The density (more precisely, the volumetric mass density; also known as specific

mass), of a substance is its mass per unit volume. The symbol most often used for
density is ρ (the lower case Greek letter rho), although the Latin letter D can also
be used. Mathematically, density is defined as mass divided by volume:
Ρ=M/V

where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume. In some cases (for
instance, in the United States oil and gas industry), density is loosely defined as its
weight per unit volume, although this is scientifically inaccurate – this quantity is
more specifically called specific weight.
For a pure substance the density has the same numerical value as its mass
concentration. Different materials usually have different densities, and density
may be relevant to buoyancy, purity and packaging. Osmium and iridium are the
densest known elements at standard conditions for temperature and pressure.
To simplify comparisons of density across different systems of units, it is
sometimes replaced by the dimensionless quantity "relative density" or "specific
gravity", i.e. the ratio of the density of the material to that of a standard material,
usually water. Thus a relative density less than one means that the substance
floats in water.
The density of a material varies with temperature and pressure. This variation is
typically small for solids and liquids but much greater for gases. Increasing the
pressure on an object decreases the volume of the object and thus increases its
density. Increasing the temperature of a substance (with a few exceptions)
decreases its density by increasing its volume. In most materials, heating the
bottom of a fluid results in convection of the heat from the bottom to the top,
due to the decrease in the density of the heated fluid. This causes it to rise
relative to more dense unheated material.
The reciprocal of the density of a substance is occasionally called its specific
volume, a term sometimes used in thermodynamics. Density is an intensive
property in that increasing the amount of a substance does not increase its
density; rather it increases its mass
2. TESTING EQUIPMENT VISCOMETER
A viscometer (also called viscosimeter) is an instrument used to measure the
viscosity of a fluid. For liquids with viscosities which vary with flow conditions, an
instrument called a rheometer is used. Thus, a rheometer can be considered as a
special type of viscometer. Viscometers only measure under one flow condition.
In general, either the fluid remains stationary and an object moves through it, or
the object is stationary and the fluid moves past it. The drag caused by relative
motion of the fluid and a surface is a measure of the viscosity. The flow conditions
must have a sufficiently small value of Reynolds number for there to be laminar
flow.
At 20 °C, the dynamic viscosity (kinematic viscosity × density) of water is 1.0038
mPa·s and its kinematic viscosity (product of flow time × factor) is 1.0022 mm2/s.
These values are used for calibrating certain types of viscometers

3. DRILLING FLUIDS TYPES

basis. Some wells require different types to be used at different parts in the hole,
or for some types to be used in combination with others. The various types of
fluid generally fall into a few broad categories:
Air: Compressed air is pumped either down the bore hole's annular space or
down the drill string itself. Air/water: The same as above, Many types of drilling
fluids are used on a day-to-day with water added to increase viscosity, flush the
hole, provide more cooling, and/or to control dust. Air/polymer: A specially
formulated chemical, most often referred to as a type of polymer, is added to the
water and air mixture to create specific conditions. A foaming agent is a good
example of a polymer. Water: Water by itself is sometimes used. In offshore
drilling, seawater is typically used while drilling the top section of the hole.
Water-based mud (WBM): Most basic water-based mud systems begin with
water, then clays and other chemicals are incorporated into the water to create a
homogeneous blend resembling something between chocolate milk and a malt
(depending on viscosity). The clay is usually a combination of native clays that are
suspended in the fluid while drilling, or specific types of clay that are processed
and sold as additives for the WBM system. The most common of these is
bentonite, frequently referred to in the oilfield as "gel." Gel likely makes
reference to the fact that while the fluid is being pumped, it can be very thin and
free-flowing (like chocolate milk), though when pumping is stopped, the static
fluid builds a "gel" structure that resists flow. When an adequate pumping force is
applied to "break the gel," flow resumes and the fluid returns to its previously
free-flowing state. Many other chemicals (e.g. potassium formate) are added to a
WBM system to achieve various effects, including: viscosity control, shale
stability, enhance drilling rate of penetration, and cooling and lubricating of
equipment.
Oil-based mud (OBM): Oil-based mud is a mud where the base fluid is a
petroleum product such as diesel fuel. Oil-based muds are used for many reasons,
including increased lubricity, enhanced shale inhibition, and greater cleaning
abilities with less viscosity. Oil-based muds also withstand greater heat without
breaking down. The use of oil-based muds has special considerations, including
cost, environmental considerations such as disposal of cuttings in an appropriate
place, and the exploratory disadvantages of using oil-based mud, especially in
wildcat wells. Using an oil-based mud interferes with the geochemical analysis of
cuttings and cores and with the determination of API gravity because the base
fluid cannot be distinguished from oil that is returned from the formation.
Synthetic-based fluid (SBM) (Otherwise known as Low Toxicity Oil Based Mud or
LTOBM): Synthetic-based fluid is a mud in which the base fluid is a synthetic oil.
This is most often used on offshore rigs because it has the properties of an oil-
based mud, but the toxicity of the fluid fumes are much less than an oil-based
fluid. This is important when the drilling crew works with the fluid in an enclosed
space such as an offshore drilling rig. Synthetic-based fluid poses the same
environmental and analysis problems as oil-based fluid.
On a drilling rig, mud is pumped from the mud pits through the drill string, where
it sprays out of nozzles on the drill bit, thus cleaning and cooling the drill bit in the
process. The mud then carries the crushed or cut rock ("cuttings") up the annular
space ("annulus") between the drill string and the sides of the hole being drilled,
up through the surface casing, where it emerges back at the surface. Cuttings are
then filtered out with either a shale shaker or the newer shale conveyor
technology, and the mud returns to the mud pits. The mud pits let the drilled
"fines" settle; the pits are also where the fluid is treated by adding chemicals and
other substances.

4.EMULSIONS
Emulsions contain both a dispersed and a continuous phase, with the boundary
between the phases called the "interface". Emulsions tend to have a cloudy
appearance because the many phase interfaces scatter light as it passes through
the emulsion. Emulsions appear white when all light is scattered equally. If the
emulsion is dilute enough, higher-frequency (low-wavelength) light will be
scattered more, and the emulsion will appear bluer – this is called the "Tyndall
effect". If the emulsion is concentrated enough, the color will be distorted toward
comparatively longer wavelengths, and will appear more yellow. This
phenomenon is easily observable when comparing skimmed milk, which contains
little fat, to cream, which contains a much higher concentration of milk fat. One
example would be a mixture of water and oil.

5.BASE OILS
Base oils are used to manufacture products including lubricating greases, motor
oil and metal processing fluids. Different products require different compositions
and properties in the oil. One of the most important factors is the liquid’s
viscosity at various temperatures. Whether or not a crude oil is suitable to be
made into a base oil is determined by the concentration of base oil molecules as
well as how easily these can be extracted. Base oil is produced by means of
refining crude oil. This means that crude oil is heated in order that various
distillates can be separated from one another. During the heating process, light
and heavy hydrocarbons are separated – the light ones can be refined to make
petrol and other fuels, while the heavier ones are suitable for bitumen and base
oils. There are large numbers of crude oils all around the world that are used to
produce base oils. The most common one is a type of paraffinic crude oil,
although there are also naphthenic crude oils that create products with better
solubility and very good properties at low temperatures. By using hydrogenation
technology, in which sulfur and aromatics are removed using hydrogen under
high pressure, you can obtain extremely pure base oils, which are suitable when
quality requirements are particularly stringent. Chemical substances – additives –
are added to the base oil in order to meet the quality requirements for the end
products in terms of, for example, friction and cleaning properties. Certain types
of motor oils contain more than twenty percent additives.