Chapter 1: Design of Roof and Truss (B+G+7

Apartment)
1. Wind Analysis

1.1 Introduction
We consider in our structural project, the design of B+G+7 apartment building with
a basement store, and located in Debre Berhan City, North Shewa, in the Amhara
regional State of Ethiopia.

Wind is a moving air which in turn possesses energy and this kinetic energy should
be resisted by using appropriate deign for different kinds of structural elements
like roofs, and walls. The action of wind can be a type of suction or pressure to our
structures both externally or internally. However, these effects are more
magnified for structure with more openings and large surface areas. And we focus
on sensitive part of the building that is roofs (hipped roof) for analysis and design
of its parts.

1.1.1 Method of Analysis

Response of structure to variable action of wind could either be background
component that involves static deflection or resonant component which is relatively
small and involving dynamic vibration. The latter is widely considered for tall and
flexible structures. Here, our analysis is based on Background resonant or Quasi
static gust load.

1.2 Wind Analysis

The wind pressure acting on the external surface of a structure shall be:

We=qref*Ce (Ze)*Cpe

And the internal pressure acting on the internal surfaces becomes,

Wi=qref*Ce (Zi)*Cpi

Where: qref=reference mean wind velocity

 Ce (Ze)= exposure coefficients for external pressure
Ce (Zi)=exposure coefficients for internal pressure
Ze, Zi= reference height defined in Appendix A of EBCS1
Roof slope

Pitch angle (α)

tan(α) = (2/13.3)

α =8.6

1.2,1 External wind pressure

We= qpe(ze)*Cpe

Where: -Ze= reference height

qpe = peak velocity pressure

Cpe = external pressure coefficient

Basic wind velocity (Vb)

Vb = Cdir∗Cseason∗Vb,0…………………………………………. (ES-EN part1-4:2015 (4.1))

Where:-Vb= Basic wind factor

Cdir= Directional factor

C season = Seasonal factor

Vb,0= Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity it is equal to 28m/s ……(ES-EN 1

part:2015)

Ze = reference height =27.54

Zo = roof height =2m

Cdir =C season=1 ……………………………………………………………(ES-EN 1991-1-4: 2015)

Vb = 1 ∗1 ∗28m/s

= 28m/s

Basic wind pressure (qb)

qb = 0.5 ∗ρ∗ V…………………………….(ES-EN 1991 part-1-4:page 16 article(4-10))

Where:- ρ =1.25 kg/m3 ρ=air density ( ES-EN part (1-4): page 16)

(qb) = 1.25 ∗ (28)2

= 490kg/m2

Peak velocity qp(ze)

qpe(z) = [1 + 7 ∗ lv(z)] ∗ 0.5 ∗ρ∗ Vm^2(z) ……(ES-EN 1991 part-1-4: 2015 article (4-

8)

Where:- lv(z) = turbulence intensity

Vm(z)=mean wind velocity

Determination of turbulence intensity(lv(z))

𝐾𝑖
LV(z ) = 𝑧 where, Z min ≤Z ≤Zmax21
{𝐶0(𝑧)𝐿𝑛( )}
𝑧0

Where :- k1=turbulence factor the recommended value is 1.0

Co=orography factor the recommended value is 1.0

Zo= roughness length

Terrain category III (our building is located Debre Berhane)

Zo= 0.3 and Zmin=5m ………………….(ES-EN part 1-4:2015 Table 4)

1
lv(z)= 27.54 = 0.221
{1∗𝐿𝑛( )}
0.3

Determination of terrain factor (Kr)

𝑧0
Kr=0.19(𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑖)0.07

Where: - Zoii= 0.05m(terrain category II table 4.1)

0.3
=0.19((0.05)0.07=0.215

Cr(z) =0.215ln (27.54/0.3) =0.972

Vm(z) =Cr(z)*Co(z)*Vp =0.972*1*28=27.23

qpe(z) = [1 + 7 ∗ lv(z)] ∗ 0.5 ∗ρ∗ Vm^2(z)

= [1+7(0.221)] *0.5*1.25*27.232=1.18kn/m2

External wind pressure (We)

We = qp(ze)*cpe

=1.18 ∗ cpe

Internal wind pressure (Wi)

Wi= qp(ze)∗ cpi

= 1.18 ∗ cpi

Pressure coefficient
As per ES-EN 1991-1-4:2015 Building and part of building depends on the size of
loaded (A) which is the area of structure that produces the wind action in the
section to be calculated the external pressure coefficient are given for the loaded
areas of 1m2 and 10 m2 in the table for approximate building configuration as Cpe1
for local coefficient and Cpe10 for the overall coefficient respectively.

➢ Determination of external pressure coefficient

For hip Roof
The roof is hip roof with α =8.6 ͦ

Where KT –is the terrain factor

Cr(z) – is the roughness coefficient
Ct(z) – is the topography coefficient and taken to be unity

Case-1 Wind direction

Reference height: ze=h=29.54m

DETERMINATION OF EXTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT (Cpe (z))

External pressure coefficient for hipped roofs

For wind direction θ = 00 For wind direction θ = 900

θo= tan-1 (2*2/27) =8.430 θ90= tan-1 (2x2/9.87) =22.060

Reference height: ze=h=29.54m Reference height: ze=h=29.54m
e=b or 2h whichever is smaller

b=cross wind dimension

For wind direction θ = 00

Crosswind dimension, b (35.01) our e (36.21, 2x29.54=59.08)

whichever is smaller. e=35.01

𝛼 = 13.5/4.94= 2.73, 𝑡𝑎𝑛-1(2.73) = 69.9ᵒ

FOR WIND DIRECTION θ=00

 Β=90-69.9=20.1ᵒ

X=3.5tan20.1ᵒ=1.28m

F= (8.75*3.5) -(0.5x3.5x1.28) =28.39m2 ……………..A>10 m2

G=17.51*3.5=61.3 m2………………………………A>10 m2

H=0.5(25.14+24.98) *10=250.6m2

I=0.5(15.27+24.98) *10=201.3m2

J=3.5*10=35*2=70 m2

K=0.5(25.14+35.01) *3.5=105.3m2 @GMAIL.COM

L=14.94*3.5=52.29 m2x2=104.58m2

M=0.5(8.75*4.94) =21.61*2=43.22m2

Roof ɑ0 = 8.07o

Since α0=8.07 applying linear interpolation between +5 +15 the following result is

obtained.

Table 1-1 Cpe values for  = 0

Zone for wind direction =00

Pit F G H I J K L M
ch
Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe
ang
le 10 ,1 10 ,1 10 ,1 10 ,1 10 ,1 10 ,1 10 ,1 10 ,1

50 -1.7 - -1.2 -2 -0.6 -1.2 -0.3 -0.6 0.6 -1.2 -2 -0.6 -1.2

2.5
8.43 -1.4 - -1.1 - -0.5 - - - -0.7 - 0.05 - -1.2 -2 -0.6 -
0
2.3 0.9 0.9 0.34 0.4 0.8 0.2 0.4

0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

6 6 6

150 -0.9 -2 -0.8 1.5 -0.3 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -1.2 -2 -1.4 -2 -0.6 1.2
0.2 0.2 0.2 -- -- -- -- --

We = qref*Cpe
= 1.18* Cpe

Zone F G H I J K L M

Area(m2) 28.39 61.3 250.6 201.3 70 105.3 104.58 43.22

Cpe -1.4 -1.1 -0.5 -0.34 -0.7 0.05 -1.2 -0.6

0.06 0.06 0.06 -- -- -- -- --

We=1.18C -1.65 -1.29 -0.59 -0.4 -0.83 0.06 -1.42 -0.71

Pe 0.071 0.071 0.071 -- -- -- -- --

Wi = qref*Cpi
= 1.18*0.8 Where: Cpi = 0.8 or -0.5 for closed buildings with partition walls and openings)

= 0.944KN/m2
Wi = qref*Cpi
= 1.18*(-0.5)
= -0.59KN/m2

Summary of wind loads on hipped roof

Wind pressure

Maximum –ve pressure Maximum +ve pressure Resultant pressure (we-wi)

external internal external internal external internal

-1.71 -0.59 0.071 0.944 -1.71-0.944 0.071+0.59

=-2.65 =0.661

From this the resultant wind pressures on the roof are

Upward = -2.65KN/m2
Downward = +0.661 KN/m2
Case II: For wind direction θ = 900
E=b or 2h whichever is smaller. E(27, 59.08)
Therefore, our e=27

35.01

6.75

13.5
27
8.01

2.7

6.75

2.7 10.8

13.5 21.51
 e=b or 2h whichever is smaller:
e=b=27m, d=35.01m, e/4=6.75m, e/10=2.7m, e/2=10.8m
𝛼 = 13.5/4.94= 2.73, 𝑡𝑎𝑛-1(2.73) = 69.9ᵒ
X=2.7tan69.9ᵒ=7.4m
F = (6.75*2.7) -(0.5x2.7x7.4) =8.235m2

G = 13.5*3.5=47.25m2
H = (0.5x4.55x28.2) -(2x9.87+39.8) =4.615m2
I = 0.5*13.5*10.8=72.9 m2BY ABDIRASHID MOHAMED DAHIREMAIL: DUCALE114@GM
J = (0.5*8.01*35.01) -72.9=67.32m2

L = 13.5*3.5=47.25m2
M=0.5*11.28*11.28=63.62m2*2=127.2m2
N= (8.01x14.1) +(0.5x14.1x14.1) =212.346m2

Table 1-2 Roof ɑ0 =22.06

F G H I J L M N
Pitc
h Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe Cpe, Cpe
ang
10 ,1 10 ,1 10 ,1 10 ,1 10 ,1 10 ,1 10 ,1 10 ,1
le
150 -0.9 -2 -0.8 1.5 -0.3 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -1.4 -2 -0.6 1.2 -0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2 -- -- -- -- --

22.0 - - - 0.0 -0.25 -045 - - -1.4 -2 - 0.0 -0.25

60 0.24 1.7 0.66 9 0.86 1.3 0.69 7

6 6

0.34 0.44 0.29 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

300 0.5 -1.5 -0.5 -1.5 -0.2 -0.4 -0.7 -1.2 -1.4 -2 -0.8 -1.2 -0.2

0.5 0.7 0.4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

We = qref*Cpe
= 1.18* Cpe
Cpe= Cpe,1+ (Cpe,10 - Cpe,1) log A …………. Since 1<A<10m

Table 1-3 External Pressure Coefficients

Zone F G H I J L M N
2
Area(m ) 9.87 39.8 4.615 72.9 67.32 39.8 127.2 212.35
cpe -0.24 -0.66 -0.25 -0.45 -0.86 -1.4 -0.69 -0.25
0.37 0.49 0.11 -- -- -- -- --
We = qref*Cpe
We=1.18C -0.28 -0.78 -0.29 -0.53 -1.01 -1.65 -0.81 -0.29
pe 0.44 0.58 0.13 -- -- -- -- --

Wi = qref*Cpi Where: Cpi = 0.8 or -0.5 for closed buildings with partition walls and openings)

= 1.18*0.8
=0.994KN/m2
Wi = qref*Cpi
= 1.18*(-0.5)
= -0.59KN/m2

Summary of wind loads on hipped roof

Wind pressure

Maximum –ve pressure Maximum +ve pressure Resultant pressure (we-wi)

external internal external internal external internal

-1.65 -0.59 0.58 0.944 -1.65-0.944 0.58+0.59

=-2.59 =1.17

From this the resultant wind pressures on the roof are

Upward = -2.59KN/m2
Downward = +1.17KN/m2

❖ Critical net pressure on Hipped pitch roof is the maximum wind pressure
from above cases
Thus W (−) = -2.65KN/m2.
W (+) = +1.17KN/m2.
 2. Roof Design

The roof system of this project is a truss roof system. The type of sheet used is EGA 300
sheet and the trusses and purlins are steel. The roof is classified as hipped roof as per
EBCS-2 1995 A.2.6 (page 78). The effect of wind load in both directions (θ=0˚ & θ=90˚) is
taken into account and the severest case was considered in the design process.

Design in this section includes:

• Design of EGA sheet

• Design and analysis of purlin

• Design and analysis of trusses

Roof slope
Pitch angles (α)
θo= tan-1 (2*2/28.2) =8.430 θ90= tan-1 (2x2/9.1) =22.060
Determination of purlin spacing

By looking the wind pressure and referring “Manual of cold formed welded
structural and furniture steel tubing” from kaliti steel industry. We have selected
EGA-300 with thickness of0.4mm.

Check capacity EGA sheet

First step section of appropriate type of EGA sheet our group select EGA 300 with
0.4mm for our roof.

Type of roof cover selected EGA 300 Unit

Thickness of EGA sheet 0.0004 m

Weight of EGA sheet (Kg/m) 3.14 (Kg/m)

Section modulus (mm^3) 1578 (mm3)

Elastic modulus 210000 Mpa

Moment of inertia 54267 mm4

effective width 0.806 m

Load on the purlin

Dead load of EGA sheet

Pitch angles α0=8.430

α90=22.060
Total load (self-weight of EGA) =0.7+3.14=3.84 kg/m2

Coated = 0.5kg/m2 by taking average (0.38 and max of 0.76) from KALITY manual

Take coating =0.7 kg/m2

Load of EGA perimeter square

= (3.84/0.806) (9.81/1000)

=0.0467 Kg/m2
Normal load to the plane of roof (multiply by cos(θ))

=0.0467cos (8.43 ͦ) =0.0467cos (22.06 ͦ)

=0.046KN/m2 =0.044KN/m2

Live load
The characteristics value Qk & qk are given ESEN-1 1991(2015), table 6.10 - For a
roof which is not accessible for normal maintenance repairs, painting & minor
repairs, the category is H.

Distributed load (qk)=0.4KN/m2

Concentrated load (Qk) =1KN

Normal load to the plane of roof multiply by

cosϴqk=0.4*cos (8.430) cosϴqk=0.4*cos (22.060)

=0.396KN/m2 =0.376KN/m2

Qk=1cos (8.43) Qk=1cos (22.06)

=0.99KN =0.94KN

Wind load
Positive pressure =1.17 KN/m2 normal maximum pressure for panel
of loading

=1.17cos (8.43) =1.17cos (22.06)

=1.158KN/m2 =1.1KN/m2

Negative pressure

=-2.65cos (8.43)

=-2.63KN/m2
 =-2.65cos (22.06)

=-2.49KN/m2

Point load calculation and determination of purlin spacing

Looking wind pressure and referring “cold formed welded structures and furniture
steel tubingmanual” of kality steel industry.

Load combination

Pd=1.35 D.L + 1.5L.L + W.L

Case I: positive pressure

Pd=1.35(0.046) +1.5(0.396) +1.158

=1.814 KN/m2

Using this load and thickness of EGA, the purlin spacing is found to 1.4 m from the
previous kaliti manual.

Case II: negative pressure

Pd=1.35(0.0462) +1.5(0.396)-2.63

=-2KN/m2

Using this load and thickness of EGA, the purlin spacing is found to 1.2 m from the
previous kaliti manual.

Therefore, the governing purlin spacing is = minimum (1.4m, 1.2m) =1.2m

Total design load on the purlin

As per ES EN 1990, Annex A1 table A1.1 &A1.2 (B) the factor of safety for
persistent and transient loads is as follows:

Partial safety factor for permanent action (γG) = 1.35

Partial safety factor for variable action (γQ) =1.5

Other variable actions Qk, w,

Factor for combination value of variable action (ψo) = 0.6 0

Facto for combination value of variable action (ψ1) = 0.2 0

Facto for combination value of variable action (ψ2) =0

Load Combination for ULS as pre-ES EN 1990

Combination (1): ϒGGk+ϒQ, wψo, wQk, w (positive) + ϒQ,1Qk,1(distrd)

Combination (2): ϒGGk +ϒQ, wψo, wQk, w (positive) + ϒQ,1Qk,1(conce.)

Combination (3): ϒGGk +ϒQ, wψo, wQk, w (negative) + ϒQ,1Qk,1(distrd)

Combination (4): ϒGGk +ϒQ, wψo, wQk, w (negative) + ϒQ,1Qk,1(conce)

N.B: we used the ultimate limit state for the purpose of safety

Combination (1): ϒGGk+ϒQ, wψo, wQk, w (positive) + ϒQ,1Qk,1 (distributed)

=1.35(0.046) +(1.5*0.6*1.16) +1.5(0.396)

=1.7 KN/m

The maximum moment due to this load is:

WL2/8=1.7*1.2^2/8=0.306KN m

The reactions induced are

RA= RB = WL/2

=1.02KN

Combination (2): ϒGGk +ϒQ, wψo, wQk, w (positive) + ϒQ,1Qk,1(conce.)

 = 1.35N/m*0.046 +1.5*0.6*1.16+1.5*0.99(KN)

=0.062+1.38

Mmax=0.62(1.2)2/8+1.4(1.2) /2=0.95 KN/m

RA (1.2) -0.62(1.2) (1.2/2) -1.4(1.2/2)

RA= RB=1.1KN

Combination (3): ϒGGk +ϒQ, wψo, wQk, w (negative) + ϒQ,1Qk,1(distrd)

=1.35(0.046) +(1.5*0.6*-2.63) +1.5(0.396)

=-1.711

Mmax =WL2/8=-0.31KN/m

RA=RB=WL/2

= -1.02KN

Combination (4): ϒGGk +ϒQ, wψo, wQk, w (negative) + ϒQ,1Qk,1(conce)

= 1.35N/m*0.046 +1.5*0.6*-263+1.5*0.92(KN)

=-2.305+1.38
Mmax=(WL2/8) +PL/2=0.424KN/m

RA (1.2) –(-2.31)(1.2) (1.2/2) -1.4(1.2/2)

RB=RA=-0.823KN

Maximum reaction force is =1.02KN to wards roof

Minimum reaction force is = -0.823KN away from roof

Check capacity of EGA sheet

From kaliti metal factory manual, the load carrying capacity of EGA-300 sheet of

thickness 0.4mm and span 1m is 2.45KN/m2. The maximum distributed load applied

on the EGA sheet of 1m span is:

=max rxn force/width*spacing

=1.02/0.806*1
=1.26knm2<2.45kn/m2……………………OK

Analysis & Design of Lattice Purlin

The analysis done for both of the positive and negative reaction case:

➢ The critical reaction calculated above is applied as UDL on the purlin.

➢ Then, the UDL is turned to concentrated load at center by multiplying
It by the length of the purlin
➢ The concentrated load on each node is then determined by dividing
the concentrated load at center by the no of nodes.
➢ The effect of self-weight of the purlin is included in the SAP analysis
by defining the section. We use a lattice purlin having a length, L=3 m
which is the critical length of design.
Since the purlin carries the load from adjacent EGA sheet section, the reaction
from the critical loading should be multiplied by two.

A) Positive reaction, R (+ve)

R (+ve) =1.02KN /m

2R (+ve) =2.04KN/m

L=3m

R concentrated=2.04KN/m*3m

=6.12KN

Number of node code=effective =6.12/23=0.27

c/distance

b) negative reaction (-ve)

R(-ve) = -0.823

2R(-ve) = -1.646

L=3

R concentrated=-1.646KN/m*3m =-4.94KN

R on each node=R concentrate/no of node =-4.94/23=-0.215KN