The term intelligence was derived from the Latin word
Fundamentals of Intelligence
Historical Origins of Intelligence
Moses - 12 intelligence agents whom the Lord directed Moses to
send into land of Canaan
Rahab - she made a covenant with the agents and duped their
pursuers.
Delilah - She is a best example of an “amourous agent”.
Sun Tzu - If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not
fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not
the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If
you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in
every battle.” – Sun Tzu
Alexander the Great - He devised the first “letter sorting”
Chia Lin - “An army without spies is like a man with no ears and
eyes.”
Gen. Quintus Sertorius - The Roman commander in Spain who
possessed a white pawn and allowed it to become widely known
that he derived both secrets and guidance from the pawn.
Akbar - “The Great Mogul” and sagacious master of Hindustan.
Genghis Khan - The leader of the so-called Mongol Conquerors
and used effective propaganda by spreading rumors of Mongol
terror.
Richeliue - Introduced the network of covert collectors who
transmitted prompt and accurate information to Paris
Frederick the Great - The Father of Organized Military Espionage
Hannibal Barca - The Carthaginian General, who roamed around
the city often disguising as beggar to gather first hand
information.
Julius Caesar - He employed ciphers to ensure secrecy of
information.
Napoleon Bonaparte - One spy in the right place is worth twenty
(20) thousand men in the field”.
Karl Schulmeister - He is a master of deceit, who used black mail
to obtain vital information pertaining to the personality and
identity of the enemies of Napoleon during the 18th century.
Francis Walsingham - He protected Queen Elizabeth I from
countless assassins.
Alfred Redl - His treason led to the death of 500, 000 thousands
agents and soldiers combine in his 13 years of spying.
William J. Donovan - Head of the Office of Strategic Service (OSS),
responsible to establishing a centralized military intelligence for
the United States whose valuable contribution was vital to
American Victory in the 2nd World War
Joseph Fouchie - Father of Modern Political Espionage
Herbert Yardley - An American Cryptologist, who founded and led
the cryptographic organization, the Black Chamber.
Joseph Petrosino - Member, NYPD in early 1900, head of Italian
Squad. He is credited to smash Black Society.
Eliyahu Ben-Shaul Cohen - A.k.a. Eli Cohen
• He is best known for his espionage work in 1961–65 in
Syria, where he developed close relationships with the
Syrian political and military hierarchy.
Early Espionage Agencies
1. The Ninja
2. Cabinet Noir
3. Oprichnina
4. Ocharana
5. Office of Naval Intelligence
World’s Notable Intelligence Organizations
1. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI) - USA
2. Secret Intelligence Service (MI-5 and MI-6) – UK
3. Mossad Merkazi le-Modiin ule-Tafkidim Meyuhadim
(Central Institute for Intelligence and Special
Operations) Mossad – Israel
4. Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti or “Committee
for State Security” (KGB) – Russia
NICA (National Intelligence Coordinating Agency)
• Primary intelligence collection and analysis arm of the
Philippine government in charge in carrying out overt,
covert and clandestine intelligence programs.
• Motto: “Knowledge is Security”
• Founded on 1949.
• Headed by PLTGEN Ricardo F De Leon (Ret.)
Director General, NICA
PNP Directorate for Intelligence (DI) - manages the
gathering/collating of intelligence objectives through effective
management of all intelligence and counter-intelligence activities
of the PNP. He also serves as the linkage of all foreigners with
official transactions with the chief PNP.
INTELLIGENCE
intellegentia which literally means discerning or appreciative
(Harper, D., 2001-2019)
As an Activity
The organized effort to collect information, to assess it
little by little, and piece it together until it forms larger and clear
patterns.
As a product
The end product resulting from the collection,
evaluation, analysis, integration, and interpretation of all available
information which may have immediate or potential significance
to the development and execution of plan, policies and programs
of the user.
As an Organization
An institution composes of persons who pursue of preparing plans
or formulating policies.
Intelligence is an end product resulting from the collection,
collation, evaluation, analysis, integration, and the interpretation
of all available information.
Intelligence is processed information.
Intelligence is the end product resulting from the processing of
information.
Information is an unprocessed material of every description
including those derived from observations, communications,
reports, rumors, imagery, and other sources from which
intelligence is produced. It is an unprocessed information or raw
data.
Intelligence information is information gathered or received
which is of intelligence interest/value.
Intelligence Community – integrated and nearly organized entity
composed of units or agencies, which have intelligence interest
and responsibilities.,P
Informer – one who gives information for a reward or price.
Informant – anyone who can furnish information
Basic Functions of Intelligence
1. The collection or procurement of information.
2. The evaluation of the information that become
intelligence.
3. The dissemination of intelligence to those that need it.
4. Counter intelligence.
Four (4) Axioms of Intelligence
§ Axiom 1 – Intelligence is crucial to internal security.
§ Axiom 2 – Intelligence is essential to all types of
operations.
§ Axiom 3 – Intelligence is the responsibility of all
intelligence agencies.
§ Axiom 4 – Intelligence of the government must be
superior to that of the enemy.
Basic Principles of Intelligence Operation
1. Intelligence is continuous
2. Intelligence operations and tactical operations are
inter-dependent
3. Intelligence must be useful
4. Intelligence must be timely
5. Intelligence operations must be flexible
6. Intelligence operations require imagination and
foresight
7. Intelligence must fit the needs of the commander
8. Intelligence requires careful and thorough planning
Broad Categories of Intelligence
1. Military Intelligence
§ The use of processed information in
formulating military plans, programs and
policies.
2. National Intelligence
§ Knowledge formed from the integration of
the intelligence developed by all the
government departments which provide the
valuable inputs or the formulation of
national policy and the promotion and
enhancement of national security.
3. Departmental Intelligence
§ Knowledge required by an agency or
department of the government in order to
execute its mission and discharge its
responsibilities.
4. Police Intelligence
§ Output or end product resulting from the
collection, evaluation, analysis, integration
and interpretation of all available facts
which concerns the activities of criminal
elements and its activities significant to
police planning and operation.
Categories of Police Intelligence publicly available sources and analyzing it to
Line/Tactical Intelligence - Concerned with the effects of the produce actionable intelligence.
enemy, weather or terrain on enemy and friendly operations. 2. Close/Covert Source
Strategic Intelligence - Deals with PETSBAGS – political, economic, § Those that are not obtained
transportation and telecommunication, scientific and technical, openly and requires clandestine
biographical, armed forces, geographical and sociological operation or secret activities to
capabilities and vulnerabilities of all nations. acquire.
Counter-intelligence - Aspect of intelligence, which comprises civil Informant - gives information without any consideration.
and police/military measures to counter the enemy or to prevent Informant Net- a controlled group of people who work through
sabotage, espionage or subversion within the organization. the direction of an agent handler.

Functional Classification of Police Intelligence Types of Informants

1. Criminal Intelligence 1. Anonymous – those who gives information through
§ Refers to production of intelligence telephone with the hope that the informant cannot be
essential to the prevention of crimes, and identified.
the investigation, arrest and prosecution of 2. False Informant - reveals information of no
criminal offenders. consequences or value.
§ Internal Security Intelligence 3. Self-Aggrandizing - moves around the center of
§ Refers to knowledge essential to criminals delight in surprising the police about bits of
the maintenance of peace and information.
order. 4. Double Crosser - wants to get more information from
§ Public Safety Intelligence the police more than what he gives.
§ Refers to knowledge essential to 5. Special/legitimate informant- those who gives
ensuring the protection of lives information concerning specialized cases. Usually they
and properties. are regarded with a special treatment by the
operatives.
Intelligence Cycle - The cyclical steps followed from intelligence 6. Voluntary informant- gives information freely and
planning to the dissemination of processed information. willfully as a witness to a certain act.
§ It is a repetitive process used to produce intelligence 7. Recruited informant- a person who is selected,
from information. cultivated, and developed into a continuous source of
Four Phases of Intel Cycle information.
A. Collection 8. Rival elimination informant- an informant who gives
B. Processing information to eliminated rivalry.
C. Dissemination and Use 9. Information Peddler/Mercenary – informant who
D. Planning and Direction gives information for remuneration or compensation.
Factors in Choosing Collection Agency
Classification of Intelligence Requirements 1. Capability
1. Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIRs) or Essential 2. Suitability
Elements of Information (EEIs 3. Multiplicity
2. Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIRs) or Essential 4. Balance
Elements of Information (EEIs
3. Specific Order Requests (SORs) 3. PROCESSING OF INFORMATION
1. Recording
Indicators - Generalized theoretical action that an enemy might § reduction of information to writing or some
be expected to take in preparation for aggressive action that are other form of graphical representation and
things or events that transpired in the past or things or events the arranging of information into groups of
that are presently occurring. related items.
2. Evaluation
Collection Process § determination of the pertinence, reliability
Steps: and accuracy of the information.
1. Determine collecting agency § determination of the pertinence or
2. Send orders or request significance of the information relative to
3. Supervise collection efforts the operation, reliability of the sources or
4. Use tools or techniques in collection agency, and accuracy of the information.
5. Ensure timely collection 3. Interpretation Analysis
§ determination of the significance
of the information relative to the
information and the intelligence
already known and drawing
deductions about the probable
meaning of the
§ evaluated information.
Parameters of Evaluation
§ Pertinence – determination of the area of operation
and who needs it, if so by whom and when.
§ Reliability – determination of the sources of
information by which it was collected and evaluated.
§ Accuracy – probable truth of the information.

Common Sources of Information for Intelligence Purposes

Types of Sources of Information

1. Open/Overt Source
§ A form of intelligence collection
management that involves finding,
selecting, and acquiring information from
 DIRECTORATE FOR INTELLIGENCE
Vision:
“THE DIRECTORATE IS COMMITTED TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE
TRANSFORMATION OF THE PNP INTO A PROFESSIONAL AND
DYNAMIC ORGANIZATION, REORGANIZED AS ONE OF THE BEST IN
ASIA.”
Mission:
“TO ASSIST THE CHIEF, PNP IN ATTAINING INTELLIGENCE
OBJECTIVE THRU THE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ALL
INTELLIGENCE AND COUNTER INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES OF PNP.”

Members of PNP Intelligence Community

 Intelligence Group (IG)
 Regional Intelligence Divisions (RIDs), Police Regional Offices
 Intelligence Divisions (IDs), Directorate for Integrated Police
Operations (DIPOs)
 Intelligence Divisions (IDs), National Support Units
o a. CIDG e. ACG
o b. SAF f. HPG
o c. AVSEG g. PSPG
o d. MG h. DEG

Interpretation Analysis - Refers to the determination of the

significance of the information relative to the information
and the intelligence already known and drawing deductions
about the probable meaning of the evaluated information.
Interpretation of Information
Steps:
1. Assessment – sifting and sorting of evaluated
information to isolate insignificant elements with
respect to the mission and operation of the unit.
2. Integration – combination of elements isolated in
analysis with other known information to form a logical
picture on hypothesis of enemy activities or influence
of operational area characteristics on the mission of
the unit.
3. Deduction – designed to answer the question “what
does this information means in relation to the enemy
situation, weather and area of operation.
INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM THRUSTS
INTELLIGENCE ORGANIZATIONS
 Crime Prevention;
1. FBI- FEDERAL BURAEAU OF INVESTIGATION (USA)  Effective Law Enforcement;
2. CIA- CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (USA)  Counter-intelligence Activities;
3. KGB- KOMITET GOSUDARSTVENNOY BEZOPASNOSTI  Support to Internal Security Operations (ISO);
(RUSSIA)  Support to Counterterrorism; and
4. KCIA- KOREAN CENTRAL Intelligence AGENCY (KOREA)  Enhancement of Overall Intelligence Efficiency and
5. BND- BUNDES NACHRICHTEN DIENST (FEDERAL Capability.
INTELLIGENCE OF WEST GERMANY)
6. SIS- SECRET INTELLIGENCE SERVICE (BRITISH)
7. MI6- BRITISH SECRET SERVICE
8. MI5- BRITISH MILITARY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE
9. RED GESTAPO- SECURITY SERVICE (EAST GERMANY)

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
1901 – Establishment of the Philippine Constabulary (PC)
Intelligence Community.
1956 – C2 Division was activated as an intelligence staff of PC.
1962 – the Constabulary Intelligence Unit (CIU) was constituted
with Headquarters at Camp Crame.
1969 – CIU was unfilled and its function was absorbed by Office of
the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (J2)/Intelligence Service
of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP).
1973 – Constabulary Security Unit (CSU) was formed.
1978 – President Marcos directed the regionalization of the
PC/Integrated National Police.
1991 – Promulgation of RA 6975 or Reorganized Department of
Interior and Local Government Act of 1990.