E1motions are psychophysiological reactions that represent modes of adaptation of the individual when he perceives an important object,

person, place, event or memory. Psychologically, emotions alter attention, raise the rank of certain individual response guide behaviors, and
activate relevant associative networks in memory.1 Feelings are the result of emotions, are more durable over time, and can be verbalized
( words). Physiologically, emotions rapidly organize the responses of different biological systems, including facial expressions, muscles, voice,
ANS activity, and endocrine system activity, and may aim to establish an optimal internal environment for the most effective behavior. 2

The various emotional states are caused by the release of neurotransmitters (or neuromediators) or hormones, which then convert these
emotions into feelings and finally into language.

Behaviorally, emotions serve to establish our position with respect to our environment, and drive us towards certain people, objects, actions,
ideas and away from others. Emotions also act as a repository of innate and learned influences. They possess certain invariant characteristics
and others that show some variation between individuals, groups and cultures (Levenson, 1994).3

Today, most of the research on emotions in the clinical and well-being context focuses on the dynamics of emotions in daily life,
predominantly on the intensity of specific emotions and their variability, instability, inertia, and differentiation. , and whether and how
emotions enhance or dampen each other, over time, and differences in these dynamics between individuals and across a lifetime.4

Classification and models

basic emotions

Plutchik's Wheel, a model with eight basic emotions, as well as different intensities for each one and their possible combinations.

Basic emotion models propose the existence of atomic or discrete emotions, sometimes allowing them to vary in intensity and to combine to
generate more complex and nuanced emotions.

Paul Ekman et al. (1983) proposed patterns for six basic emotions that appear to be biologically basic and universal across cultures:

surprised
disgust
sadness
anger
fear
joy / happiness
This list of basic emotions became the most widely accepted proposal, receiving the name of The Big Six Emotions ("The Big Six") (Prinz, 2004).
They were considered basic in two ways: 1. psychologically and 2. biologically, because they do not contain other emotions in priority, and
because they are innate. Ekman et al. (1983) influenced subsequent research, searching for patterns of emotion with different responses in the
autonomic nervous system, which supported the view of basic emotions. However, subsequent studies indicate that the degree of specificity
of the autonomic nervous system maythey were in charge of processes related to emotional behavior, personality and executive functions in
general.

Gage's case is one of the most famous and influential in neuroscience, as he played a crucial role in the discovery of behavioral syndromes
resulting from frontal lobe dysfunction (Neylan, 1999).

Darwin
Charles Darwin, in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Men and Animals (1872), assumed that human facial responses evidenced
identical emotional states in all human beings. He related the expression of emotion with other behaviors and made all of them the result of
evolution; from there he tried to compare them in different species.2

His main ideas were that expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors, that behaviors will increase if they are beneficial, decrease if they are
not, and that opposite messages are often indicated by opposite movements and postures (principle of antithesis). ).

James–Lange theory

Timeline with some of the most influential models of the emotional system in affective neuroscience.
William James and Carl Lange proposed simultaneously, but independently, in 1884 a physiological theory of emotion. The James-Lange theory
proposes that the cerebral cortex receives and interprets sensory stimuli that elicit emotion, producing changes in visceral organs through the