Electromagnetics 314 equations sheet — Version: 2019/04/29

Prof. Matthys M. Botha, Dept. E&E Eng, Stellenbosch University

Mathematics fundamentals: ∂f 1 ∂f ∂f Magnetostatics:

∇f = ~aρ + ~aφ + ~az
√ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
• Indefinite integrals — let X = a2 + x2 , then:
I × (~r − ~r 0 ) 0 ~
Z ~0
~ = 1 ∂[ρAρ ] + 1 ∂Aφ + ∂Az
Z
∇·A ~ = µ
B d` F = I~ × B~ d`
ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z 4π |~r − ~r 0 |3
Z
x C C
dx = X + C  
~ = 1 ∂Az − ∂Aφ ~aρ Js × (~r − ~r 0 ) 0 ~
Z ~0
X
Z
∇×A ~ µ
Z ρ ∂φ ∂z B= ds F = J~s × B ~ ds
x 1 4π S |~r − ~r 0 |3 S
dx = − + C  
X 3 X ∂Aρ ∂Az
Jv × (~r − ~r 0 ) 0 ~
Z ~0
−
Z
+ ~aφ ~ µ
B= dv F = J~v × B~ dv
Z
1 ∂z ∂ρ
dx = ln |x + X| + C   4π V |~r − ~r 0 |3 V
X 1 ∂[ρAφ ] ∂Aρ
Z + − ~az
1 x
Z I
ρ ∂ρ ∂φ ~ =∇×A ~ ⇔ ~ =
~ · ds ~
~ · d`
3
dx = 2 + C B B A
X a X 1 ∂

∂f

1 ∂2f ∂2f S C
2
Z
X3 ∇ f= ρ + 2 2+ 2
ρ ∂ρ ∂ρ ρ ∂φ ∂z
Z
xX dx = +C 1
3 m
~ = IA~am ⇒ T~ = m× ~
~ B; Wm = ~ H
B· ~ dv
• Spherical coordinates: 2 R3
a2 ln |x + X|
Z
xX
X dx = + +C  p 
2 + y2 + z2 General electromagnetics:
2 2   r = x
x = r sin θ cos φ
   
−1 z
Z  
dx 1 x
 
y = r sin θ sin φ ⇔ θ = cos • Constitutive relations:
= ln +C r  
x(ax + b) b ax + b z = r cos θ  φ = tan−1 y
  
~ = E
~
 
D with  = r 0
 

x
• Vector calculus and algebra identities: ~ = µH
B ~ with µ = µr µ0
~ = dr~ar + rdθ~aθ + r sin θdφ~aφ
d`
∇ · ∇f = ∇2 f J~ = σ E
~
~ = r2 sin θdθdφ~ar + r sin θdrdφ~aθ + rdrdθ~aφ
ds
∇·∇×A ~ =0 • Interface conditions — the unit vector ~a12 points
dv = r2 sin θdrdθdφ
∇ × ∇f = 0      to region 1 from region 2:
 Ar  sin θ cos φ sin θ sin φ cos θ Ax 
∇(f g) = f ∇g + g∇f Aθ = cos θ cos φ cos θ sin φ − sin θ Ay ~1 − E
~a12 × (E ~ 2) = 0
~ × B)
∇ · (A ~ =B ~ ·∇×A ~−A~·∇×B
~ Aφ
 
− sin φ cos φ 0 Az
 
~1 − H
~ 2 ) = J~s
     ~a12 × (H
~ = f∇ · A
∇ · (f A) ~ + ∇f · A
~ Ax  sin θ cos φ cos θ cos φ − sin φ  Ar  ~1 − B
~ 2) = 0
~a12 · (B
~ = ∇f × A~ + f∇ × A~ Ay = sin θ sin φ
 cos θ sin φ cos φ  Aθ
∇ × (f A) ~a12 · (D~1 −D~ 2 ) = ρs
Az cos θ − sin θ 0 Aφ
   
∇×∇×A ~ = ∇(∇ · A)
~ − ∇2 A
~ ∂ρs
∂f 1 ∂f 1 ∂f ~a12 · (J~1 − J~2 ) = −
~ · (B
A ~ × C)
~ =B ~ · (C
~ × A)
~ =C ~ · (A
~ × B)
~ ∇f = ~ar + ~aθ + ~aφ ∂t
∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ !
~ × (B
~ × C)~ = B(
~ A~ · C)
~ − C(
~ A~ · B)
~ 2 ~
J1 ~
J2
A
∇·A ~ = 1 ∂[r Ar ] + 1 ∂[Aθ sin θ] ~a12 × − =0
Z I
r2 ∂r r sin θ ∂θ σ1 σ2
∇×A ~ =
~ · ds A ~
~ · d` {Stokes} 1 ∂Aφ
SZ C + • For stationary domains/locations:
I r sin θ ∂φ
∇·A ~ dv = A ~
~ · ds {Divergence}  
~ 1 ∂[Aφ sin θ] ∂Aθ ~ I Z ~
V S ∇×A=
r sin θ ∂θ
−
∂φ
~ar
∇×E~ = − ∂B ⇔ ~ =−
~ · d`
E
∂B ~
· ds
∂t C S ∂t
• Cartesian coordinates:
 
1 1 ∂Ar ∂[rAφ ]
+ − ~aθ ~ I
r sin θ ∂φ ∂r ~ = J~ + ∂ D
∇×H ⇔ H ~
~ · d`
~ = dx~ax + dy~ay + dz~az
d`   ∂t C
1 ∂[rAθ ] ∂Ar
~ = dydz~ax + dzdx~ay + dxdy~az + − ~aφ Z Z
∂D~
ds r ∂r ∂θ = ~ +
J~ · ds ~
· ds
1 ∂
    S S ∂t
dv = dxdydz 2 2 ∂f 1 ∂ ∂f
∇ f= 2 r + 2 sin θ
I Z
r ∂r ∂r r sin θ ∂θ ∂θ ~ = ρv
∇·D ⇔ ~ ~
D · ds = ρv dv
∂f ∂f ∂f 1 2
∂ f IS V
∇f = ~ax + ~ay + ~az + 2 2 ~ =0 ⇔ ~ =0
~ · ds
∂x ∂y ∂z r sin θ ∂φ2 ∇·B B
S
∇·A ~ = ∂Ax + ∂Ay + ∂Az Electrostatics: ∂ρv
I Z
∂ρv
∂x ∂y ∂z ∇ · J~ = − ⇔ ~ =−
J~ · ds dv
∂t S V ∂t
ρ` (~r − ~r 0 )d`0
Z 0
ρ0` d`0
   
∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax ∂Az
Z
~ ~ 1 1
∇×A= − ~ax + − ~ay E= V =
r − ~r 0 |
I Z
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x 4π C |~r − ~r 0 |3 4π C |~ ~=E
~ × H,
~ then: ~ +
~ · ds
  Let S S J~ · E
~ dv
ρs (~r − ~r 0 )ds0
Z 0
∂Ay ∂Ax ρ0s ds0
Z
+ − ~az ~ 1 1 S V
E= V = ~ · H]
~ ~ · E]
~
∂x ∂y 4π S |~r − ~r 0 |3 4π S |~r − ~r 0 |
Z Z
1 ∂[B 1 ∂[D
+ dv + dv = 0
∂2f ∂2f ∂2f 1
Z 0
ρv (~r − ~r 0 )dv 0 1
Z
ρ0v dv 0 2 ∂t 2 V ∂t
∇2 f = 2 + 2 + 2 ~
E= V =
V
∂x ∂y ∂z 4π V |~r − ~r 0 |3 4π V |~r − ~r 0 |
• For moving domains/locations:
• Cylindrical coordinates: Z a
~ = −∇V ⇔ Vab
E = Va − Vb = − ~ · d`
E ~
F~ = q(E~ + ~u × B)
~
 p  b
2 2
ρ= x +  yy 
  I Z
x = ρ cos φ ~ =−d
~ · d` ~
~ · ds
Z
1
  e= E B
y = ρ sin φ ⇔ φ = tan−1 p~ = qd~ap ⇒ T~ = p~ × E;
~ We = ~ ·E
D ~ dv
C dt S
x  2 R3
z=z ~
   I Z
∂B
 
z=z • Separation of variables for Laplace’s equation in ~ −
~ · d` ~
= em + et = (~u × B) · ds
2D Cartesian coordinates: C S ∂t
~ = dρ~aρ + ρdφ~aφ + dz~az
d`
∇2 V = 0: assume candidate solution V = X(x)Y (y) Circuit theory and phasors:
~ = ρdφdz~aρ + dρdz~aφ + ρdρdφ~az
ds
d2 X d2 Y V = IR
dv = ρdρdφdz + kx2 X = 0; + ky2 Y = 0; kx2 + ky2 = 0
dx2 dy 2 1
Q = CV WC = CV 2
    
With possible solutions for X (Y is entirely similar): 2
 Aρ  cos φ sin φ 0 Ax 
1 2
Aφ = − sin φ cos φ 0  Ay kx2 kx X(x) Equiv. alt. λ = LI WL = LI
2
Az 0 0 1 Az
   
     0 0 A0 x + B 0 — λ = NΦ for Φ equal in all windings
Ax  cos φ − sin φ 0  Aρ 
+ k A1 sin kx + B1 cos kx C1 ejkx + D1 e−jkx ~
E(x, y, z, t) = < E(x, y, z)ejωt

Ay = sin φ cos φ
 0 Aφ
Az
 
0 0 1 Az
  − jk A2 sinh kx + B2 cosh kx C2 ekx + D2 e−kx