TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

Determination
of
Overhead Transmission Line
Characteristics
(400 kV)
Connection: SHAHAMA SS to DAHMA SS

ADWEA STANDARD (ANNEX 1): CALC-OHTL-400-SHA-DAH (Rev.0-2005)

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

CONTENTS

1. Configuration of OHTL 3

2. Assumptions 4

3. Calculations 6

3.1 General Calculations 6

3.2. Calculation of +/- Sequence Impedance 5

3.3 Calculation of Zero-Sequence Impedance 8

3.4 Calculation of Transmission Capacity 11

3.5 Calculation of Earth-Wire Screening Factor 13

3.6 Calculation of Earth-Wire Impedance 13

4. Site Measurement Calculations of OHTL Parameters 13

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

1. Configuration of Overhead Transmission Line

Technical Details:

CONTRACTOR: FRATE - Italy

INSTALLATION PLACE: U.A.E.
CONNECTION: 400kV Shahama GIS to 400kV Dahma GIS
CONDUCTOR/OPGW TYPE: AAAC/ACSR (IEC 208/ASTM B-502) / ACSR (ASTM B-416)
CROSS-SECTION: (282/45.95) / (200.4 (19*No.7 AWG)) mm2
TOWER TYPE: LATICE

e1 0 e2

h1

1(r)
7 4(R)

h2

3(t) 2(s) 8 5(S) 6(T)

h3

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

2. Assumptions

Variable

S e := 400 , 410 .. 600 MVA (variable power transmission capacity)

Ue := 380 kV (Phase to phase voltage)

f := 50 Hz (System frequency)

Ith := 500 A (Thermal current rating)

pf := 0.8 cos (Power factor)

l := 129 km (OHTL length)

lspan := 445 m (Typical Span lenght, m)

RTower := 5 (Tower footing resistance)

:= 100 , 200 .. 1000 (Specific earth resistivity)

RPHdc := 0.09736 (DC Resistance of conductor at 20 0C)

km

rPH := 0.011725 m (Conductor radius)

(Number of sub-conductors in bundle conductor)

n := 4
a := 0.4 m (Spacing of sub-conductors in bundle conductor)

t := 20 , 22 .. 50 degC (Variable conductors temperature)

µ c := 1 mH (Relative permeability of conductor)

c := 0.0036 (Temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity at 20

0C per 0C of temperature difference for the conductor)

REWdc := 0.435 (DC Resistance of earth-wire at 20 0C)

km

rew := 0.0089 m (Earth-Wire radius)

µ q := 1 mH (Relative permeability of earth-wire)

q := 0.0036 (Temperature coefficient of electrical resistivity at 20

0C per 0C of temperature difference for the earth-wire)

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

d0e1 := 12.1 m (Horicontal Distance: Earth-Wire 1 to Tower centre)

d0e2 := 12.1 m (Horicontal Distance: Earth-Wire 2 to Tower centre)

d47 := 12.1 m (Horicontal Distance: Phase R to Tower centre)

d17 := 12.1 m (Horicontal Distance: Phase r to Tower centre)

d28 := 12.4 m (Horicontal Distance: Phase s to Tower centre)

d58 := 12.4 m (Horicontal Distance: Phase S to Tower centre)

d65 := 6.65 m (Horicontal Distance: Phases T to S)

d23 := 6.65 m (Horicontal Distance: Phases s to t)

h1 := 13.85 m (Vertical Distance: Earth-Wires to Phases r or R)

h2 := 13.35 m (Vertical Distance: Phases r or R to s&t or S&T)

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

3. Calculations

3.1. General Calculations

4 (space permeability, H/km)

µ 0 := 4 10 3
µ 0 = 1.257 × 10

:= 2 f (angular frequency, Hz)

= 314.159

d14 := d47 + d17 (distance between phases r and R, m)

d14 = 24.2

d26 := d65 + d58 + d28 (distance between phases s and T, m)

d26 = 31.45

d25 := d58 + d28 (distance between phases s and S, m)

d25 = 24.8

d36 := d23 + d28 + d58 + d65 (distance between phases t and T, m)

d36 = 38.1
2 2
d12 := h2 + ( d28 d17) (distance between phase r and s, m)

d12 = 13.353
2 2
d31 := h2 + ( d23 + d28 d17) (distance between phase t and r, m)

d31 = 15.051

2 2
d34 := h2 + ( d17 + d58 + d65) (distance between phase t and R, m)

d34 = 33.89

2 2
d15 := h2 + ( d17 + d58) (distance between phase r and S, m)

d15 = 27.901

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Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

3.2 Calculation of +/- Sequence Impedance:

a) Positive Sequence Phase Reactance

0.33333
d := ( d12 d23 d31)
(mean geometric distance, m) [F9.19]

d = 11.015
0.33333
d1 := ( d15 d26 d34)
(mean geometric distance, m)

d1 = 30.981
0.33333
d2 := ( d14 d25 d36)
(mean geometric distance, m)

8 f d2 = 28.382
x ( t) := 0.01
RPHdc 1 + c (t 20)

2 3
K ( t) := 0.99609 + 0.018578 ( x ( t) ) 0.030263 x ( t) + 0.020735 x ( t)

Rac ( t) := RPHdc 1 + c (t 20) K ( t) (active resistance per phase as function of ambient

temperature, W/km) [F9.13]

Rac ( t)
R1 ( t) := (active resistance per phase as function of ambient
n temperature, W/km) [F9.13]

a
rt := (radius of circle passing through midpoints of strands of a
bundle [see Page 91 (ABB_88)]
2 sin
n
rt = 0.283
1

(
re := n rPH rt )
n 1 n (equivalent radius for 1 conductor in the bundle, m) [TAB.9.3]

re = 0.18

µ0 d 1
L1 := ln + (inductance per phase, H/km)
2 re 4 n

XL1 := L1 (inductive reactance per phase, /km) [F9.24]

XL1 = 0.262

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

b) +/- Sequence Impedance Results:

Z1 ( t) := R1( t) + i XL1 [ /km ] [F9.24]

[ /km per phase] [ ]

t= Z1 ( t) = Z1 ( t) l =
20 0.025+0.262i 33.978
22 0.025+0.262i 33.98
24 0.025+0.262i 33.982
26 0.025+0.262i 33.984
28 0.025+0.262i 33.987
30 0.025+0.262i 33.989
32 0.026+0.262i 33.991
34 0.026+0.262i 33.993
36 0.026+0.262i 33.995
38 0.026+0.262i 33.997
40 0.026+0.262i 34
42 0.026+0.262i 34.002
44 0.027+0.262i 34.004
46 0.027+0.262i 34.006
48 0.027+0.262i 34.009
50 0.027+0.262i 34.011

3.3 Calculation of Zero-Sequence Impedance (according to PALLACZEK):

t := 30 (ambient temperature, degC)

de12 := d0e1 + d0e2 (distance between earth-wire 1 and earth-wire 2, m)

de12 = 24.2
2 2
d1e1 := h1 + ( d17 d0e1) (distance between phase r and earth-wire 1, m)
d1e1 = 13.85

2 2
d2e1 := ( h1 + h2) + ( d28 d0e1) (distance between phase s and earth-wire 1, m)
d2e1 = 27.202

2 2 (distance between phase t and earth-wire

d3e1 := ( h1 + h2) + [ ( d28 + d23) d0e1] 1, m)

d3e1 = 28.074

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Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

2 2
d1e2 := h1 + ( d17 + d0e2) (distance between phase r and earth-wire 2, m)

d1e2 = 27.883

2 2
d2e2 := ( h1 + h2) + ( d28 + d0e2) (distance between phase s and earth-wire 2, m)

d2e2 = 36.607

2 2 (distance between phase t and earth-wire

d3e2 := ( h1 + h2) + [ ( d28 + d23) + d0e2] 2, m)
d3e2 = 41.354

Dab := d1 d2 Dab = 29.653

1
6
Dm := ( d1e1 d2e1 d3e1 d1e2 d2e2 d3e2) (mean geometric distance, m)
Dm = 27.646
1.85
( ) :=
0.001 (earth current penetration, m) [F9.28]
µ0

µ0 ( ) µc
X0 ( ) := 3 ln + (zero sequence reactance, /km)
2 1 4 n
(re d2) 3
RPHdc 1 + c (t 20) µ0
R0 ( t) := +3 (zero sequence resistance, /km)
n 8

Rq ( t) := REWdc 1 + q (t 20) (AC-resistance of earth-wire, /km)

µ0 µ0 ( ) (Mutual Impedance between line circuit

Zab ( ) := +i ln
8 2 Dab and two earth wires, /km)

µ0 µ0 ( )
Zaq ( ) := + ln i [F9.42]
8 2 Dm

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

Rq ( t) µ0 µ0 ( ) µ q (Impedance of the loop

Zq ( ) := + + i ln +
2 8 2 rew de12 8 earth wire/earth, W/km)

Z01 ( ) := R0 ( t) + i X0 ( ) (Zero-Sequence Impedance per cct [single cct

operation] without earth wire as a function of
earth resistivivty, /km)

2
Zaq ( ) (Zero-Sequence Impedance per cct [single cct
Z01q ( ) := Z01 ( ) 3 operation] with earth wire as a function of earth
Zq ( )
resistivivty, /km) [F9.43]

Z02 ( ) := Z01 ( ) + 3 ( Zab ( ) ) (Zero-Sequence Impedance per cct [double

cct operation] without earth wire as a function
of earth resistivivty, /km) [F9.44]

2
Zaq ( ) (Zero-Sequence Impedance per phase
Z02q ( ) := Z02 ( ) 6 [double cct operation] with earth wire as a
Zq ( )
function of earth resistivivty, /km) [F9.44]
[F9.45]

Single cct operation Double cct operation [normal]

[ m] [ /km/cct] [ ] [ /km/cct] [ ]

= Z01q ( ) = Z01q ( ) l = Z02q ( ) = Z02q ( ) l =

100 0.182+0.843i 111.217 0.34+1.236i 165.396
200 0.19+0.867i 114.568 0.356+1.286i 172.123
300 0.195+0.881i 116.427 0.365+1.313i 175.861
400 0.199+0.891i 117.704 0.372+1.332i 178.428
500 0.201+0.898i 118.67 0.378+1.346i 180.374
600 0.204+0.903i 119.445 0.382+1.358i 181.934
700 0.206+0.908i 120.09 0.386+1.367i 183.233
800 0.207+0.912i 120.642 0.389+1.375i 184.344
900 0.209+0.915i 121.122 0.392+1.382i 185.313
1·10 3 0.21+0.919i 121.548 0.395+1.388i 186.171

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Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

3.4 Calculation of POWER TRANSMISSION CAPACITY

µ0 d d1 1
L2 := ln + (inductance per phase [double cct], H/km)
2 re d2 4 n
4
L2 = 8.523 × 10

XL2 := L2 (inductive reactance per phase [double cct], W/km)

t := 50 (ambient temperature, degC)

2
sin := 1 cos ( acos( pf ) )
sin = 0.6

RPHdc 1 + c (t 20)
R0 := (D.C.resistance at t = 50 degC per phase, W/km)
n
R0 = 0.027
2 3
K := 0.99609 + 0.018578 ( x ( t) ) 0.030263 x ( t) + 0.020735 x ( t) (skin effect factor)

K = 1.007

Rac1 := R0 K (D.C.resistance at t = 50 degC per phase, W/km)

R0 K Rac1 = 0.027
Rac2 :=
2 Rac2 = 0.014

k1 := ( Rac1 pf + XL1 sin) (factor) k1 = 0.179

K1 := ( XL1 pf ) ( Rac1 sin) (factor) K1 = 0.194

k2 := ( Rac2 pf + XL2 sin) (factor) k2 = 0.172

K2 := ( XL2 pf ) ( Rac2 sin) (factor) K2 = 0.206

2
Se l 100 1 Se l 100
( )
d1V% Se :=
2
k1 +
200 2
K1 (voltage drop, %)
Ue Ue
[ONE cct=ON]

2
Se l 100 1 Se l 100 (voltage drop, %)
( )
d2V% Se :=
2
k2 +
200 2
K2
[TWO ccts=ON]
Ue Ue

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

Se
( )
I Se := 103
(variable current rating, A)
3 Ue

( )
d1S% Se :=
(3 I (S ) e
2
)
Rac1 l 100 (power loss, %)
6 [ONE cct=ON]
Se 10

d2S% ( S ) :=
(3 I (S ) e
2
)
Rac2 l 100 (power loss, %)
e 6 [TWO ccts=ON]
Se 10

Single cct operation Double cct operation

Current Rating/
phas e, A MVA Voltage drop, % Power loss, % MVA Voltage drop, % Power loss, %

( )
I Se = Se = d1V% Se = ( ) d1S% Se =( ) Se = d2V% Se = ( ) d2S% Se = ( )
607.737 400 6.638 0.97 400 6.4 0.485
622.931 410 6.81 0.995 410 6.567 0.497
638.124 420 6.983 1.019 420 6.734 0.509
653.317 430 7.155 1.043 430 6.902 0.522
668.511 440 7.328 1.067 440 7.07 0.534
683.704 450 7.502 1.092 450 7.238 0.546
698.898 460 7.675 1.116 460 7.407 0.558
714.091 470 7.849 1.14 470 7.576 0.57
729.285 480 8.023 1.164 480 7.745 0.582
744.478 490 8.198 1.189 490 7.915 0.594
759.671 500 8.372 1.213 500 8.085 0.607
774.865 510 8.547 1.237 510 8.255 0.619
790.058 520 8.723 1.262 520 8.426 0.631
805.252 530 8.898 1.286 530 8.597 0.643
820.445 540 9.074 1.31 540 8.768 0.655
835.639 550 9.251 1.334 550 8.94 0.667

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Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

3.5 Calculation of Screening Factor (ANSI/IEEE 367-1987, Eq.18)

:= 100

Zab ( )
r := 1 (reduction (screening factor)
Zq ( ) r = 0.63

3.6 Calculation of Earth Wire Impedance (BS 7354, Clause 7.4.4)

3 3
Z := 0.5 Zq ( ) lspan 10 + Zq ( ) lspan 10
RTower (effective impedance of the OHTL
eart wire and its connections to
earth via the tower footing
resistance, )

Z = 1.289

4. Site Measurement Calculations of OHTL Parameters (Power Source)

t = 50 (conductor temperature, degC)

:= 100 (specific earth resistivity, Ohm*m)

Z1 ( t) := ( R1( t) + i XL1) l (+/- Impedance, Ohm)

Z1 ( t) = 34.011
Z1 := Z1 ( t)
2
Zaq ( )
Z01q ( ) := Z01 ( ) 3 l (Zero Impedance, Ohm)
Zq ( )
Z01q ( ) = 111.217
Z0 := Z01q ( )

Iph := 5 , 6 .. 19 (variable min. secondary current per phase, A)

U1 := 400 (primary current, V)

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

a.) +/- Impedance

U2 ( Iph) := Iph 2 Z1 (secondary Voltage, V)

U2( Iph) Iph

I1 ( Iph) := (primary Current, A)
U1

I2 ( Iph) := Iph (secondary current, A)

3 (required power of the test set [kVA]

P ( Iph) := I1 ( Iph) U1 10

Test Transformer Layout

Primary Side Secondary Side Power

[V] [A] [U] [A] [kVA]

U1 = 400 I1 ( Iph) = U2 ( Iph) = I2 ( Iph) = P ( Iph) =

4.251 340.111 5 1.701
6.122 408.133 6 2.449
8.333 476.155 7 3.333
10.884 544.177 8 4.353
13.774 612.199 9 5.51
17.006 680.222 10 6.802
20.577 748.244 11 8.231
24.488 816.266 12 9.795
28.739 884.288 13 11.496
33.331 952.31 14 13.332
38.262 1.02·10 3 15 15.305
43.534 1.088·10 3 16 17.414
49.146 1.156·10 3 17 19.658
55.098 1.224·10 3 18 22.039
61.39 1.292·10 3 19 24.556

b.) Zero Impedance [3 phases in parallel]

Z0
U20 ( Iph) := Iph 3 (secondary Voltage, V)
3

I20 ( Iph) := Iph 3 (secondary current, A)

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 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Overhead Transmission Line Characteristics

U20 ( Iph) I20 ( Iph)

I10 ( Iph) := (primary Current, A)
U1
3
P ( Iph) := U1 I10 ( Iph) 10 (required power of the test set, kVA)

Test Transformer Layout

Primary Side Secondary Side Power

[V] [A] [U] [A] [kVA]
I10 ( Iph) = U20 ( Iph) = I20 ( Iph) = P ( Iph) =
U1 = 400
20.853 556.087 15 8.341
30.029 667.305 18 12.011
40.872 778.522 21 16.349
53.384 889.74 24 21.354
67.565 1.001·10 3 27 27.026
83.413 1.112·10 3 30 33.365
100.93 1.223·10 3 33 40.372
120.115 1.335·10 3 36 48.046
140.968 1.446·10 3 39 56.387
163.49 1.557·10 3 42 65.396
187.679 1.668·10 3 45 75.072
213.538 1.779·10 3 48 85.415
241.064 1.891·10 3 51 96.426
270.258 2.002·10 3 54 108.103
301.121 2.113·10 3 57 120.449

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