POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

LOPEZ QUEZON BRANCH

BSARCHITECTURE-IV PROGRAM

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 8

DESIGN OF A COMPLEX STRUCTURE

RESEARCH NO.3

ECUMENICAL CHURCH

AR.RIZA RIZALINA A. QUINCINA

SUBMITTED TO:

COLLERA, JOBEL T.
SUBMITTED BY :

April 24, 2023

Ecumenism (/ɪˈkjuːmənɪzəm/), also spelled oecumenism, is the concept and principle
that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to
develop closer relationships among their churches and promote Christian unity.[2] The
adjective ecumenical is thus applied to any interdenominational initiative that encourages
greater cooperation and union among Christian denominations and churches.[3][4]
The fact that all Christians belonging to mainstream Christian denominations profess faith
in Jesus as Lord and Saviour over a believer's life, believe that the Bible is the inspired word
of God (John 1:1), and receive baptism according to the Trinitarian formula is seen as being a
basis for ecumenism and its goal of Christian unity.[5][6] Ecumenists cite John 17:20-23 as the
biblical grounds of striving for church unity, in which Jesus prays that Christians "may all be
one" in order "that the world may know" and believe the Gospel message.[7][8]

In 1920, the Ecumenical Patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church, Germanus V of

Constantinople, wrote a letter "addressed 'To all the Churches of Christ, wherever they may
be', urging closer co-operation among separated Christians, and suggesting a 'League of
Churches', parallel to the newly founded League of Nations".[9] In 1937, Christian leaders
from mainstream Christian churches resolved to establish the World Council of Churches, to
work for the cause of Christian unity; it today includes churches from most major traditions
of Christianity as full members, including the Assyrian Church of the East, the Old Catholic
Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Lutheran World Federation, the Anglican
Communion, the Baptist World Alliance, the Mennonite churches, the World Methodist
Council, the Moravian Church, the Pentecostal churches and the World Communion of
Reformed Churches, as well as almost all jurisdictions of the Eastern Orthodox Church;
[10]
the Roman Catholic Church participates as an observer, sending delegates to official
gatherings.[11]

Many regional councils affiliated with the World Council of Churches, such as the Middle
East Council of Churches, National Council of Churches in Australia and Christian Churches
Together, work for the cause of Christian unity on the domestic level, with member
denominations including churches from the Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran, Roman Catholic,
Eastern Orthodox, Methodist, Anglican, and Reformed traditions, among others.[12][13]

Each year, Christians observe the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity for the goal of
ecumenism, which is coordinated by the World Council of Churches and adopted by many of
its member churches.[14]
The terms ecumenism and ecumenical come from the Greek οἰκουμένη (oikoumene), which
means "the whole inhabited world", and was historically used with specific reference to
the Roman Empire.[15] The ecumenical vision comprises both the search for the visible unity
of the Church (Ephesians 4:3) and the "whole inhabited earth" (Matthew 24:14) as the
concern of all Christians. In Christianity, the qualification ecumenical was originally and still
is used in terms such as "ecumenical council" and "Ecumenical Patriarch", in the meaning of
pertaining to the totality of the larger Church (such as the Catholic Church or the Eastern
Orthodox Church) rather than being restricted to one of its constituent local churches
or dioceses. Used in this sense, the term carries no connotation of re-uniting the historically
separated Christian denominations but presumes a unity of local congregations in a
worldwide communion.

The term ecumenism as it is now commonly used refers to interdenominational cooperation

between different Christian churches. These initiatives can range from local churches of
different denominations operating a soup kitchen for the poor, hosting an ecumenical Bible
study with participants from different Christian traditions, inviting all baptized Christians to
partake in a Lovefeast when churches celebrate them, to holding an ecumenical Stations of
the Cross service on Fridays during the Christian liturgical season of Lent with the service
being held at a different local church each Friday (e.g. Catholic, Lutheran, Moravian,
Anglican, Reformed and Methodist).[16][17] The ultimate goal of ecumenism is the recognition
of sacramental validity, eucharistic sharing, and the reaching of full communion between
different Christian denominations.[18] There are a variety of different expectations of what that
Christian unity looks like, how it is brought about, what ecumenical methods ought to be
engaged, and what both short- and long-term objectives of the ecumenical movement should
be.

A divided Christianity is a scandal to the world and the movement of the Holy Spirit calls for
the restoration of unity. Underlying the Catholic Church’s pursuit of ecumenism is the
recognition that despite the separation, elements of the Church can exist outside the visible
boundaries of the Catholic Church. Thus, it can even be said that the Church’s pursuit of
ecumenism is another way of expressing her radical catholicity or universality.

These elements are the imperfect realization of unity that already exists in Jesus Christ as part
of the one Church of Christ. The unity of Christians is understood as the manifestation of
their communion with God the Father through Jesus Christ in the Holy Spirit. Ecumenical
dialogue, the search for full, visible unity is thus essential to the Christian life.

This information is based on requirements and recommendations for Southern Baptist

Churches in America in general and may or may not apply in any given situation. To discuss
your particular needs, contact Visioneering Studios @ Lifeway.

Rules of Thumb is intended to provide general guidelines for estimations of property,

building space, and other needs prerequisite to actual planning. It is not a substitute for actual
planning and design.

A rule of thumb is useful only in making approximations and should not be used
dogmatically. Understanding the variables affecting the values is essential in the application
to specific situations.

Site planning

 Facilities for worship, education, fellowship, administration, parking:

 1 acre per 100-125 in attendance on site at one time
 Outdoor recreation: 2 to 4 additional acres
Note: These requirements are based on usable acres. Zoning regulations, storm water
retention requirements, utility easements, irregular property shape, steep slopes, and low-
lying areas may reduce usable acreage.

Parking

 One space for every 2.0 to 2.5 people in attendance on site at one time
 Parking Ground Coverage: 100-110 spaces per acre used for parking only (Assumes
efficient layout with parking on both sides of driving lanes and allowing for some
landscaping and general access.)

Note: 90° parking on both sides of two-way driving lanes is generally the most efficient
layout for parking.

Parking space dimensions

 Standard: 9 feet by 18 feet

 Handicapped: 8 feet by 18 feet, with 5-foot access aisle
 Van accessible: 8 feet by 18 feet, with 8-foot access aisle (Access aisle can be shared
by two parking spaces.)

Handicapped parking requirements vary. Check local requirements. The following

requirements from the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) may be used as guidelines.

Total parking Required minimum accessible spaces

1 to 25 1
26 to 50 2
51 to 75 3
76 to 100 4
101 to 150 5
151 to 200 6
201 to 300 7
301 to 400 8
401 to 500 9
501 to 1,000 2 percent of total
over 1,000 20, plus 1 for each 100 spaces over 1,000 total

Note: One in every eight accessible spaces, but not fewer than one, must be van-accessible.

Worship center

General building size

 Up to 300 capacity: 15–17 sq ft per person

 Above 300 capacity: 12 – 24 sq ft per person

Note: Rectangular buildings with straight row seating require less space per person than
buildings with radial seating. In some instances, ten square feet per person is adequate in
straight-row seating for buildings with capacity over 500.

Pulpit platform

 Front to back depth: 7 feet minimum; larger buildings require 10 feet or more
 Height (based on flat floor in seating area): fewer than eleven rows of congregational
seating, 2 feet maximum; up to eighteen rows of congregational seating, 3 feet
maximum
 Distance from platform to front pew: 7 feet minimum; larger buildings require 8 feet
or more

Note: With a Lord's Supper table platform of 4 feet, 10 to 12 feet will be required.

Choir area

 Choir capacity: 10 – 12 percent of congregational capacity

 Choir rows: 3 feet minimum depth
 Back and front rows: 3 feet, 2 inches minimum depth
 Riser height: 6" minimum, 12" recommended
 Seating: Movable chairs at 24 inches width per person
 Surfaces: Acoustically reflective floor, walls, and ceiling surfaces recommended
  Floor covering: Hardwood, stone or vinyl; Carpet not recommended under piano or in
choir area

Band/orchestra area

 Preferred location in front of choir and at center rear of the platform

 Allow 20-25 square feet per instrument

Video projection screen(s)

Height equal to about .12 times the distance to the farthest seat in the congregation

Congregational seating

Local building codes and the National Life Safety Code adopted by the locality should be
consulted for minimum requirements.

 Row spacing: 34 inches minimum, 36 inches or more recommended back-to-back

 Row lengths and seating: Average minimum space per person, 20 inches width; more
realistic, 24 inches; 13 or 14 persons maximum on each row

Note: Most building codes are based on 18 inches per person.

 Aisle widths (check local codes): Center or main aisle, 4 feet minimum; 5 feet or
more recommended
 Side aisles, 2 feet, 6 inches minimum; Some codes require 3 feet, 8 inches

Note: A center aisle less than 6 feet wide is tight for weddings and funerals.

Handicapped seating

Requirements vary by locality. The following requirements from the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA) may be used as guidelines for worship centers with fixed seating.

Capacity of seating in Number of required wheelchair locations

assembly area
4 to 25 1
26 to 50 2
51 to 300 4
301 to 500 6
Over 500 6, plus 1 additional space for each total seating capacity
increase of 100
Vestibule/lobby

 Serving worship center only: 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 square feet per seat in worship center
 Fellowship lobby serving worship center and education space: 15 to 25 percent of the
worship center area

Balcony

 Capacity: Less than 50 percent of main floor seating

 Riser depth: 3 feet 6 inches for first row, 3 feet 4 inches for the back row, 3 feet 2
inches for other rows
 Cross aisles: 4 feet minimum
 Other aisles: Same as aisle width on main floor
 Stairwells: Two minimum, exit to outside (One may be sufficient for less than 50-seat
capacity). Additional stairs may be desired based on design.
 Balcony locations: 45 feet minimum, platform to balcony; 35 feet minimum, between
side balconies

Note: Provide clear sight line from rear balcony rows to main floor Lord's Supper table and
decision areas.

Baptistry

 Water depth: Between 3 feet 3 inches and 3 feet 6 inches

 Inside pool dimensions: 3 feet by 6 feet minimum, plus internal steps; larger sizes are
recommended
 Baptistry floor (above last choir row): 6 inches minimum, 18 inches to 36 inches is
desirable

Steeple height
Equal to distance between roof ridge and ground level

Education facility

General building size

(Education, fellowship, administration, music, and media library, with some multi-purpose
space)

 First unit building: 30 to 40 square feet per person

 Small churches: 40 to 45 square feet per person
 Large churches with extensive programs: 45 to 55 square feet per person
 Churches with school programs will have additional needs.

Preschool

 Location: ground level

 Space per child: 35 square feet recommended
 Room size: 320 square feet recommended minimum; no walls less than 16 feet long
 Windowsills: 18 to 24 inches from floor

Storage in rooms

 Sink at adult height in each room.

 Restroom with child size fixtures between each pair of preschool rooms: toilet 10"
high, lavatory 24" high

Preschool room capacities

Ages Capacities
babies to 1 7 to 9
2 9 to 12
3 to 4 12 to 16
5 16 to 20

Weekday child care

  Space per child: 35 square feet or as required by codes
 Play yard: 75 square feet per child minimum, or as required by codes.
 Rooms usually require ground level location, often with direct access to exits. Check
codes
 Office, resource room, sick room, etc. as needed
 See preschool listing for additional requirements

(Check state and local codes for detailed requirements.)

Children

 Space per child: 25 square feet recommended

 Room proportions: approximately 1 1/2 times as long as it is wide
 Windowsills: 18 to 30 inches from floor
 Room capacity: 24 maximum
 Sink at adult height in each room

Adults

Space per person:

 Classrooms: 12-15 square feet recommended

 Department rooms: 10-12 square feet recommended
 Multi-use classrooms/department rooms: 18 to 22 square feet recommended
 Location: ground level for senior adults

Corridors

 Secondary corridors: minimum width, 6 feet 4 inches; recommended width, 8 feet

 Primary corridors: minimum width, 8 feet; recommended, 10 feet to 20 feet

Youth

Space per person:

 Classrooms: 12-15 square feet recommended

 Department rooms: 10-12 square feet recommended
  Open room department: 18 to 22 square feet recommended

Church recreation building

Overall building size

Junior high gymnasium

(For most churches, a junior high court is not recommended, since it will not accommodate
league play or cross-court play.)

 Court size: 42 feet by 74 feet

 Room size: 48 feet by 80 feet minimum , 62 feet by 94 feet preferred. Plus 3 feet for
each row of spectator seating
 Building size (with rest rooms, central desk and storage only): 50 feet by 96 feet
minimum, 64 feet by 110 feet preferred

High school gymnasium

 Court size: 50 feet by 84 feet

 Room size: 56 feet by 90 feet minimum, 70 feet by 104 feet preferred. Plus 3 feet for
each row of spectator seating
 Building size (with rest rooms, central desk and storage only): 58 feet by 106 feet
minimum, 72 feet by 120 feet preferred
 With activities rooms, lounges, snack area, multi-purpose rooms, crafts rooms, locker
rooms, central desk, exercise room, storage, etc.: 10,000 to 20,000 square feet.

General requirements

Basketball court:

 Junior high, 42 feet by 74 feet

 High school, 50 feet by 84 feet
 Clear ceiling height, 20 feet minimum, 25 feet preferred
 Side and end lanes, 3 feet minimum, 10 feet preferred

Handball/racquetball court
20 feet by 40 feet, 20 feet ceiling height

Game rooms

24 feet by 30 feet to 40 feet by 60 feet, or more

Group meeting rooms

15 square feet per person

Storage

 Direct access from the gymnasium, with double-wide doors for roll-in table/chair
carts.
 Separate storage spaces for recreational equipment, crafts supplies, kitchen pantry,
and janitorial supplies and equipment.
 Restrooms for gymnasium area are in addition to minimum number in preceding chart

Note: The recreation building can be reduced in square footage and in height and still
accommodate a broad recreational program for all age groups if space is not provided for
basketball and volleyball.

Outdoor recreation

 Softball: Requires approximately 1 acre Diamond, 60 feet by 60 feet. Home plate to

fence, 200 feet
 Football: Requires approximately 1.5 acres Field size, 160 feet by 360 feet
 Soccer: Requires approximately 1.5 to 2.0 acres. Field size, 195 feet by 330 feet
minimum; 225 feet by 360 feet recommended
 Volleyball: Requires approximately 0.7 acre — Court, 30 feet by 60 feet, plus 6 feet
at sides and ends
 Playgrounds: 75 square feet per child — Separate playgrounds for younger and older
children

Additional facilities

Administrative
  Pastor's Study: 250 to 325 square feet recommended; 140 square feet minimum
 Staff Offices: 150 to 200 square feet recommended; 120 square feet minimum
 Other office space, based on church needs: Offices for support staff, workroom(s),
reception area, storage, restrooms, lounge, kitchenette

Music

 Rehearsal Room: 15 to 20 square feet per person. Capacity at least 10 percent more
than worship center choir area.
 Robing Rooms: 4 to 6 square feet per person
 Music Library: 1 to 2 square feet per choir member
 Orchestral Rehearsal Room: 25 square feet per person
 Handbell Rehearsal Room: 20 feet by 30 feet desirable (allows for a five-octave set of
handbells with twelve ringers, 32 feet of tables).
 Individual Practice Rooms: 10 to 15 persons at 10 square feet per person
 Voice and Piano Practice Rooms: 8 feet by 10 feet minimum

Media library

Size: 2 square feet per person based on capacity of educational building is recommended;
minimum of 1 square foot per person

Fellowship hall

 Dining capacity: 1/3 to 1/2 educational building capacity recommended. Some rural
and newer churches may require greater capacity.
 Space required for table seating: 12 square feet per person recommended, 10 square
feet per person minimum, 15 square feet per person for round tables
 Stage requires additional space
 Institutional Kitchen: 1/4 to 1/3 size of dining area
 Storage for tables and chairs

Restrooms

Minimum number of fixtures must comply with local codes. The following chart contains
recommended guidelines:
Building capacity Women Men
WC L WC U L
up to 50 2 1 1 1 1
51-100 3 1 2 1 1
101-200 4 2 2 2 2
201-400 5 2 3 2 2
401-650 7 2 4 3 3
651-900 10 4 5 5 4
901-1,200 12 5 6 6 5

 Preschool rooms should have direct access to a rest room (which can be shared by two
preschool rooms).
 Where space permits, for the convenience of parents, churches are encouraged to
provide a diaper changing table in at least one rest room for each sex.
 Handicapped access must comply with codes, usually requiring at least one fixture of
each type to be accessible to wheelchairs in each public rest room.

Other building issues

Mechanical equipment rooms

 Space requirements vary with region and equipment type

 Consider equipment and air flow noise in the worship center
 Zone equipment so various program areas can be heated and cooled independently

Custodial closets

 Provide one closet for each approximate 15,000 square feet of building
 No building area should be farther than 200 feet from a closet with a sink
 Provide a minimum of one closet for each major building area and each building level
 Preferred locations: between rest rooms, near heavy traffic areas, near elevators
 Do not combine custodial closets with utility rooms housing telephone switch gear,
elevator equipment, electric panels, HVAC equipment, etc.

Provisions for disabled persons

Requirements vary by state and locale. Many codes are based on standards developed by the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the North Carolina Building Code, or the
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Considerations include:

 Extra-wide parking spaces (see Parking)

 Building entry: No steps (Provide ramp if steps are needed)

Clearances:

 36 inches minimum door width

 5 feet minimum hallway width for two wheelchairs to pass
 5 feet, 6 inches minimum hallway width to allow for two persons on crutches
 Restroom dimensions to allow minimum 5-foot turning radius for wheelchair
 Slope of walks: Not more than 1 inch vertical in 20 inches horizontal
 Slope of ramps: Not more than 1 inch in 12 inches
 Handrails at ramps; grab bars in toilet stalls
 Wheelchair spaces distributed throughout the worship center
 Elevators may be required
 Post accessible route maps at handicap parking areas and building entrances
 Hearing assistance in worship center

Finances

Maximum debt

(Total building debt excluding parsonage)

 Recommend no more than 25 to 30 percent of annual income go to debt retirement

(fast growing churches may go as high as 35 percent)
 2 to 3 times annual income of previous year

Building project budget

(Percent of construction cost)

  Architect and other fees: 6 to 12 percent
 Furnishings: 5 to 15 percent
 Landscaping: 5 to 7 percent
 Contingency: 5 to 10 percent
 Construction loan financing: varies
 Financing closing costs: varies

Note: Construction costs will usually be only 70 to 80 percent of total building project
budget.

Capital fund raising

(Results depend on commitment to project, the quality of the church's fellowship, the church's
giving potential, and the need for the project.)

Typical fund raising results for building program and/or debt retirement:

 Pledged: One to three times (on occasions more) previous year's budget income, paid
over a three-year period.
 Receipts: 90 to 110 percent of amount pledged.

The typologies of houses of worship often remain stagnant and unchanging, regardless of
when they were built. Cathedrals, mosques, temples, synagogues, and everything in between
tend to be traditional in shape, stature, iconography, and symbolism because they need to
denote that they are a religious center, a place for stability, quietude, and prayer. Whether
one identifies as religious, atheist, agnostic, or whatever, we are not immune to the signs and
symbols of these places. In fact, architects (and architecture enthusiasts) admire and
appreciate great pieces of transcendental architecture — Sagrada Família, anyone?

But still, the architect who takes on the challenge of designing a place of worship that
does not fit into the typological mold is a bold and brave person. The design can either be
innovative and daring, or it could be a disaster of religious mockery and the obliteration of
something many people hold dear as the center of their community. There’s a fine line.
We’ve put together eight designs from across the globe that walk that line in interesting
ways:

Image via Inhabitat

Egg Chapel by Andrew MacNair, South Korea

The Egg Chapel, designed by Andrew MacNair as a pilgrimage destination in South Korea,
is a distinctive example of how to create a small, non-denominational church that is not only
inviting for people looking for a space to practice religious ceremonies, but also creates an
intimate space that even the non-devout would be intrigued to explore. The choice of the egg
design wasn’t arbitrary: the form is a spiritual symbol of birth and reawakening, a life-giving
medium.
Ballroom by Patrick Dougherty, Australia

Patrick Dougherty, an artist known for the gorgeous structures of bent and twisted willow
saplings in his “Stickwork” series, created a beautiful chapel that looks like something spun
from a romantic fairytale. Dougherty took a resource that is often discarded in Australia,
where willow limbs and roots take over like weeds, and turned it into a domed, Byzantine
cupola-inspired structure that is playful and mystical enough for a quiet moment of prayer
and reflection.

© Bunker Arquitectura

© Bunker Arquitectura

Ecumenical Chapel by Bunker Arquitectura, Mexico

Ecumenical Chapel is a private, non-religious chapel used for meditation. The chapel itself
is buried underground, and mostly hidden from view. As is common with meditative spaces,
water is a focal point: a pond makes up the rooftop and, at the center, an oculus lets water-
filtered sunlight into the interior. The Ecumenical Chapel is a peaceful, balanced structure
that straddles the physical and spiritual worlds magnificently.

© Takashi Yamaguchi & Associates

Glass Temple by Takashi Yamaguchi & Associates , Japan

Like Ecumenical Chapel, Glass Temple is placed underground with the only surface-level
hint of its presence being a transparent glass box. The design highlights the relationship of
the void (something internal manifested “physically” in the space) with the act of prayer and
worship. The white, illuminated interior changes the worshipper’s experience of that void,
an act that mimics finding something in places of devotion.
Chapel by Rds Brothers

The steeple and high ceilings are inspired by traditional wooden church towers and, thus, are
more or less a dead giveaway of this building’s typology. But, the chapel’s location in a
remote forest, makes this a rewarding pilgrimage destination. Designed by Rds Brothers in
Ukraine, the sanctuary is a whimsical and inviting place of refuge in an environment where
even the non-religious go looking for silence and answers to life’s quandaries.

© Murray Legge Architecture

Lost Pines Chapel by Murray Legge Architecture, Texas

Built on a site at a gorgeous lakeside forest in central Texas, this interfaith sanctuary is a
place for the Lost Pines Boy Scout Camp visitors to gather, reflect, and meditate regardless
of faith. The repetition of cedar members and the open-air structure make it appear as though
it is a respite within the larger refuge of nature rather than a clunky cathedral that takes away
from its surroundings’ beauty.

© Peter Zumthor

© Peter Zumthor

Bruder Klaus Field Chapel by Peter Zumthor, Germany

Peter Zumthor has shown, with Bruder Klaus Field Chapel, how a building that isn’t trying
too hard to conform to any sort of preconceived notions of what it should be, in this case a
chapel, can be an incredibly reflective experience. To construct the chapel, Zumthor created
a frame out of 112 tree trunks that were then covered in concrete and set on fire. The result
is an interior that is blackened and beautifully charred to create a dark, multi-faceted
backdrop to whatever contemplative thoughts you may have while inside this sanctuary.

And here’s a study in contrasts: perhaps in the most out-of-the-box attempt of them all,
Vince Hannemann of Austin, Texas, (aka the Junk King) created a cathedral out of tons and
tons of junk —discarded phones, toys, CDs, jewelry, scrap metal. Calling this place, this
shrine, this sanctuary of relics past a “cathedral” might be a bit much but it is a place of
worship…of those lovely bits of trash (er, treasures) and not some higher power. Still, it’s
eccentricity endows the project with a kitsch allure.
REFERENCES:

 Brigette B., 8 Radical Designs for Religious Architecture Designing an

unconventional place of worship requires an architect to be brave on January 15,
2020 from https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/collections/what-is-a-church-
anyway/

 Lifeway Architecture (n.d,), Rules of Thumb: Church Space Dimensions and

Recommendations on February 2, 2018 https://www.lifeway.com/en/articles/church-
architecture-rules-thumb-space-dimensions?fbclid=IwAR2-
kJ65bMJVAjRg1C1D2G1MnaP5VZyVXugQhJIkoxzf4kuz-zkDy1ywtOs

 USCC., (October 17, 2021) ECUMENICAL & INTERRELIGIOUS AFFAIRS on

from https://www.usccb.org/committees/ecumenical-interreligious-affairs/
ecumenical?
fbclid=IwAR2wMgJuxfYTBMIvZhI8_bG0A1YjXFHiYPgmdPba_B2uy2cC9v8XgZ
MsnoA#:~:text=Ecumenism%2C%20from%20the%20Greek%20word,cooperation
%20and%20unity%20among%20Christians

 Agnew, Paddy (25 January 2016) Ecumenism from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenism?
fbclid=IwAR2OFZBBSFau3HHi7cl4z7uhq2lg8MW2jKudukAjLWvQ-
9UcL0jF0_fDqJk#References

 Britannica C., (August 23, 2022) Ecumenism Christianity from

https://www.britannica.com/topic/ecumenism