SH1727

Fundamentals of Magnetism

I. Definition of Terms
a. Magnet – material capable of interacting with other materials easily influenced by
magnetism
- name came from the place Magnesia in ancient Greece, where most
lodestones in the ancient world were found
b. Magnetic pole – region of a magnet that is polarized
c. Magnetic field – field of force surrounding a magnet
- created from changing electric field, which is generated from moving
charges
- dictated by the right-hand rule
d. Lorentz Force – force influenced by both electric and magnetic forces
𝑭𝑳 = 𝒒𝑬 + 𝒒𝒗𝑩
𝑭𝑳 = 𝒒𝑬 + 𝒒𝒗𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
- eliminating the electric field component makes the Lorentz force the
same as magnetic force
i. Electric force is projected parallel from the electric field
- Electric force makes a moving charge change direction where the
electric field is projected
ii. Magnetic force is projected perpendicular from the magnetic and electric fields
- Magnetic force makes a moving charge change direction
perpendicular from the magnetic field
𝑭𝑩 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝑭𝑩 =
𝒓
- Wires or single-loops placed in parallel with each other produces
stronger force
Single Wire: 𝑭𝑳 = 𝑰𝒍𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
Multiple Wires:
𝑭𝑳 𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
=
𝒍 𝟐𝝅𝒓
- Magnetic force’s unit is Tesla (1 𝑇 = 1 × 104 𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠)
e. Cyclotron Radius – radius of a charged particle’s circular motion
𝒎𝒗⊥
𝒓𝒈 =
𝒒𝑩
f. Cyclotron Frequency – angular frequency of a charged particle’s circular motion
i. If 𝑭𝑳 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩, and 𝒒𝒗𝑩 > 𝒎𝒗𝟐 /𝒓, movement is spiral, trapped in the field
ii. If 𝑭𝑳 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩, and 𝒒𝒗𝑩 < 𝒎𝒗𝟐 /𝒓, movement is an arc, escaping the field
iii. If 𝑭𝑳 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩, and 𝒒𝒗𝑩 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 /𝒓, movement is circular
𝒒𝑩
𝝎𝒈 =
𝒎
g. Magnetic Flux – measure of a magnetic field strength per area; unit is Weber
(1 𝑊𝑏 = 1 𝑉 ∙ 𝑠)
𝚽𝑩 = 𝑩𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

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- in a closed surface, total magnetic flux is equal to zero (0)

h. Solenoid – conducting wire coiled in a helix, which functions similarly as arranged
single-loop conductors
i. Biot-Savart Law – Law that describes the magnetic field being generated by changing
electric fields, being consistent to both Ampere’s and Gauss’s Laws
𝝁𝟎 𝑰 ∆𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
∆𝑩 =
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
j. Ampere’s Law – Law that relates current and magnetic field
𝑩 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝒆𝒏𝒄

II. FORMULAE Variations

a. Biot-Savart Law
Current Distribution Point in the Magnetic Field Biot-Savart Derivation
Long Straight 𝝁𝟎 𝑰
Conductor
Distance (r) from the conductor 𝑩=
𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝒓
Long Cylindrical Inside the conductor 𝑩=
𝟐𝝅 𝑹𝟐
Conductor of a given
radius (r) 𝝁𝟎 𝑰
Outside the conductor 𝑩=
𝟐𝝅𝒓
Long Solenoid (almost Inside the solenoid, near the center 𝑩 = 𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝑰
ideal), with number of
loops per length Outside the solenoid 𝑩=𝟎
𝝁𝟎 𝒗
Moving charge Distance (r) within the conductor 𝑩= 𝒒
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
Loop is an arc with central angle 𝜙 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 𝒓
(in radians) 𝑩=
𝟐𝝅 𝑹𝟐
Circular loop with a Center of the complete loop 𝝁𝟎 𝑰
given radius (r) located directly at origin 𝑩=
𝟐𝒓
Distance given (a) directly above 𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝝓
or below the origin 𝑩=
𝟒𝝅𝒓

b. Ampere’s Law
Shape of the Conductor Formula
𝝁𝟎 𝑵𝑰
Ring / Toroid 𝑩=
𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝝁𝟎 𝑵𝑰
Loop 𝑩=
𝟐𝒓
Solenoid 𝑩 = 𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝑰
𝝁𝟎 𝑰
Straight Wire 𝑩=
𝟐𝝅𝒓
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References:
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http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electric/efromv.html
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Physical Science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

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