What is Research?

RESEARCH
“CAREFUL,CRITICAL,DISCIPLINED
INQUIRY,VARYING IN TECHNIQUE
AND METHOD ACCORDING TO THE
NATURE AND CONDITIONS OF THE
PROBLEM IDENTIFIED,DIRECTED
TOWARD THE CLARIFICATION OF A
PROBLEM”. ( Good, p. 464)
RESEARCH
“RESEARCH IS, SIMPLY, THE
SYSTEMATIC SEARCH FOR
PERTINENT INFORMATION ON A
SPECIFIC TOPIC OR PROBLEM”.
( Aquino, p. 1)
RESEARCH
“THE PROCESS OF GATHERING DATA
OR`INFORMATION TO SOLVE A
PARTICULAR OR SPECIFIC PROBLEM
IN A SCIENTIFIC MANNER”. ( Manuel &
Medel, p. 5)
RESEARCH
“A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OR
INVESTIGATION OF SOMETHING FOR
THE PURPOSE OF ANSWERING
QUESTIONS POSED BY THE
RESEARCHER”.
( Cited by Sanchez, p. 2)
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH
➢RESEARCH IS SYSTEMATIC- IT
FOLLOWS AN ORDERLY AND
SEQUENTIAL PROCEDURE THAT
LEADS TO THE DISCOVERY OF
TRUTH, SOLUTION OF A PROBLEM,
OR WHATEVER IS AIMED TO BE
DISCOVERED.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH
➢RESEARCH IS CONTROLLED- ALL
VARIABLES ARE KEPT CONSTANT.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH
➢RESEARCH IS EMPIRICAL- ALL THE
PROCEDURES EMPLOYED AND THE
DATA GATHERED ARE PERCEIVED IN
THE SAME MANNER BY ALL
OBSERVERS.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH
➢RESEARCH IS ANALYTICAL- THERE
IS A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF ALL DATA
USED.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH
➢RESEARCH IS
OBJECTIVE,UNBIASED & LOGICAL-
ALL FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS ARE
LOGICALLY BASED ON EMPIRICAL
DATA AND NO EFFORT IS MADE TO
ALTER THE RESULTS OF THE
RESEARCH.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH
➢RESEARCH EMPLOYS HYPOTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH
➢RESEARCH EMPLOYS
QUANTITATIVE OR STATISTICAL
METHODS- DATA ARE TRANSFORMED
INTO NUMERICAL MEASURES AND
ARE TREATED STATISTICALLY TO
DETERMINE THEIR SIGNIFICANCE.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH
➢RESEARCH IS ORIGINAL WORK
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH
➢RESEARCH IS ACCURATE
INVESTIGATION,OBSERVATION AND
DESCRIPTION- ALL CONCLUSIONS
ARE BASED ON ACTUAL EVIDENCE.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH
➢RESEARCH IS PATIENT &
UNHURRIED ACTIVITY – THIS IS TO
ENSURE ACCURACY.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD
RESEARCH
➢RESEARCH REQUIRES COURAGE
IMPORTANT ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH
➢ THE RIGHT TO REMAIN
ANONYMOUS- ANY PARTICIPANT IN
HUMAN RESEARCH HAS THE RIGHT
TO REMAIN ANONYMOUS.
ANONYMITY IS KEPT BY FEATURING
GROUP DATA RATHER THAN
INDIVIDUAL DATA.
IMPORTANT ETHICAL
CONSIDERATIONS IN RESEARCH
➢ THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY- A PARTICIPANT
MAY NOT WANT TO REVEAL SOME
INFORMATION ABOUT HIM
SELF/HERSELF.
➢ THE RIGHT TO CONFIDENTIALITY-
PARTICIPANTS HAVE THE RIGHT TO
INSIST THE DATA COLLECTED FROM
THEM BE TREATED WITH
CONFIDENTIALITY.
IDENTIFYING LIMITATIONS

➢NO RESEARCH IS PERFECT OF ITS

DESIGN AND A RESEARCHER MUST
BE HONEST TO OPENLY EXPRESS
SUCH LIMITATIONS SO THAT OTHER
RESEARCHERS WILL NOT REPEAT
THE MISTAKES.
RESEARCH FRAUD
➢TAMPERING DATA
➢FABRICATION OF DATA
➢SUPPRESSION OF DATA
➢BIAS IN RECORDING ACTUAL
OBSERVATIONS
➢SELECTIVE RECORDING OF DATA
➢STOLEN OF DATA
➢PLAGIARISM
GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND DESIGN
➢WHEN THE RESEARCH STUDY HAS
BEEN FORMULATED, THE NEXT STEP
IS TO CONSTRUCT THE RESEARCH
DESIGN. THIS IS THE PLAN OF
ATTACK; WHAT APPROACH TO THE
PROBLEM WILL BE TAKEN; WHAT
METHODS WILL BE USED;WHAT
STRATEGIES WILL BE MOST
EFFECTIVE.
NINE BASIC METHODS OF RESEARCH

1. HISTORICAL-BASED ON DESCRIBING
THE PAST. INCLUDES INVESTIGATIONS
LIKE RECORDING,ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION OF EVENTS IN THE PAST
WITH THE PURPOSE OF DISCOVERING
GENERALIZATIONS AND DEDUCTIONS
THAT CAN BE USEFUL IN UNDERSTANDING
THE PAST, THE PRESENT AND TO A
LIMITED EXTENT CAN ANTICIPATE THE
FUTURE.
NINE BASIC METHODS OF RESEARCH

1. HISTORICAL- [WHAT WAS] ITS

PURPOSE IS TO RECONSTRUCT THE
PAST OBJECTIVELY AND
ACCURATELY OFTEN IN RELATION TO
THE TENABILITY OF HYPOTHESIS.
[justified in a fair or rational way and able to be defended because there
is sufficient evidence or reason]
NINE BASIC METHODS OF RESEARCH

2. DESCRIPTIVE-[WHAT IS] TO
DESCRIBE SYSTEMATICALLY A
SITUATION OR AREA OF INTEREST
FACTUALLY AND ACCURATELY. THE
EMPHASIS IS ON DESCRIBE RATHER
THAN ON JUDGE OR INTERPRET.
NINE BASIC METHODS OF RESEARCH

3. DEVELOPMENTAL- ITS PURPOSE IS

TO INVESTIGATE PATTERNS AND
SEQUENCES OF GROWTH &/OR
CHANGE AS A FUNCTION OF TIME.
NINE BASIC METHODS OF RESEARCH

4. CASE & FIELD ITS PURPOSE IS TO

STUDY INTENSIVELY THE
BACKGROUND,CURRENT
STATUS,AND ENVIRONMENTAL
INTERACTIONS OF A GIVEN SOCIAL
UNIT, AN
INDIVIDUAL,GROUP,INSTITUTION OR
COMMUNITY.
NINE BASIC METHODS OF RESEARCH
5. CORRELATIONAL- [RELATIONSHIP ] ITS
PURPOSE IS TO INVESTIGATE THE
EXTENT TO WHICH VARIATIONS IN
ONE FACTOR CORRESPOND WITH
VARIATION IN OR MORE OTHER
FACTORS BASED ON
CORRELATIONAL COEFFICIENTS.
[statistical measure: a number or function indicating the degree of
correlation between two variables. It ranges between 1 for high positive
correlation to -1 for high negative correlation, with 0 indicating a purely
random relationship .]
NINE BASIC METHODS OF RESEARCH
6. CAUSAL COMPARATIVE OR EX
POST FACTO- ITS PURPOSE IS TO
INVESTIGATE POSSIBLE
CONSEQUENCES AND SEARCHING
BACK THROUGH THE DATA FOR
PLAUSIBLE CAUSAL FACTORS.
believable and appearing likely to be
true, usually in the absence of proof
relationship of cause and effect
NINE BASIC METHODS OF RESEARCH
6. CAUSAL COMPARATIVE OR EX
POST FACTO
IN OTHER WORDS IT IS A STUDY THAT
ATTEMPTS TO DISCOVER THE PRE
EXISTING CAUSAL CONDITIONS
BETWEEN GROUPS. HOWEVER, THE
MOST SERIOUS DANGER OF EX POST
FACTO RESEARCH IS THE
CONCLUSION BECAUSE 2 FACTORS
GO TOGETHER, ONE IS THE CAUSE
AND THE OTHER IS THE EFFECT.
NINE BASIC METHODS OF RESEARCH
7. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL- ITS
PURPOSE IS TO INVESTIGATE
POSSIBLE CAUSE & EFFECT
RELATIONSHIPS BY EXPOSING ONE
OR MORE EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS
TO ONE OR MORE TREATMENT
CONDITIONS AND COMPARING THE
RESULT TO ONE OR MORE CONTROL
GROUPS NOT RECEIVING THE
TREATMENT ( RANDOM SAMPLING
BEING ESSENTIAL).
NINE BASIC METHODS OF RESEARCH
8. QUASI EXPERIMENTAL- ITS
PURPOSE IS TO APPROXIMATE THE
CONDITIONS OF THE TRUE
EXPERIMENT IN A SETTING,WHICH
DOES NOT FOLLOW THE
CONTROL,AND/OR MANIPULATION OF
ALL RELEVANT VARIABLES.
NINE BASIC METHODS OF RESEARCH

9. ACTION- ITS PURPOSE IS TO

DEVELOP NEW SKILLS OR NEW
APPROACHES AND TO SOLVE
PROBLEM WITH DIRECT APPLICATION
TO THE CLASSROOM OR OTHER
APPLIED SETTING. IT SHOULD BE
APPLICABLE IMMEDIATELY