1.

affectation
a deliberate pretense or exaggerated display

To a vast majority, fountain pens are an affectation.

2. complacent
contented to a fault with oneself or one's actions

Paul believes the medical advances made in treating HIV over the past decade have led to people
becoming more complacent and taking more risks.

= self-satisfied

3. concomitant
an event or situation that happens at the same time

Quality and equity in education must be conceived as concomitant.Washington Post (Apr 17, 2012)

= co-occurrence
> subsequent

4. culpable
deserving blame or censure as being wrong or injurious

But the state is even more culpable, making bad decisions about the design of the program,
particularly the contractual requirements related to field testing.New York Times (Jun 26, 2012)

= blameworthy, blameable, guilty

5. depravity
moral perversion; impairment of virtue and moral principles

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 The depravities of leading men in TV dramas traditionally don’t leave permanent scars.New York
Times (Jul 6, 2011)

= a corrupt or degenerate act or practice

6. espouse
choose and follow a theory, idea, policy, etc.

But one complicating factor potentially cancels out much of the

optimismespoused yesterday.Scientific American (May 11, 2011)

- adopt, embrace

7. galling
causing irritation or annoyance

The high pay phone costs in Germany are particularly galling for many troops because they can
call home from combat areas for much less.New York Times (Mar 2, 2012)

= annoying, irritating

8. hallmark
a distinctive characteristic or attribute

And within those types, they found hallmark genetic changes that are driving many cancers.

9. ignominious
deserving or bringing disgrace or shame

After an ignominious two years, the program was scrapped.BusinessWeek (Nov 4, 2011)

= dishonourable,disgraceful, inglorious, shameful

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10. nefarious
extremely wicked

According to my “hospitality insider,” nefarious guest activities are only becoming more foul and
disturbing.Slate (Jul 3, 2012)

= villainous

11. nonchalant
marked by blithe unconcern

Indian society's nonchalant attitude towards the disease must change as well.Nature (May 23, 2012)

= unconcerned, casual

12. mitigate
make less severe or harsh

Here are a few ways to mitigate problems and frustrations.Nature (Jul 5, 2012)

= lighten, palliate,

13. perpetuate
cause to continue or prevail

Many accused the show of mocking Islam and perpetuating racial stereotypes.

14. propensity
a natural inclination

Most unfortunate, and misleading, are the links these reporters imply between military service,
mental health and an increased propensity for extreme violence.New York Times (Jul 3, 2012)

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15. reconcile
come to terms

Fighting and reconciling is a major part of any healthy relationship.Slate (Apr 24, 2012)

= harmonise

16. scapegoat
someone who is punished for the errors of others

“Our folks are so angry and frustrated about being used as a scapegoatthat they’re going to
continue to engage in this battle.”New York Times (Jun 9, 2012)

17. squander
spend thoughtlessly; throw away

In his world fortunes are constantly being made and squandered.

= spend extravagantly

18. supersede
take the place or move into the position of

Company officials say they hoped to see a national sales tax law in place that will supersede state
laws.

= replace

19. ludicrous
inviting ridicule

A few years ago, the idea of blind drivers seemed ludicrous.

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 = absurd, nonsensical, idiotic, humorous, laughable, ridiculous

20. latent
potentially existing but not presently evident or realized

“Uncertainties about the fiscal outlook in the United States present a particular latent risk to global
financial stability,” Mr. Viñals said.New York Times (Jul 16, 2012)

= potential, possible
> inactive (not presently active)

21. tenacity
persistent determination

The work is pushed steadily, with tenacity, but results are slow in coming.

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