distribution of pesticide
1.標準體重範圍:目前世界衛生組織(WHO)計算標準體重的方法,公式如下:

男性:( 身高 (cm) -80 ) × 70% = 標準體重女性:( 身高 (cm) -70 ) × 60% = 標準體重

2.身體質量指數(BMI值)

3.體脂肪:一般而言成年男性體脂肪率超過25%,成年女性超過30%就是肥胖;而男性體脂率介於15~25%,
女性體脂率介在20%~30%則為正常值,確切的數據會因為年齡有所差別,年齡愈大體脂率通常會越高。

4.內臟脂肪:男女正常的內臟脂肪數值分別為4~6和 2~4。若數值在10~14為肥胖,可能有脂肪肝的問題。

5.基礎代謝率(BMR):基礎代謝率會隨著年紀增加或體重減輕而降低,會隨著肌肉量增加而上升。

6.肌肉量:肌肉量多的話,基礎代謝率也越高,越不容易發胖。

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