COURSE WORK

OMORUYI COURAGE OSABOUMWEN

ENG1704129

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

STE 512
DISCUSS BRIEFLY THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE PROVISIONS
OF EN 1991 – 4: 2005{EURO CODE 1: PART 4 AND BS 6399 – 2

EN 1991-4:2005 and BS 6399-2 are both European standards that provide

guidance on the design loads for buildings. While they are similar in purpose, there are
some key differences between the provisions of these two standards.

1. SCOPE: EN 1991-4:2005, part of the Euro code series, provides guidance on

the actions (loads) on silos and tanks. It covers both the vertical and horizontal
loads on these structures. On the other hand, BS 6399-2 focuses specifically on
the imposed floor loads on buildings in the United Kingdom.
2. LOAD FACTORS: EN 1991-4:2005 uses a partial factor design approach,
where load factors are applied to characteristic loads to account for uncertainties
in the design process. These factors differ based on the type of load and the risk
associated with it. In contrast, BS 6399-2 uses a factor of safety approach, where
a single factor of safety is applied to the specified loads.
3. LOAD TYPES: EN 1991-4:2005 provides more comprehensive coverage of
load types, including self-weight, imposed loads, snow loads, wind loads, and
temperature effects. It also considers dynamic effects, such as vibrations and
seismic actions. BS 6399-2 mainly focuses on imposed floor loads and does not
cover other loads in as much detail.
4. CALCULATION METHODS: The two standards also differ in their
calculation methods. EN 1991-4:2005 provides detailed procedures and
formulas for calculating different load effects on silos and tanks, considering
various load combinations. BS 6399-2 provides simpler and more prescriptive
calculation methods for imposed floor loads, with tables indicating load values
for different types of buildings and occupancy.
5. REGIONAL APPLICABILITY: EN 1991-4:2005 is part of the Euro code
series, which is intended to be used across European countries. It provides a
common approach to design, ensuring consistency and compatibility among
different countries. BS 6399-2, as a British Standard, is specifically tailored to
the design requirements and practices in the United Kingdom.

2
BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE PEAK
VELOCITY PRESSURE OF THE FOLLOWING PARAMETERS:

a) BASIC WIND VELOCITY:

To determine the peak velocity pressure of the basic wind velocity, the following
procedure can be followed:

i. Obtain the Basic Wind Velocity

ii. Determine the Exposure Category
iii. Calculate the Velocity Pressure: It is calculated using the formula:
Velocity Pressure(q)=0.5 x ρ x V 2
Where ρ is the air density and V is the basic wind velocity. Air density can be
assumed as a constant value depending on the location and altitude.
iv. Adjust the Velocity Pressure for Exposure
v. Calculate the Peak Velocity Pressure: Finally, the peak velocity pressure is
determined by multiplying the adjusted velocity pressure by an additional factor
called the gust effect factor. The gust effect factor accounts for the fluctuating
nature of wind gusts and is typically provided by building codes or standards.

Peak Velocity Pressure =Adjusted Velocity Pressure x Gust Effect Factor

b) REFERENCE HEIGHT

Determining the peak velocity pressure at the reference height involves the following
procedure:

i. Determine the Basic Wind Velocity

ii. Identify the Reference Height: The reference height is the height at which the
basic wind velocity is specified. It is usually defined as the mean height of the
building's roof or the height of an adjacent terrain that may significantly affect
the wind flow. The reference height is determined based on the building's
characteristics and local regulations or standards.
iii. Calculate the Wind Speed Profile
iv. Apply the Wind Speed Profile to Determine Wind Speed at Reference Height:
This is done by scaling the basic wind velocity based on the characteristics of
the wind speed profile.

3
 v. Calculate the Velocity Pressure at Reference Height: The velocity pressure at the
reference height is calculated using the formula:
Velocity Pressure (q)=0.5 x ρ x V 2
Where ρ is the air density and V is the wind speed at the reference height. Air
density can be assumed as a constant value depending on the location and
altitude.
vi. Adjust the Velocity Pressure for Terrain and Exposure: These adjustments are
typically provided by building codes or standards and are applied to the
calculated velocity pressure.
vii. Calculate the Peak Velocity Pressure

Peak Velocity Pressure =Adjusted Velocity Pressure x Gust Effect Factor

c) HEIGHT OF BUILDING

To determine the peak velocity pressure at the height of a building, the following
procedure can be followed:

i. Determine the Basic Wind Velocity

ii. Measure the Height of the Building: The height of the building is measured from
the ground to the topmost point, such as the roof or any other structural element
that can be affected by wind. The height is usually measured vertically from the
ground level.
iii. Calculate the Wind Speed Profile
iv. Apply the Wind Speed Profile to Determine Wind Speed at the Height of the
Building
v. Calculate the Velocity Pressure at the Height of the Building:
2
Velocity Pressure (q)=0.5 x ρ x V
Where ρ is the air density and V is the wind speed at the height of the building.
Air density can be assumed as a constant value depending on the location and
altitude.
vi. Adjust the Velocity Pressure for Terrain and Exposure
vii. Calculate the Peak Velocity Pressure:

Peak Velocity Pressure =Adjusted Velocity Pressure x Gust Effect Factor

4
BRIEFLY DISCUSS THE PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING WIND
PRESSURE USING THE FOLLOWING:

a) EXTERNAL PRESSURE CO-EFFICIENT (Cpe)

To calculate wind pressure using the external pressure coefficient, follow these steps:

i. Determine the wind speed: Measure or obtain the wind speed at the location
where you want to calculate the wind pressure. The wind speed is typically
given in meters per second (m/s).
ii. Determine the reference pressure: The reference pressure is the pressure of still
air. It is typically 0 Pascal (Pa) or atmospheric pressure at sea level.
iii. Determine the external pressure coefficient: The external pressure coefficient
relates the wind pressure to the reference pressure. It depends on the shape and
orientation of the surface or structure you are analysing.
iv. Calculate the wind pressure: Multiply the wind speed squared by the external
pressure coefficient and divide by 2. The formula is:
Wind Pressure=0.5 x ρ x V ² x Cp e
Where:
- ρ (rho) is the air density, typically around 1.225 kg/m³.
- V is the wind speed in meters per second.
- Cpe is the external pressure coefficient.
The resulting wind pressure will be in Pascal (Pa).
v. Convert the wind pressure to the desired units: Wind pressures are often
reported in other units such as pounds per square foot (psf) or pounds per square
inch (psi). Use appropriate conversion factors to convert the pressure to the
desired units if necessary.

b) INTERNAL PRESSURE CO-EFFICIENT (Cpi)

To calculate wind pressure using the internal pressure coefficient, follow these steps:

i. Determine the wind speed: Measure or obtain the wind speed at the location
where you want to calculate the wind pressure. The wind speed is typically
given in meters per second (m/s).

5
 ii. Determine the reference pressure: The reference pressure is the pressure of still
air. It is typically 0 Pascal (Pa) or atmospheric pressure at sea level.
iii. Determine the internal pressure coefficient: The internal pressure coefficient
relates the wind pressure to the reference pressure inside a building or structure.
It depends on factors such as the building geometry, openings, and ventilation
systems. You can find standardized values for different building types and
configurations in building codes or engineering handbooks.
iv. Calculate the wind pressure: Multiply the wind speed squared by the internal
pressure coefficient and divide by 2. The formula is:
Wind Pressure=0.5 x ρ x V ² x Cp i
Where:
- ρ (rho) is the air density, typically around 1.225 kg/m³.
- V is the wind speed in meters per second.
- Cpi is the internal pressure coefficient.
The resulting wind pressure will be in Pascal (Pa).
v. Convert the wind pressure to the desired units: Wind pressures are often
reported in other units such as pounds per square foot (psf) or pounds per square
inch (psi). Use appropriate conversion factors to convert the pressure to the
desired units if necessary.

THE PROCEDURE TO CALCULATE WIND FORCE

i. Determine the wind speed: Measure or obtain the wind speed at the location
where you want to calculate the wind force
ii. Determine the reference pressure: The reference pressure is the pressure of still
air. It is typically 0 Pascal (Pa) or atmospheric pressure at sea level.
iii. Determine the external pressure coefficient: The external pressure coefficient
relates the wind pressure to the reference pressure. It depends on the shape and
orientation of the structure or surface you are analysing. You can find
standardized values for different shapes and orientations in building codes or
engineering handbooks.
iv. Calculate the wind pressure: Multiply the wind speed squared by the external
pressure coefficient and divide by 2. The formula is:

6
 Wind Pressure=0.5 x ρ x V ² x Cp e
Where:
- ρ (rho) is the air density, typically around 1.225 kg/m³.
- V is the wind speed in meters per second.
- Cpe is the external pressure coefficient.
The resulting wind pressure will be in Pascal (Pa).
v. Determine the area: Identify the surface or area on which the wind force is
acting. Measure or calculate the area of that surface in square meters (m²).
vi. Calculate the wind force: Multiply the wind pressure by the area. The formula is:
Wind Force=Wind Pressure x Area
The resulting wind force will be in Newton