Concept of Natural Resources

Resource Importance to Humans Renewable

energy?
Water  Domestic use: drinking, cooking, cleaning, bathing Yes
 Agriculture use: watering crops and breeding livestock
 Industrial use: cleaning, processing, and cooling
machines
 Generate hydroelectricity
 Water transport: river, lakes, canal (artificial waterway
or improved river used for travel, shipping, irrigation),
ocean
 Source of food and protein: fish, prawns, shells (kerang)
Forest  Source for logging (hardwood and softwood): building Yes
uses, furniture, papers
 Forest productions: sap (rubber, getah), oil, medicines,
herbs, rattan, resin (damar), fiber (gentian)
 Ecotourism: tropical forest (hutan lipur), recreation
park, wild animals park
 Watersheds: area of land where all water flows to a
single stream, river, lake or ocean). Provides high
quality drinking water and supports livelihood such as
agriculture, recreational angling and watersports.
Supports local ecosystems. Stabilizes groundwater level
 Balanced ecosystem: provides oxygen
 Control erosion and mass movement
 Stabilize temperature and maintain air humidity
 Habitats of many kinds of floras and faunas
Field  Source of food for the livestock industry, sheep, cows Yes
 Planting area for important grains such as wheat and
oats
 Habitats of wild animals: tigers, lions, zebras, giraffes
Mineral  Supply fossil fuels and power sources: petroleum, No
natural gas, coal, uranium, plutonium
 Growth of the metal industry (iron, copper, lead, zinc)
and non-metal industry (sulfur, phosphate)
Air  Oxygen for breathing Yes
(Atmosphere  Carbon dioxide for photosynthesis
)  Generate wind power
 A medium to supply temperature, solar energy, water,
humidity, and air pressure into our lives
Ocean and  Food sources: fish, prawns, squid, shells Yes
marine  Raw materials: petroleum, pearl, coral reef (batu
resources karang)
 Tourism: aquatic parks, marine sources
 Generate wave power and tidal power
 Transportation: international waterways and harbors
(pelabuhan)
Land / Soil  Agricultural activities can be done Yes
 Building sites (tapak bina) for settlements and industries
such as a wide, flat, accessible and fertile
 High grounds can be used for building transmitters such
as radio transmitters, televisions, dan
telecommunications

Methods to Sustain Forests as a Natural Resource (Soalan STPM 2018, Essay)

 Reforestation / Kaedah penghutanan semula
o Replant trees that were felled.
 Enforce laws / Penguatkuasaan undang-undang
o Akta Perhutanan Negara 1948
 Selective logging / Penebangan terpilih
o Only trees which its trunk’s circumference (lilitan) exceed 30cm can be felled.
 Research & Development / Penyelidikan dan pembangunan
o In order to guarantee the forest’s sustainability
 Reserved forest / Hutan simpanan
 Silviculture treatment / Rawatan silvikultur
o Involving replanting trees, thinning (remove some plants to allow more to grow),
and fertilizing.
 Awareness campaign / Kempen kesedaran
 Recycling practices / Amalan kitar semula

Concept of Rural Transformation

 Rural
o A settlement outside of the urban area that is usually smaller than a town,
o Petempatan manusia di kawasan luar bandar yang kebiasannya lebih kecil
daripada pekan.
o An open swath of land that has few homes or buildings, the population density is
very low, agriculture is the primary industry.
 o Encompasses all population, housing and territory not included within an urban
area.
 Rural Transformation
o Change in physical space and change in socioeconomic status of a village / small
settlement by modernization, development, and urbanization.
o Perubahan ruang fizikal dan sosioekonomi sesebuah petempatan desa melalui
pemodenan, pembangunan, dan pembandaran.

Strategies of Rural Transformation

 Rural industrialization / Strategi perindustrian desa
o To advance a potential rural area by agglomerating industrial activities.
o Encourage industries in rural communities.
o Increase economic progress of the rural community.
 Rural urbanization / Strategi pembandaran desa
o By building a new city outside of an urban area.
o Example: FELDA, kawasan Pembangunan Wilayah.
 Integrated Agricultural Development Program / Program Pembangunan Pertanian
Bersepadu
o Rural areas are advanced by integrated combination between government
agencies such as RISDA, FAMA, MARDI, dan Kementerian Pembangunan Luar
Bandar dan Wilayah.
o Development and modernization of agriculture and development of infrastructure
facilities as well as socioeconomic development.
o Reduce poverty, improve food security.
o Increase agricultural production and productivity in a sustainable and climate-
resilient manner and to improve rural livelihood.
 Regional development / Pembangunan wilayah
o Decrease the gap between the socioeconomic development between developed
regions and less developed region.
o Increase job opportunities and increase the socioeconomic status of the
population.
o Example: KEJORA (Johor).
 Insitu development / Pembangunan insitu
o Prepare basic facilities outside of the city.
o Example: KADA (Kelantan).
 Pusat pertumbuhan desa
 Concentrate on developing a rural area with the same facilities that an
urban area has.
 Such as communications technology, high-speed internet, water pipes,
water supply and electric supply.
Interrelationship between Rural and Urban
 Innovation hub
o Small cities act as an innovation hub to rural areas through mass media,
telecommunications system such as telephones and cyber cafes, information
center (pusat penerangan) that is owned by the government.
 Social services interaction
o Urban centers supply specialized services such as higher education, medical care,
transportation facilities, professional services and employment opportunities.
 Employment interaction
o Rural areas offer farming services and services of the lower income groups such
as nightwatchmen, laborers, domestic servants.
 Agricultural interaction
o Rural areas grow food and supply it to urban areas.
 Market area / Industrial and trade interaction
o Urban areas are the collection and marketing centers of agricultural produce from
the surrounding villages.
 Recreational interrelationship
o Rural community go to urban areas to enjoy entertainment functions, recreational,
or cultural facilities.
o Urban dwellers travel to rural areas on holiday for recreation, sightseeing,
relaxation and social functions.

Positive Effects of Urbanization to Humans (Alam Sekitar Manusia)

 Change of the population’s job patterns and increased income
 Increase of basic and public facilities and increased quality of life
 New residential areas
 Increase of rural land use

Negative Effects of Urbanization to Humans (Alam Sekitar Fizikal)

 Increased temperature of an area
o Logging and exposure of earth to the sun makes an area hotter.
 Increased erosion on the surface
 Mud flow
 Interrupted ecosystem
 Air pollution
  Water pollution
o Biochemical Oxygen Demand increase due to the toxic waste that is disposed by
factories that needs oxygen to decompose.
o Oxygen supply in water can decrease.
o Domestic waste that is disposed in rivers can pollute it.
 Soil pollution
o Uncontrolled usage of fertilizer and pesticides can cause soil pollution when it is
dissolved in water.
 Smell and noise pollution

Concept of City
 An inhabited place with a greater size, population, or importance than a town or a village.

Concept of Urbanization
 A process in which there is an increase in the number of people living and working in a
city or metropolitan area.

Types and Characteristics of Cities

Factors that Determine Process of Urbanization

Role of Cities in Malaysia

Effects of Urbanization
In the aspects of:
 Population density
 Occupation change
 Increase of life status
 Housing
 Rural-Urban migration
 Traffic jams
 Social problems
 Change of land use