GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

BRAYTON CYCLE or JOULE CYCLE

This cycle is the air-standard ideal cycle approximation for the gas turbine
engine.

Open Gas Turbine Engine Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Engine

 GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
THE IDEAL BRAYTON-JOULE CYCLE Process 1 to 2: Isentropic compression
PV and T relations:
𝑷𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒌 = 𝑷𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝒌

𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝒌 −𝟏 𝑽𝟏 𝒌 −𝟏
= (𝑷 ) 𝒌 = (𝑽 ) ;
𝑻𝟏 𝟏 𝟐

𝑃 𝑃
𝑟𝑝 = 𝑃2 = 𝑃3 = pressure ratio;
1 4
The Brayton ideal cycle is made up of four internally
reversible processes: 𝑻𝟐 𝒌 −𝟏
1 – 2 : Isentropic compression (in Compressor) = (𝒓𝒑 ) 𝒌
𝑻𝟏
2 – 3 : Constant pressure Heat addition (in combustion
chamber/heat exchanger) Compressor work: 𝑾𝒄
3 – 4: Isentropic expansion (in turbine) 𝑊𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇2 - 𝑇1 ) ; 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.0 kJ/kg-k
4 – 1 : Constant pressure heat rejection (exhaust)
 GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

Process 3 to 4: Isentropic turbine expansion

PV and T relations
The Brayton ideal cycle is made up of four 𝑷𝟑 𝑽𝟑 𝒌 = 𝑷𝟒 𝑽𝟒 𝒌
internally reversible processes:
1 – 2 : Isentropic compression (in Compressor)
2 – 3 : Constant pressure Heat addition (in 𝑻𝟑 𝑷𝟑 𝒌 −𝟏 𝑽
combustion chamber/heat exchanger) = (𝑷 ) 𝒌 = (𝑽𝟒 )𝒌 −𝟏 ;
𝑻𝟒 𝟒 𝟑
3 – 4: Isentropic expansion (in turbine)
4 – 1 : Constant pressure heat rejection
𝒌 −𝟏
(exhaust) 𝑻𝟑
= (𝒓𝒑 ) 𝒌
𝑻𝟒

Process 2 to 3: Constant pressure heat addition

Head added: 𝑸𝑨 Turbine work: 𝑾𝒕
𝑸𝑨 = 𝒎𝒈 𝑪𝒑𝒈 (𝑻𝟑 - 𝑻𝟐 ) 𝑾𝒕 = 𝒎𝒈 𝑪𝒑𝒈 (𝑻𝟑 - 𝑻𝟒 ) ;
 GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
Work net: 𝑾𝒏𝒆𝒕
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑊𝑡 - 𝑊𝑐
Back Work Ratio: 𝑩𝑾𝑹
𝑊
The Brayton ideal cycle is made up of four BWR = 𝑊𝑐
internally reversible processes: 𝑡
1 – 2 : Isentropic compression (in Compressor)
2 – 3 : Constant pressure Heat addition (in
combustion chamber/heat exchanger)
Cycle or thermal efficiency: 𝒆𝒄 or 𝒆𝒕𝒉
3 – 4: Isentropic expansion (in turbine)
4 – 1 : Constant pressure heat rejection 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 1
(exhaust) 𝑒𝑐 = =1-𝑟 (𝑘−1)/𝑘
𝑄𝐴 𝑝

Heat supplied by the fuel; 𝑸𝒇

𝑄𝑓 = 𝑚𝑓 (𝑄ℎ ); 𝑄ℎ = Higher Heating Value
 GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
ACTUAL BRAYTON CYCLE
Compressor work: 𝑾𝒄,𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍
𝑊𝑐,𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑎 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 (𝑇2′ - 𝑇1 ) ; 𝐶𝑝,𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.0 kJ/kg-k
𝑊𝑐
𝑊𝑐,𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑒𝑐

Head added: 𝑸𝑨
𝑄𝐴 = 𝑚𝑔 𝐶𝑝𝑔 (𝑇3 - 𝑇2 ′)

Turbine work: 𝑾𝒕 , 𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍

𝑊𝑡,𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑚𝑔 𝐶𝑝𝑔 (𝑇3 -𝑇4′ )
𝑊𝑡,𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊𝑡 𝑥 𝑒𝑡 ; 𝑒𝑡 = 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
EXAMPLE #1:
A gas-turbine power plant operating on an
ideal Brayton cycle has a pressure ratio of
8. The gas temperature is 300 K at the
compressor inlet and 1300 K at the turbine
inlet. Utilizing the air-standard
assumptions, determine (a) the gas
temperature at the exits of the compressor
and the turbine, (b) the back work ratio,
and (c) the thermal efficiency.

𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑇1 = 300𝐾 𝑇3 = 1300𝐾 𝑇2 =? BWR=? 𝑒𝑡ℎ =?

𝑟𝑝 = = =8
𝑃1 𝑃4
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
Solution:
Solution: b)
Solution:
a) 𝑊𝑐 𝑇2 −𝑇1 c)
BWR = =
𝑊𝑡 𝑇3 −𝑇4
𝑇2 =? 𝑒𝑡ℎ =?
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑡 −𝑊𝑐
𝑇4 =? 𝑒𝑡ℎ = = 𝑄
𝑄𝐴 𝐴
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘 −1 𝑒𝑡ℎ =
(𝑇3 −𝑇4 )−(𝑇2 −𝑇1)
=( ) 𝑘 𝑇3 𝑃3 𝑘 −1 (𝑇3 −𝑇2 )
𝑇1 𝑃1 =( ) 𝑘
𝑇4 𝑃4 𝑒𝑡ℎ =
1300 −717.66 −(543.43 −300)
(1300 −543.43)
𝑘 −1
𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑘 −1
𝑒𝑡ℎ = 0.448 or 44.8%
= (𝑟𝑝 ) 𝑘 ; k = 1.4 = (𝑟𝑝 ) 𝑘 ; k = 1.4
𝑇1 𝑇4

𝑇2 1.4 −1 1300𝐾 1.4 −1

= (8) 1.4 = (8) 1.4
300𝐾 𝑇4

𝑻𝟐 = 543.43K 𝑇4 = 717.66K
543.43 −300
BWR = 1300 −717.66

BWR = 0.418
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
EXAMPLE #2:
Assuming a compressor efficiency of 80%
and a turbine efficiency of 85%, determine
(a) the back work ratio, (b) the thermal
efficiency, and (c) the turbine exit
temperature of the gas-turbine cycle
solved in Example #1.

𝑇1 = 300𝐾 𝑇3 = 1300𝐾 BWR=? 𝑒𝑡ℎ =? 𝑇4𝑎 =?

𝑒𝑡 = 0.85 𝑒𝑐 = 0.8
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
Solution: Solution:

a) BWR =? b) 𝑒𝑡ℎ =?
𝑊
𝑊𝑐 ′ 𝑇2𝑎 −𝑇1 𝑊𝑡′ −𝑊𝑐′ 𝑊𝑡 𝑥𝑒𝑡 −( 𝑒 𝑐 )
BWR = = 𝑒𝑡ℎ = = 𝑐
𝑊𝑡 ′ 𝑇3 −𝑇4𝑎 𝑄𝐴 𝑇3 −𝑇2𝑎

𝑊𝑐 𝑇2𝑎 = ?
𝑒𝑐
BWR = 𝑇 −𝑇1 543.43 −300
𝑊𝑡 𝑥𝑒𝑡 0.8 = 𝑇 2 =
2𝑎 −𝑇1 𝑇2𝑎 −300
543.43 −300
0.8 𝑇2𝑎 = 604.28K
BWR =
1300 −717.66 𝑥 0.85
543.43 −300
1300−717.66 𝑥 0.85 −( 0.8
)
BWR = 0.615 𝑒𝑡ℎ = 1300 −604.28

𝒆𝒕𝒉 = 0.2741 or 27.41%

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

Solution:
c) 𝑇4𝑎 =?
𝑇 −𝑇4𝑎
𝑒𝑡 = 𝑇3 = 0.85
3 −𝑇4

1300 −𝑇4𝑎
0.85 = 1300 − 717.66

𝑇4𝑎 = 805.011 K
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
EXAMPLE #3
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
Solution: Solution:
a) 𝑄𝐴 =? b) 𝑊𝑐,𝑎 =?
𝑄𝐴 = m 𝐶𝑝 𝑇3 − 𝑇2 ; 𝑇2 = ? 𝐶𝑝 𝑇2 −𝑇1
𝑊𝑐,𝑎 = m
𝑒𝑘
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑘 −1
=( ) 𝑘 5.2 424.19 −299
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑊𝑐,𝑎 =
0.87

𝑇2 6.7 1.66 −1 𝑊𝑐,𝑎 = 748.262 kJ/kg

=( ) 1.66
299 2.78
𝑇2 = 424.19 K
𝑄𝐴 = 5.2 1190 − 424.19
𝑸𝑨 = 3982.212 kJ/kg
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

Solution: Solution:
a) 𝑇4 =? b) 𝑊𝑡,𝑎 =?

𝑇3 𝑃3 𝑘 −1 𝑊𝑡,𝑎 = m 𝑐𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4 )(𝑒𝑡 )

=( ) 𝑘
𝑇4 𝑃4 𝑊𝑡,𝑎 = [(5.2)(1190 – 838.79)](0.91)

1190 6.7 1.66 −1 𝑊𝑐,𝑎 = 1661.93 kJ/kg

=( ) 1.66
𝑇4 2.78
𝑇4 = 838.79 K
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

Solution:
c) 𝑒𝑡ℎ =?
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑡,𝑎 −𝑊𝑐,𝑎
𝑒𝑡ℎ = =
𝑄𝐴 𝑄𝐴

1661.93 −748.262
𝑒𝑡ℎ = 3982.212
𝒆𝒕𝒉 = 0.2294 or 22.94%
ASSIGNMENT