МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ ТА НАУКИ УКРАЇНИ

УЖГОРОДСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ

кафедра іноземних мов

В.Литвинова
ENGLISH FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS

НАВЧАЛЬНО-МЕТОДИЧНИЙ ПОСЛЫ ІИК

для студентів II курсу інженерно-технічного факультету
(спеціальність “Міське будівництво і господарство “)

Ужгород - 2002
Литвинова В.М. ENGLISH FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS. Навчально-
методичний посібник для студентів П курсу інженерно-технічного
факультету (спеціальність “Міське будівництво і господарство”).
Ужгород, Ужгородський університет, 2002. — 80 с.

Посібник має на меті підготувати студентів П курсу інженерно-

технічного факультету (спеціальність “Міське будівництво”) для
читання науково-технічної літератури по спеціальності.
Посібник включає 12 розділів, які містять лексику, вправи і
тексти, починаючи від будівельних матеріалів до проектування
будинку. Для унаочнення студенти використовують свої проекти
курсових робіт по архітектурі.
В кінці подаються додаткові тексти для читання і тести з
ключами.
Рекомендується приурочити опис проектів на англійській мові
після захисту курсових робіт з архітектури в кінці третього або на
початку четвертого семестрів.

Рецензент:
Н.Є.Бабидорич, старший викладач кафедри іноземних мов

Рекомендовано до друку кафедрою іноземних мов УжНУ,

протокол №6 від 23 квітня 2002 року.

© Ужгородський національний університет

 UNIT 1

BUILDING MATERIALS

NATURAL BUILDING ARTIFICIAL BUILDING

MATERIALS MATERIALS
S \'n\c nt
stone - кам інь cement- цемент
sand - пісок glue - клей
'g^vel - гравій paint - фарба
lime - вапно brick - цегла
to slake the lime - гасити вапно steel-сталь
lumber- пилом атеріали metal - метал
timber - лісом ате ріал sheet metal - листовий метал
broken stone - щебінь tile - черепиця
clay - глина adobe - саман (по-зак. вальки)
wood - деревина glass - скло
board - дошка glasswool - скловата
marl - м ергель, вапняна глина ceramic tile - керам ічна плитка $ І ҐУ М і
marble - мармур panel - панель
crushed marble - дроблений reinforced concrete panel-залізобетонні
мармур панелі
crushed stone prefabricated parts (unitsУ offsite
rubble — галька prefabrication/
gypsum - гіпс precasting - збірні частини
roofing slate - шифер
parquetry - паркет

Exercise. Match the proper definition with the term.

1. BRICK a) is a building material made of burnt clay

2. ADOBE b) wood to be used for building
3. UMBER c) coloured glass
4.STAINED GLASS d) is a mixture of sand, screenings (висівки) with
5. CEMENT cement and water, which has capacity ofhardening into
6. CONCREIE a rocklike mass.
7. MORTAR i) bricks made of sun-dried earth and straw
f) is a grey powder, mixed with water,used for
constructing different structural elements such as
concrete.
g) is a mixture (mortar) ofc e me nt, water and filling
(арматура)It may be ferro-concrete and plain concrete.
3
 Test exercise

1 .What material is brick made of?

— a) ofbumtclay
b) ofconcrete
c) ofmoitar or of composition ofclay and other materials

2. What is the shape ofa brick?

a) It is of rectangular shape
b) It is of square shape
c) It is of triangular shape

3. What is the size ofa brick?

a) It is 250 mm long (or the length is 250 mm)
b) It is 120 mm wide (orthe width is 120 mm)
c) It is 65 mm high (orthe height is 65 mm)

4. What is the weight ofa brick?

a) Tire weight ofa brick is ~2kg
b) ~5kg
c) ~10 kg
Why has been brick building popular formany hundreds ofyears?
1) It’s a natural material and clay is found almost everywhere
2) It’s cheap because of abundance in nature
3) lt’s easy to produce
4 )It has a convenient s hape and s ize
5)It’s firm, strong, hard, reliable, durable and firenresistant

Do the people use old bricks? Yes, they do. And when good managerdemolish
an old building, they carefully pick the good stones and bricks and lay them in
the foundation for these bricks have been tested by the time.

masonry - кам ’яна або цегляна кладка

bricklaying, brickwork - цегляна кладка
laying - кладка

Vocabulary tasks on describing physical qualities.

l.
Make lists ofbuilding materials which this adjectives can describe :
long beam,
thin glass,
rectangular door,..
round stone,
4
 square board,...........
2. Make lists of products made ofthese materials :
glass window,...
plastic credit card, ...
leather wallet, ...
cardboard file, ...
metal filing cabinet, ...
wood table, ...

3.Which sentences describe the objectbelow? (The firstone is done foryou.)

a bed a computer dis к a door a eolfball a coin
3
10
11
16
1.It has a diameter of 2.5 cm
2.You keep it in a purse or in yourpocket.
3.It is us ually about 2m long and lm 50 wide.
4.It can be closed or open.
5.It is rectangular and stands vertically.
6.It is round.
7.It goes a long way.
8.It has a large memory.
9.It is made of wood and a metal handle.
10.11 is rectangular, and you ‘make’ it every day.
11 .You use it when you are tired.
12.lt is spherical.
13.It is made ofrubberand plastic.
14.It is 9cm x 9cm.
I 5.It’s made of plastic and metal.
16.It is made ofwood and metal.
17.Its diameter depends on its value.
18.1t is made ofmetal.
19.It is square.
20.It is about 2m high and lm wide.

4.Question-making exercise. Write questions to go with these answers:

.......................................................... ? It’s round.
.......................................................... ? It weighs about half a kilo.
.......................................................... ? It’s black and white.
...........................................................? It’s made ofleathercovered in plastic.
.......................................................... ? It’s made by Adidas.
........................................................... ? It’s for playing a game.
.......................................................... ? About 25 pounds.
5
What is it? It’s...................
5. ake up your own description of any building material and let yourgroup-
M
mates guess what you have chosen.

TEXT 1. HISTORY OF BUILDING MATERIALS

All the buildings erected nowadays are of two main types: they are
intended either for hous ing or industrial purposes.
The main building materials are timber, stone (brick), concrete, steel, light
metals, glass and plastics. Timberwas one ofthe first materials to be used by
man for cons tructional purposes. It is highly probable that it will be one ofthe
last. Timber is unique among the materials of construction. It will be available
when the earth's capital deposits of iron, coal, clay and the rest have been
consumed.
The buildings made of stone or brick are durable and fireproof they have a
poor heat conductivity.
Concrete made with natural hydraulic binders was used in antiquity,
particularly by the Romans. After the decline ofthe Roman Empire the art of
making concrete has been forgotten, and the revival came much later.
Portland cement was produced more than a century ago. From the time ofits
first production there was a steady and gradual improvement in its compressive
strength.
Reinforced concrete is hardly 100 years old, but its practical application in
building began only 90 years ago. Today reinforced concrete is used in all
civilized countries as one ofthe most important building materials. One ofthe
essential properties ofconcrete is its compressive strength.

Assignments
I. Getready to answer the follow ing questions:
1. What are buildings intended for? 2. What are the main building materials?
3. When was Portland cement produced?4. When was concrete first used? 5.
What are the earth's capital deposits?
II. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the word one:
1. To determine the density of a body one must know its mass and its
volume. 2. Ductile materials have greaterstrengththan brittle ones. 3. Copperis
one ofthe metals used in the prehistoric times.
III. Use the following sentences in all the forms and tenses adding s uilable
adverbial modifiers where necessary:
1. People employ glass for many purposes. 2. Iron is widely used as a
building material

6
 TEXT 2. METALS AS BUILDING MATERIALS

The history ofbuilding in iron and steel is hardly more than a hundred years
old. The construction ofthe firstrailways has given considerable impetus to cast
and wrought iron (зварювальна сталь (production. The commonest quality of
steel for building construction is that known as mild steel (m. s.). Several
qualities ofhigh tensile steel are widely used everywhere. They vary both in
theirchemical composition and their mechanical properties.
The elements used for most steel structures are the hot-rolled sections,
produced in a great variety by the rolling mills.
Aluminium is the most important ofthe light metals used in the building
industry. Magnesium is still lighter, but it has not yet become a building
material. It is used only as an alloying metal in conjunction with aluminium. The
major characteristics of aluminium in which the architect is interested are its
durability and its lightweight.
Glass is now generally employed in the construction ofindustrial buildings,
office blocks and schools. In recent years it has eclipsed all other materials for
heat and sound insulation purposes.
Plastics are a new building material. Nearly all the plastics are compounds of
such simple elements as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes nitrogen.The
characteristics ofthe various plastics depend upon the way in which these
elements are combined. Plastics are used where the older materials are not
satisfactory, or forthe development ofentirely new uses.

Assignments
1. Get ready to answer the following questions:
1. When was the first railway cons fructed? 2. Whatis the commonest quality
ofsteel forbuilding? 3. Whatis the most important ofthe light metals? < Where
are plastics used? 5. What are the major characteristics ofaiuminiun? 6. For
what purposes is glass employed in construction?
II. Read the following numbers:
4,525; 16,915; 1/2; 1/4; 6/235; 12/35; 0.537; 0.0008; З2; 53; 76.
III. Put in the missingprepositions:
1. Modem buildings can be divided ... two types. 2. These buildings are
made ... stone and brick. 3. Plastics are used ... the development., new uses. 4.
Glass is employed ... the construction ... industrial buildings. 5. Timber was
one ... the first materials used ... man.
IV Ask questions on all the.parts ofthe following sentences.
1. Timberhas always been one ofthe most important materials used by man.
2. Nowadays concrete is widely used in many countries.

7
 TEXT 3. SOM ЕТНІ NG ABOUT BUILDING MATERIALS

Houses, like people, are young or old, beautiful ornot. With houses, as
with people this can apply both to their outward appearance and to their interior
and history. It depends on the type and function ora building and on building
materials and techniques.
The designer must be able to select and adapt such materials to
construction that will give the most effective result by the most economical
means. In this choice of materials for any woik of construction, the civil
engineermust considermany factors. These factors include availability, cost,
physical properties of materials and others.
Timber, steel and concrete all vary, sometimes overconsiderable ranges
in the properties desired by the engineer. Even steel, uniform as itappeare to be,
varies considerably in its microstructure. Concrete is even less uniform than
many other materials.
Lime, gypsum and cement are the three materials most widely used in
building construction forthe purpose ofbinding together masonry units, such as
stone, brick and as constituents ofwall plaster. Cement is furthermore the most
important component ofconcrete. Thes e materials form very important elements
in all masonry structures. As a class they are designed as cementing materials.
The gradual improvement in Portland cement quality from the time of its
introduction led to the elaboration of rapid-hardening Portland cement, or "high
early strength". Later developments include low heat and sulphate-re sis ting
cement, also white and coloured cements. Another important class ofcementis
high alumina cement. High alumina cement is a material containing alumina. It
has an extremely high rate ofstrength increase which is, owing to the violence
ofthe chemical reaction, accompanied by a cons iderable evolution ofheat. It is
very resistant to chemical attacks.
It therefore follows that Portland cement like other materials can to some
extent be modified to suita particular application. The scope forsuch purpose-
made cements has ledto the development ofan increasing variety such as high
alumina cement, blast-furnace slag and pozzulanas. Portland blast-furnace
cement has greater resistance to some forms ofchemicals.
The most important building materials may now be considered an artificial
conglomerate of crushed stone, gravel or similar inert material with a mortar. A
mixture of sand, screenings or similar inert particles with cement and water
which has the capacity ofhardening into a rock like mass is called mortar.
The most important building material may now be considered to be structural
steel and concrete mortar. The fundamental object in proportioning concrete or
mortar mixes is the production ofa durable material ofrequisite strength, water
tightness and other essential properties at minimum cost. To attain this end
careful attention must be given to the selection ofcement, in the aggregate with
(у з ’єднанні з) water.
 The most accurate method of measuring proportions is to weigh the required
quantities ofeach material. This may be done whetherthe proportions are based
upon volumes or weights. This method is being extensively used in road con­
struction and in many central mixing and in central proportioning plants. It is
also widely used in large building construction, but in small building
construction the less accurate method ofmeasuring proportions by volumes is
frequently used. The chief inaccuracies in volumetric measurement arise from
the wide variation in the bulk ofthe fine aggregate due to small changes in its
moisture content and faulty methods of filling measuring devices. It is always
fora building engineerto bearin mind that workability and strength tests are the
chiefcontrol tests made on concrete. To be able to undergo high compressive
loads is a specific characteristic of this material.

Assignments
I. Read the text and cany out the following assignments:
a) Read and give Ukrainian equivalents ofthe following internationalisms:
interior, history, function, material, construction, effective, vary,
microstructure, uniform, evolution, fundamental, accurate, proportion
b) Explain the difference between the words "house" and "home”.
c) Find the paragraph telling about the importance of choosing proper
building materials.

П. Translate the following sentence into Ukrainian: The roof‘s red tiles stand
out against the background ofthe sky.

9
 UNIT 2

CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSE

TERM SAND DEFINITIONS

CONSTRUCTION is used to denote the erection and repair of all types of

buildings, roads, bridges and other structures.

BUILDING is mainly used in the sense ofdomestic dwellings, including houses

and multistoreyed flats, schools, hospitals and office blocks.

CIV IL ENGINEER ING is used with reference to bridges, roads, harbours, water
supply and hydroelectric schemes (проекти).
Butwe should rememberthatthere is no hard and festdividing
line (непорушна, раз і назавжди встановлена межа)
between these tenns
HOUSE is a building where we live
HOME is a place where we live
HOUSING - any buildings that are used for people to live in
DWELLING - a place where people live.
MANSION - a large fency house (модний, вишуканий)
DETACHED HOUSE- a house which is not attached to any others.
COTTAGE- a country house
BLOCK OF FLA IS (TENEM ENT) - an apartment building that is crowded and
in bad condition
RESIDENCE - a grand house where public live
RESIDENTIAL AREA - the partofthe town where people live
SLUMS-area ofpoor, dirty houses or flats
A STATE-OWNED FLAT- квартира в державному будинку
A SELF-CONTAINED(SEPAR ATE) FLAT- квартира на одну сім ’ю
ATTIC - a storage space between the ceiling and the room ofhome
ARCHITECTURE- art of designing building

community house - громадські будинки

large-panel house - крупно-панельні
house- building plant - домобудівне підприємство
bedsit tenant мешканець однокім натної квартири
housing stock - житловий фонд
accommodation - житло
to build - будувати
to construct - конструювати
10
 to erect - зводити , споруджувати, монтувати
to mount - підніматися, монтувати, встановлювати
to rise from - випливати, виникати
to rest on - опиратися, ґрунтувати
to dig a trench - копати рів(траншею)
to excavate - копати, робити розкопки
total space ofthe house - загальна площа
the entire useful floorspace ofthe house - загальна житлова площа
building area - площа забудови
land plot area (space) - площа ділянки

The task: Almost everyone saw the construction ofa building and
followed its process with interest. First, the excavation is dug for
the basement, then the foundation walls below ground level are
constructed. Afterthis the framework is erected, clothed with
various finishing material and protected by several coats ofpaint.
The part upon which the stability ofthe structure depends is the
fiamework. UsingTest9 describe the stages in buildingthe house.

Practice test from the TOEFL.

1. The changes in this city have occurred....................
a) with swiftness c)fastly
b) rapidly d)in rapid ways
2. The building was to be octangonal in shape.
a) five sided c)seven sided
b) six sided d)eight sided
3. The old utilities building was demolished and a new highrise took its place
a) renovatcd cfremodeled
b) razed d)reconciled

(lc.2d. 3b.)

11
 TEXT 1. A HOUSE OF GLASS AND PLASTICS

The first experimental house ofglass and plastics in the USSR was built in
Leningrad. Everything in this house - from the walls and ceiling to the last
screw - is made of plastics and glass. Many enterprises took part in its
construction. The technology was worked out by engineers and architects ofthe
Leningrad branch ofthe USSR Architecture and Civil Construction Academy.
The building is composed of eight plastic rings which form the walls and
ceiling. The house with all its equipment and furniture weighs no more than four
and a half tons. The house is built at a two-meter height above ground, it is
mounted on a technical chamber, which houses the heating, ventilating and
electric equipment and is made ofglass blocks and mounted on a ferroconcrete
foundation.
The outerand innerwalls are 4 mm thick. The vacuum between them is filled
with an excellent thermal and sound- proof synthetic material. The whole
structure weighs little because the entire thickness ofthe walls is 10 cm. The
entire useful floorspace ofthis one-flat house is 40 square meters.
The front wall ofthe house is made ofnon-breakable organic glass, which
easily lets through the ultra-violet rays, so that one can take a sun-bath right in
the house. If the weather is bad, one has only to switch on the lights2 in the
bathroom and "mountain rays" from special lamps will fall on him.
With the help of synthetic material draperies the room can be easily
converted into a three-room flat. The room temperature is always maintained at
19 degrees C with the help of air stoves which are installed in the technical
chamber.

NOTES TO THE TEXT

1. to let through - пропускати
2. the lights- світло

Task 1 Discussion on the text, including such questions: Have you ever seen such a
house? Do you believe in practical meaning of such a design?
12
13
 TEXT 2. PLASTICS

Plastics are substances, natural or artificial, which can be moulded into

any desired shape by the application of heat and pressure.
Except forcellulosics, made from chemically modified cotton, wood and
other materials, plastics are produced by synthes is from such natural resources
as water, air, coal, salt and natural gas.
There are two reasons why man tries to make these materials instead of
the ones provided by nature. One reason is his desire eithertodecrease costorto
compensate for the shortage ofthe natural product, orboth. The second reason
the wish to produce materials with combinations of desirable properties not
found in the things provided by nature.
There are inorganic and organic synthesis. The difference between
organic and inorganic compounds is simply that the former contain carbon,
while the latter do not. One ofthe most important inorganic synthetic materials
is glass.
Because many resource materials are available and many different
combinations are possible, the plastics family is very large and is constantly
growing larger.
В ecaus e oftheirtoughness, lightnes s, chemical res is tance and otheruseful
properties as well as the ease ofmanufacture, plastics products are being used in
large quantities in construction, electric and electronic equipment,
transportation, agriculture, etc. Synthetic plastics often takes the place ofmetals
in machine-building and in many respects their properties are higherthan those
ofmetals.
The scientists discovered that polymers posses really remarkable
properties which in some respects are similar to those of iron, although in a
much weaker form.

Pressure - тиск
Cellulosics - целюлоза
Either... or-або ... або
The former... the latter... - попере дній....останній
In many (some) respects - в багатьох відношеннях

14
 TEXT 3. SKYSCRAPERS OFTHE XXth CENTURY

Nowadays it has become very difficult to live in big cities. It is much

better to live in small houses in a green countryside.
However, there are countries like Japan that needs to build skyscrapers
because oflack ofspace and dense population. In feet, according to statistics
halfofthe world population will live in cities in the XXth century. More than
300 million people will live in 21 metropolises. The highest city with the
maximum number of inhabitance will be Tokyo with the population of 27
million.
A typical feature ofthe American scene is the skyscrapers. New York’s
first skyscraper was the Flatiron building, built in 1902,20 storeys high.
The first building boom for skyscrapers came in the late 1920s. These
skyscrapers were done in art deco style. They were highly decorated and
elaborate. This was somewhat ironic, since when they opened, it was the Great
Depress ion; the country economy had collapsed. The most beautifol and femous
of the art deco skyscrapers are the Chrysler Building (77 storeys) and the
Empire State Building with 102 storeys, 1250 feet high.
You can’t go to the top of the Chrysler building but you can admire it
from many different points in the city. You can, however, go to the top ofthe
Empire State Building, the third tallest building in the world.
Rockefeller Center (70 storeys), built in 1930, is the world largest
privately owned business and entertainment centre. It consists of 19 buildings
including femous Radio City Music Hall.
In the 1950s, there was a second building boom, featuring a new style.
The United Nations Building was the first glass curtain wall skyscraper. The
Seagram Building with its metal and its smoky glass is anotherearly example.
The style became very popular. Manhattan now has many steel and glass
skyscrapers.
There are 120 skyscrapers in the world. Sears towers 1974 (443m.) in
Chicago. Petrona Tower, 1997 (450m.) in Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). Gin-May
Building, 1999 (420m.) in Shanghai.
Ostankino is the 533-meter(equalto 150storeys)ferroconcreteTV tower.
The complex is a combination of ferroconcrete, glass and alluminium. It has
about 4,000 rooms. It houses the broadcasting and TV stations, the apparatus
and communication systems, the equipment and instruments ofthe Central
High-Altitude Hydro-meteorological Observatory, as well as a restaurant,
observation platform and a conference hall. It is the tallest, free-standing
structure in the world.

15
parquetry - паркет
ground floor - нижній (цокольний) поверх
first floor-другий поверх
garage - гараж
facade - фасад
Task I Describe the layout ofyour flat or house.
Task 2 Read the text and find what is the inside shape ofthe theatre.
TEXT 1. COVENT GARDEN

The Royal Opera House, orCovent Garden stands notfarfrom one ofthe
famous of London streets, the Strand. A visitor to London is always surprised
when he sees the Opera House standing almost inside the flower and vegetable
market which gives the distinct smell to the whole quarter.
The fine building ofthe Opera House was opened in 1858. Yet its “father”
and “grandfather” that were burned down (in 1808 and 1856) stood on this very
place before.
The inside ofthe Opera House is in shape ofa hois e-s hoe .There are seats
for 2.000 persons.

Task 3. look test9, 19, 20, 21,22.

Task 4. Read theteft artfully aid describeyour hostd using this text.

TEXT 2. MY HOSTEL

My name is Rostyk. Iam from Rakhiv. Ilive in the hostel ofourtechnical

school. I want to describe my hostel and my room to you.
Our hostel is in a large four-storeyed house. It is a modem building with all
conveniences. There are about 400 rooms in the hostel. Three or four students
live in each room. There are a kitchen, two showerstalls and a reading-room on
each floor. On the ground floorthere is a canteen where we have ourmeals and
a library. On the third floorthere is a special room where we can watch TV, play
chess or read newspapers. Sometimes different interesting lectures are held
there.
1 live on the fourth floor in room 530. I have two roommates. They study in
the same group, so they are my group-mates, too. We spend much time together.
Our hostel is not far from our technical school. We often walk there. It takes us
twenty minutes to getto the technical school. Sometimes when the weatheris
bad we go there by bus.
In our room there are three beds, each ofthem is covered with a coverlet. In
the middle of the room there is a table. We have our tea and prepare our
homework at this table. Four chairs are standing round the table. At the wall
there is a wardrobe. Three bookshelves are on the walls. We keep ourclothes in
the wardrobe and we keep our books on the bookshelves. There are some photos
on tire walls, too.

17
 UNIT 4.

FACING AND FINISHING MATERIALS

Vocabulary and exercises

feeing and finishing - облицьовувальні та оздоблювальні

finishing work-викінчувальна робота
exterior (interior) finish - зовнішнє (внутрішнє) облицювання
putty - шпаклівка
plaster - штукатурка
whitewash - 1)вапняний розчин, побілка 2)білити
plaster work / modelling - ліпка, ліпні роботи

Task 1 Answerthe questions:

1. What do we need for exterior (interior) finish?

2. How is called special mixture used for puttying?
3. What mortar is used for plastering?
4. What mortar can we use for whitewashing the walls?
5. What is needed lor painting the window frames, doors, radiators and pipes?
6. What do we cover the parquetry with? Qacquer)

Task 2 Describe what feeing and finishing materials you are going to use in your
future house.

Task 3 Make up a story using the following expressions below :

tiled stoves
tiled oven of highly artistic finish
skillfully-carved wooden plafonds
to adorn with marble
twoAier gallery

18
 UNIT 5.

MODERN CONVENIENCES (AMENITIES)

amenities / conveniences - вигоди, зручності

bathroom & lavatoiy - ванна і туалет
running water- водопровід
tap water - водопровідна вода
central heating - центральне опалення
gas - газ
sanitary facilities / toilet facilities - санвузол
lavatory pan - унітаз
sewerage - каналізація
sewer/ waste pipe - стічна труба
wash-basin / wash-stand -умивальник
chute /refuse — cm іттєпровід
litter - cm іття
trash - сміття, мотлох
trunk - вентиляційна тахта, жолоб, труба
fen / fen exhauster- вентиляція / витяжний вентилятор

Task: Speak about modem conveniences using the text below.

TEXT 1. Housing in our country.

Housing is one ofthe most important factors affectingthe people’s living

standards. It is one ofthe most necessaty things in human life. About 200
million people in the world are homeless, and hundreds ofmillions more live in
slums and sub-human conditions. They cannot afford new and comfortable
dwelling because the cost ofhousing is vety high.
The housing problem is an object ofthe state’s constant concern. The
state investments in this sphere are growing all the time. Besides,the state gives
assistance to cooperative and individual house building. The state considers
housing cons traction to be one ofthe most important means of improving the
people’s welfare. But all the same, housing is still an acute problem.
Modem flats are provided with electricity, running water and sewerage
system, central heating and gas. The quality ofbuilding and finishing work, the
layout ofthe flats and interior decorations as well as the architectural aspect of
communities are constantly improved. Flats in blocks built up to the latest
designs are marked by a high level ofcomfort. There are lots ofspace, bigger
halls and kitchens, build-up wardrobes and other conveniences.

19
 The state has developed the industrial facilities for large-panel housing
construction. New 16-, 20 -and 25-storey houses are built, according to the last
word in architecture and urban design. New construction methods are applied.
They are based on standardization, new levels oftechnological advance using
such techniques as offsite prefabrication, precasting, use ofreinforced concrete
panels, largescale site planning, etc. Craft operations at a building site are
gradually replaced by mechanized operations at the factory. Houses are
increasingly becoming assemblages of factory-made elements. The reinforced
concrete unit ofwhich a building is to be used are manufactured ata factory and
then assembled on the site. The use oflarge prefabricated units is the bases ofan
industrialized building industry. Entire apartment assemblages are produced and
are being used to an increasing extent. These techniques raised the output of
better structures at lower cost.
This has become possible due to the creation ofthe construction industry.
It is the largest industry with a powerful mechanized and automated base,
comprising skilled and unskilled workers in many trades (assemblymen,
carpenters, masons, welders, plasters, team and section leaders ), building
engineers and architects, designers and managerial staff
Today our country is going over to comprehensive urban construction.
More block offlats will be built to new, more economical standard designs with
an improved layout.
Considerable resources will be allocated for improving towns and
villages, expanding utilities, services, amenities, and public trans port facilities.

TEXTS FOR DISCUSSION

1. AIR CONDITIONING IN BUILDING

Air Conditioning is not a luxury. It is a fundamental necessity of new

buildings such as: offices, department stores, apartment houses, hospitals, hotels
and so on. The demand for air conditioning increases. Houses of future are
inconceivable without it. Unfortunately, tire techniques ofairconditioning have
not kept pace with (відстає (this increasing demand. Besides the introduction of
clean, properly conditioned air and the evacuation of it after it is partially
vitiated, many other things are involved in the conditioning oflarge building
which are to be solved.
Prior to practice large-scale air conditioning, engineers, architects and
cons traction men are to solve such problems as space for central apparatus,
space for cooling towers, loss of us able area, to care for networks of conduits
carrying the conditioned fluid, cost oforiginal installation, cost ofope ration and
maintenance and others.
But principally the air conditioning system must satisfy the great number of
occupants ofthe building.

20
 2. THE GROWING DEMAND
FOR "READY-MADE" HOUSES

At present many flats are built in our country every year. Large scale
housing construction' which is paid attention to in our country demands the
application ofnew methods which are quick and not very expensive.
Many houses which are built at present come "ready-made" to the
construction srtes .that is,3they are manufactured in factories on a large scale and
are sentto construction sites, where they are mounted by builders. Prefabricated
ferro-concrete sections, panels and blocks almost completely replaced brick tn
housing construction and although today's walls and ceilings are less thanhalfas
thick as those which were formerly built, the sound-proofing is reliable. Plastics
and polymers, excellent effective thermal and sound-proof materials, are used
more and more in large-scale housing construction.
Now a great many houses are built of" cubes" which are produced at special
house-building plants in several towns ofthe country . One such cube is a flat with
a kitchen, a bathroom, a balcony and built-in wardrobes.4The size ofthe cube is
the following: its length - 10 metres, width - 3.2 m., height - 3 m. Its weight is
20 tons. And it takes 40 - 60 minutes to mount the "cube" flat. Thus, if the
foundation is read}' a five-storeyed house can be assembled by a team of6 workers
within 10-15 days and even less. People can move in the new house as soon as it
is assembled.

Notes
1. large scale construction - велике (у великих масштабах) будівництво .
2. construction site - будівельний майданчик
3. that is - тобто
4. built-in wardrobes - вбудовані шафи
5. it takes - вимагається

Task: What building materials have the best thermal and sound-proof
properties? (synthetic materials or bricks)?
Discuss this question.

21
 UNI T 6.

THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Every engineershould know the properties ofengineering materials. And

if he wants his construction to be reliable, he is to take into account all the
properties of construction (or engineering) materials. We have to speak about
physical and mechanical properties. Phys ical properties include s uch phenomena
as thermal conductivity, specific heat, coefficient of expansion and others.
Properties which describe the behaviorofmaterials undermechanicai usage ate
called mechanical properties.
But before speaking about the strength ofmaterials some words about the
history of this subject.
From the earliest times when people started to build it was found
necessary forthem to have information regarding the strength ofmaterials. The
Egyptians are believed to have some rules of this kind, for without them it
would have been impossible to erect their great monuments and pyramids, some
of which still exist. The Greeks further advanced the art of building. The
Romans are considered to be great builders too. They are known to have used
arches in the buildings. But semicircular arches were ofsmallspan.
Mostofthe knowledge thatthe Greeks and Romans had got in structural
engineering was lost during the Middle Ages, and only since Renaissance has it
been recovered.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) is known to be the most outstanding man
of that period. He was not only the leading artist of that time but also a great
scientist and engineer. He proved thatthe strength ofbeams supported at both
ends varies inversely proportional to the length and directly proportional to the
width.
Galileo's famous book “ Two New Sciences” is said to represent the
beginning ofthe science of strength ofmaterials,
The following notions are fundamental for strength ofmaterials and a
student should know and understand them. They are:
Deformation-the change ofthe shape and the s izes ofa body underthe action
ofsome outerforces.
Elasticity - the ability of a body to recover its original form and sizes after
unloading.
Plasticity-the ability ofa body to be permanently deformed
Ductility - the capacity ofa bar (of a specimen material) to be permanently
deformed in tension without breaking.
ductile - в’язкий, пластичний, ков кий, тягу чий (метал), гнучкий (матеріал)
Brittleness - the property ofbreaking without permanent de fortnation.
brittle - крихкий, лам кий
22
Stress - innerforce usually defined perunitarea ofthe section ofa
body (sometimes it is called "unitstress")(THCK, напруження)
Strain - the deformation at a point ofa body, usually calculated perunit length
ofa fiber(stretch)
Working stress -the safe value ofstress

Task 1. Translate the text using the dictionary:

One important property ofstructural material is elasticity orthe ability to

recoverfrom deformation. A body being distorted in any way, the substance it
consists ofsuffers a change ofvolume ora change ofshape ora change ofboth,
volume and shape. A change ofvolume alone ora change ofshape alone is said
to involve a s imple strain, and a change ofboth - a complex strain. Scientists
consider the most important form ofa complex strain to be an extension ofa
wire and a rod. In this case there is an increase oflength accompanied by a
decrease ofcross-section, the latteris not being sufficient to compensate the
former, there is therefore an increase in volume as well as change ofshape. Such
a strain is called a tensile strain orstretch.
A body to be deformed in any way and then released will usually return to
its original size and shape if the stress is not exceeded a certain limit. The
greatest stress from which a substance will recovercompletely is called the limit
of elasticity for that particular form of strain. It differs widely for different
substances.
The simple relations between stress and strain is known to have been
published by Robert Hook in 1676.He found the deformation to be proportional
to the force provided the force was too great. Thus, Hook proved stress within
the elastic limit to be proportional to strain.

Task 2: Discuss the following topics:

l.Some historical notions ofstrength ofmaterials.

2. Properties ofmaterials.
3. What an engineer must know before designing a structure.
4. Fundamental notions for strength ofmaterials.
5. Hook’s Law.

Task3 Answerthe questions:

1 .W ill you take a course of lectures in strength ofmaterials?

2. Who is giving you a course of lecture in this subject?
3. Who is the head ofthe chair?
4. How long does the course ran?
5.1s there any laboratory in strength ofmaterials at your faculty?
6. When will you take an examination in this subject?
23
7.1s it important for an engineer to know this subject?
8. What must an engineerknow when he designs a machine?
9. What is strength?
10. What is elasticity (plasticity, ductility, brittleness)?

Task 4 Translate the sentences:

1. It is known that 1 inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters.

2. It is known that Newton formulated the laws of motion.
3. It is said that wood is one of the oldest materials used in engineering
structure and devices.
4. It is considered that the Egyptians and the Romans were great builders.
5. It is certain that most engineering materials are partly elastic and partly
plastic.

Task 5 Choose the terms for the definitions:

1. The ability of a body to resist pressure or strain.

2. A structure with a square base and fourtriangularsides set up as a monument
3.Something having the shape ofa semicircle thatsupports the weight thatis
above.
4. A long, thick, heavy piece of wood used in building.
5. The length of anything from end to end.
(span, arc, beam, pyramid, strength)
6. The change ofthe shape ofa body underthe action of outerforces.
7. The ability ofa body to recover its original and size after unloading.
8. The ability ofa body to be permanently deformed in tension without breaking.
9. The property of breaking without permanent deformation.
10.Inner force perunit area ofthe section ofa body.
11. The deformation ata point ofa body perunit length ofa fibre.
12. The safe value ofstress.
(plasticity, working str ess, strain, stress, brittleness, deformation, elasticity)

Task 6

Stress is a psychological tcnn referring to the condition of our body and

the effect of different factors on our mind.
What is another meaning of‘stress’?

24
 UNIT 7.

CIVIL ENGINEERING

The part played by civil engineers in pioneering work and in developing

wide areas ofthe world has been and continues to be enormous.
Civil engineering was not distinguished from otherbranches ofengineering
until 200 years ago. This term was first used to distinguish the work ofthe
engineer with a non-military purpose from military engineering. Most early
engineers were engaged in the construction of fortifications and were
responsible for building the roads and bridges required for the movement of
troops and supplies.
The Roman armies ofoccupation in Europe had brilliant engineers. After the
collapse ofthe Roman Empire there was little progress in communications. It
was only with the beginning ofthe Industrial Revolution, the invention ofthe
steam engine and the realization ofthe potentialities in the use of iron that it
revived. Roads, canals, railways, ports, harbours and bridges were then built by
engineers who called themselves "civil" in contrastto military engineers. This
may have emphasized the value oftheir work to the community.
Today, the scope of civil engineering has become very broad. It is
subdivided into such as cons traction (all kinds of buildings X highway and
railway engineering, hydraulic engineering (canals, dams, drainage and
irrigation systems) and municipal engineering (city planning, traffic regulation,
water supply, and sewerage).
Civil engineering is an extremely broad professional field. Itmustmake use
of many different branches of knowledge, including mathematics, theory of
structures, hydraulics, soil mechanics, surveying, hydrology, geology, and
economics and most recently a knowledge of computers. Civil engineering
problems involve the physical, mathematical, earth, social,communications, and
engineering sciences. C ivil engineering projects involve many otherprofcss ional
areas, including law, public health, economics, management, finance, and other
branches ofengineering. The scope and complexity ofthe field, and its degree
of involvement with otherfields, has increased rapidly with the development of
modem science and technology and the growth of population and national
economics. Taken as a whole, modem civil engineering constitutes a vital
element ofnational industry which involves large numbers ofpeople ofvarious
special interests and occupations.
Speaking about civil engineering we must properly use the words
"constraction" and "building".
The term "construction" is used to denote the erection and repairofall types
ofbuildings, roads, bridges, and otherstructures.

25
 The word "building" is mainly used in the sense of domes tic dwellings,
including houses and multistorey flats, schools, hospitals and office blocks,
while "civil engineering" is used with reference to bridges, roads, harbours,
watersupply and hydroelectric schemes.
The term "structural engineering" means particularly the calculation and
design of all kinds of structures whose strength is mostly provided by steel,
reinforced, prestressed, or precast concrete, other alloys .This work involves a
great deal ofmathematics and consultations from several different profess ions.
We should remember that there is no hard and fast dividing line between
these terms.
In our country civil engineers are trained at special institutes and
departments ofthe polytechnical institutes. Civil engineering is a very popular
and honourable profession in ourcountry.

VOCABULARY NOTES
1. pioneering work - труд першопрохідця
2. civil engineering - цивільне будівництво
3. military engineering - військово-будівельна справа
4. to be engaged insmth. - займатися чим-н.
5. to be responsible (forsmth.) - відповідати, бути відповідальним (за гцо-н.)
6. degree of involvement (with other fields) - ступінь зв'язку (з іншими
галузям и)
7. in contrast to - на відм іну від
8. to make use ofsmth. - користуватися чим-н., використовувати
9. domestic dwelling - житловий будинок
10. multistorey flats - багатоквартирний будинок
11. with (in) reference to - відносно, стосовно (чого-н.).
12. water supply - водопостачання
13. hydroelectric schemes - гідроелектричні проекти
14. precast (prefabricated) concrete — збірний залізобетон
15. reinforced concrete - залізобетон
16. prestressed concrete - попередньо напружений бетон
17. a great deal of- багато, велика кількість г
18. hard and fest dividing line - непорушна, раз назавжди встановлена межа

EXERCISES

1. С ombine the s ufiixes " -ment, - tion, - ation, - ly, - ity" with the proper group
of words:
irregular, poss ible, antique, res pons ible, exclus ive, to develop, to cons ider, to
cons tract, to form, to exploit, to industrialize, to improve, to establish, to
occupy, to invent, to involve.

26
П. Form:
ajnouns corresponding to the following verbs:
to develop, to use, to divide, to calculate, to design, to erect, to grow, to invent,
to involve, to know, to manage, to consult;
b) verbs corresponding to the following nouns:
fortification, definition, movement, occupation, communication, realization,
consultation;
c) adjectives corresponding to the following nouns:
nation, structure, industry, physics, mathematics.

Ш. Read the following international words and give theirUkrainian equivalents:

civil, nature, construction, fortification, occupation, calculation,
irrigation, project, public, finance, special, popular.

IV. Write out ofthe text terminological words and word-combinations referring
to civil engineering.

V. Find in the text English equivalents ofthe following word-combinations:

на користь і для зручності людини, прекрасні інженери, винайдення
парового двигуна, важливість їхньої роботи для суспільства, різ ні галузі
знань, теорія конструкції, велика кількість, люди різних зацікавлень
(інтересів) і занять, зведення та ремонт будинків, житловий будинок,
збірний залізобетон, почесна професія.

VI. Combine the word "domestic" with the proper English word to form the
equivalents ofthe following Ukrainian word-combinations:
житловий будинок goods
домашні справи gas
домашні тварини cares
внутрішні справи (країни) affairs
домоведення animals
вітчизняні товари dwelling
комунальний газ science

VII. Arrange the following words according to:

a) similar meaning: enormous, excessively, various, great, erection, different,
brilliant, a great deal of, splendid, extremely, building, include, involve, many;
b) opposite meaning: different, simplicity, slowly, the same, military,
inconvenience, поп-military, complexity, rapidly, convenience.

VIII. Translate into English using words and expressions from the text:
1. Цивільне будівництво охоплює спеціальності різного проф ілю. 2. В
стародавні часи цивільне будівництво не відокремлювалося від інших
інженерних галузей. 3. В усіх країнах професія будівельника дуже важлива
27
і почесна. 4. Цивільне будівництво займається зведенням житлових
будинків і промислових будівель. 5. Планування і забудова міст завжди
відображувала соціальний устрій, економічні, інженерно-технічні та
художні можливості суспільства.

IX. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the constructions in bold type:
1. 11 is known that at present there are hundreds ofsubdivis ions of
engineering. 2. Itis planned to build many new boarding schools, nurseries,
kindergartens in ourcountry this year. 3. Itis expected that soon people will be
able to fly to otherplanets. 4. Itis known thatthe Moscow Metro is the most
beautiful and convenient in the world. 5. Itis intended to raise the capacity of
this machine through various technical improvements.

X. Make up sentences ofthe following words and word-groups:

1. very, today, has become, the, scope, of civil engineering, broad,
2. profess ional field, is, civil engineering, broad, an; extremely.
3. in Ukraine, is, civil engineering, a very, popular and honourable profess ion.

XI. Translate into Ukrainian paying attention to the use ofM odal Verbs with tire
infinitive:
1. He cannot have broken the device. He is too careful. 2. He must have made a
mistake in calculations thatthe experiment foiled. 3. The term "civil" in contrast
to military engineers may have emphasized the value oftheir work to the
community. 4. This method could have been more effective in our experiment.

XII. Put questions to the words in bold type:

1. Civil engineers are trained at s pecial institutes. 2. Civil engineering is an
extremely broad professional field. 3. This work involves a great deal of
mathematics. 4. Ourcountry has a highly developed building industry. 5. The
big settlements began to grow quickly in Siberia when the builders came here.

ХШ. Answerthe following questions on the text:

1. What is civil engineering? 2.Whenwas the term "civil engineering" used
first? 3. Whatwere mostearly engineers engaged in? 4. What branches is civil
engineering subdivided into? 5. What branches ofknowledge must civil
engineering make use of? 6. What sciences is it connected with? 7. What is the
difference between "construction" and "building?" 8. Whatis the characteristic
feature ofthe civil engineering? 9. Why is civil engineering a popularand
honourable profession? 10. Where are civil engineers trained in ourcountry?

28
 UNIT 8.

ARCHITECTURE AND ARCHITECTS

In the course ofthe development ofhis physical and mental abilities, man
has learned to build. This ability originated in man's need to find shelter from
severe weather, wild beasts and other enemies. First natural rocks, caves and
then man-made huts and tents served this purpose. Lateron people learned to
make primitive dwellings which depended upon the climate and building
materials at hand: trees, earth, the bones and skins of animals, stones.
It was much later, with the appearance ofthe most ancient civilization,
that people discovered clay and mastered the art ofbrick making. Having dried
the bricks in the sun,the ancient Egyptians built simple houses offourwalls and
a flat roof above them.
The first house ofthe ancient people had been built with only one purpose
- to give them shelter. Later on, the art of applying beauty, utility, and
emotional expression was bom. The earliest examples ofarchitectural skill are
found in Chaldea and Egypt. The Egyptians made use ofbrick vaults as early as
1540 before our era though the form with post and lintel was general until the
time of Romans. The Greeks learned much from Egypt. The Romans learned
much from the Greeks.
In ourcountry architecture began to develop in Kiev Rus.
So as we see, the history of architecture is a record of continuous
evolution, rhe characteristic features ofthe architecture of each country are
influenced by geographical, geological, climatic, religious, social and historical
factora. Architecture is connected with the history ofsocial progress, culture,
important events ofthe life ofthe people. Each generation writes its biography
in the buildings it creates. That's why we distinguish different architectural
groups and styles: Egyptian and Assyrian, European and Indian, Chinese,
Japanese, Ancient American and Saracenic architecture.
Ihus, we can say that architecture is the art and science of building, the art and
practice ofdesigning and building structures, especially dwellings.
A man who designs buildings and superintends theirconstiuction is called
an architect. He makes buildings andcities beautiful to look at as well as useful
and convenient to live in. Therefore the three basic factors in architecture are
convenience, strength and beauty. These three factors arealways present and
interrelated in the best structures.
An architect today has to be an engineer, too. Therefore architects must
have sufficient knowledge ofengineering and ofbuilding materials to be able to
create economically strong as well as practical structures. They mustpossess the
creative imagination which will enable them to integrate the plan and the
construction into harmonious whole. Students study the classical and modem
29
styles and skills ofarchitectural draftsmanship and composition. Having taken
into account not only such important functions ofthe modem city as work,
transportation, dwelling and recreation, but also biological, social and personal
needs ofthe population, modem architects and builders design and construct
new residential areas with a gay and attractive look and convenient to live in.
M odem architecture is characterized by simplicity ofline and design and
neatness ofappearance. Great possibilities are open to modem architects and
builders by using modem achievements in science and technology. They are
now giving to the hands ofarchitects resources ofvariety offacing and finishing
materials, such as glass plate, ceramics, plastics.
Architects should pay a great attention to the lay-out ofblocks. They must
develop appealing combinations of styles with buildings of different exterior
finish, length, height and type of facilities on ground floors. Modem blocks of
flats, as well as office buildings, must he planned so as to be convenient to live
and work in comfortably.
Whatare architects, designers, civil engineers and builders responsible for?
VOCABULARY NOTES
1. in the course (of) - у процесі
2. to master the art of brickmaking - оволодіти м истецтвом виготовлення
цегли
3. to give smb. shelter - дати притулок
4. to make use of- використовувати
5. brick vault - цегляне склепіння
6. Saracenic architecture - Сарацинська архітектура
7. integrate (smth.) into harmonious whole - об’єднати в єдине гармонійне
ціле
8. to take into account - враховувати
9. feeing and finishing materials -облицьовувальніта оздоблювані матеріали
10. lay-out (of blocks) - планування, розміщення (житлових масивів,
кварталів)
11. blok of flat - багатоквартирний будинок
12. exterior finish - зовнішнє облицювання
13. draftsmanship - креслення

TASKS
1 .Find in the text the following word-combination:
халупка (хижка), створена рукам и людини, будівельні матеріали, антична
(стародавня) цивілізація, мистецтво виготовлення цегли, творча уява,
простота ліній і конструкцій, багатоквартирний будинок, нижній
(цокольний) поверх, житлові квартали.
2.Write adjectives to the geographical names:
America, Asia, Assyria, China, Egypt, Europe, Greece, India, Japan, Russia.

30
 UNIT 9.

DISCUSSION OFTHE STORY WRITTEN AT HOME

‘HOW I DEFENDED MY COURSE PAPER IN

ARCHITECTURE’.

PLAN

1) date (deadline ofsubmitting the rough paperand passing the course paper)
2) the weather
3) to be in good I bad mood
4) your attitude to the subject, to the teacher, to the design ofyour house
5) ifyou liked a given design
6) ifsomebody helped you to draw
7) to be successful / to get an excellent mark / to fail
8) ifyou would like to build such a house foryourself
9) what building materials you have used

UNIT 10.

TEST PAPER :

WRITE A COMPOSITION ‘A DESIGN OF MY HOUSE ‘

UNIT 11.

THE DEFENSE OFTHE STUDENT’S COURSE PAPER

“THE DESIGN OF MY HOUSE”

(Each student submits his (her) design).

31
 UNIT 12.

MAKING UP THE ROLE-PLAY.

Choose any topic:

1. Adobe. Discuss and compare building materials.
2. How I defended my course paper
3. Л lecture in Architecture.
4-Му first design ofthe detached house.
5.Skyscrape is.
6.0ur subject in ‘Strength ofmaterials’.
7. My hostel.
8. My attitude to my future profession.
9. Civil Engineering is my future profession.
10. English proverb “There is no place like home “.

Reproduce the following conversation in pairs:

Two friends meet in the street.

1 .Hi,.... What a luck meeting you in the street!

2.How do you do! I’m glad to meet you too. Ihearyou have moved into a new flat.

1. Yes, we’ve got a comfortable flat in a new houses nine storeys high.
2. Congratulations! How many rooms have you now?

1. Three rooms. A bedroom for our parents, a bedroom formy brotherand me, and
the living room. We also have a kitchen, a bathroom, and a W. C. next to it. The
wardrobes are built into the walls ofthe bedrooms. Most ofthe kitchen furniture is
also built-in.
2. That’s fine. The built-in furniture saves the space

1. Y es.you are right. There is plenty ofspace. But come to vis it us and you will see
everything foryourself.
2. Thank you I’ll come by all means. I’m very glad foryou. And give my regards to
your parents and your brother.

1 Thanks. Rememberme to your people too, and come as soon as you can.
2.I’ll try. I’m looking forward to seeing your new home. So long!

32
 SUPPLEMENTARY READING

TEXT 1. CEMENT

The requirements to be fulfilled by concrete vary to a great extent. One ofthe

essential properties ofconcreteis its compressive strength. From the time ofits
first production more than a centuiy ago there was a steady and gradual
improvement in the compressive strength ofPortland cement until the beginning
ofthe war. With the cements now available much higher strengths can be
obtained than some 30 or40 years ago. The increase in strength is partly due to
the increased fineness to which modem cements are ground.
Cement develops heat during hydration. Ihis is ofconsiderable importance in
certain types ofconcrete construction, particularly in structures oflaige volume,
such as dams, massive retaining walls and the like. A vety high rate ofheat
development is advantageous in work done in cold weather, so as to protect the
fresh concrete from the effect of low temperatures.
It should be noted, ofcoutse, that not all properties desired can be obtained in
any one cement.
Selection ofthe cement alone does not ensure concrete with the properties
desired, which depend also on the choice ofaggregates and mixes, the control of
the quantity ofwateradded to the mix, and on a series ofotherfactors.

TEXT 2. SILICON

Silicon is one ofthe most abundant elements found in the earth's crust It is
second to oxygen in abundance.
Silicon never occurs free, but in combination with oxygen orwith oxygen and
metals. It forms a great variety of organic and inorganic compounds.
Elementary silicon is used as an alloyingconstituentto strengthen aluminum,
copper, magnesium and other metals. It has a deoxidizing effect on steel.
Silica (quartz) is a crystalline form ofsilicon dioxide.
Silica bricks, made ofneatly pure silica, are extensively used in metallurgical
industry.
Silica is also used as one ofthe raw materials forthe manufacture ofcommon
glass.
TEXT 3. THE HOUSES OF PARLI AMENT

The building ofthe Houses ofParliament which is in the Gothic style is not
old; it was built in the middle ofthe lastcentury instead ofthe ancientHouses of
Parliament (destroyed by fire).

33
 The House ofCommons was terribly bombed in the last World War, it was
rebuilt only in 1950, so it is quite new.
But there is Westminster Hall at the farend ofthe building which was not
destroyed citherby fire or by nazi bombs.
These ancient stones, ifthey could speak, would tell you many interesting
things about the first Norman parliament, - this hall dates back from 1097.
They would tellyou how the barons were assembled here and how king Charles
the First1 was tried. They would also tell you about Oliver Cromwell2 who was
installed here as Lord Protector.3
lthas been the scene ofmany bitterstruggles forthe people's rights, and still
is. And what takes place inside these walls today often reflects the hard struggle
taught by the labourand progressive movement against the political parties of
the ruling classes.
Notes
1. King Charles the First-Король Карл 1-Стюарт, страчений в 1649р.
2. Oliver Cromwell - Олівер Кромвель - вождь англійської буржуазної
революції XVIIct.
3. Lord Protector - Лорд Покровитель -титул О. Кромвеля

TEXT 4 HOUSING IN GREAT BRITAIN.

Almost eveiybody in Britain dreams ofa detached house; that is, a house
which is a separated building. The saying, ‘An Englishman home is his castle’is
well-known. It illustrates the desire for privacy and the importance attached to
owneiship which seem to be at the heart ofthe British attitude to hous ing.

Houses, not flats

A large, detached house not only ensures privacy. It is also a status symbol. At
the extreme end ofthe scale there is the aristocratic 'stately home' set in acres of
garden. Ofcourse, such a house is an unrealistic dream for most people. But
even a small detached house, surrounded by garden, gives the required
suggestion ofmral life which is deartothe hearts ofmany British people. Most
people would be happy to live in a cottage, and if this is a thatched cottage,
reminiscent ofa pre-industrial age, so much the better.
Most people try to avoid living in blocks of flats (what the Americans call
'apartment blocks’). Flats, they feel, provide the least amount ofprivacy. With a
few exceptions, mostly in certain locations in central London, flats are the
cheapest kind of home. The people who live in them are those who cannot
afford to live anywhere else.
The dislike of living in flats is very strong. In the 1950s millions of poorer
people lived in old, cold, uncomfortable nineteenth century houses, often with
only an outs ide toilet and no bathroom. During , the next twenty years many of
34
them were given smart new 'high rise' blocks of flats to live in which, with
central heating and bathrooms, were much more comfortable and were
surrounded by grassy open spaces. But people hated theirnew homes. They said
they felt cut off from the world all those floors up. They missed the
neighborliness. They couldn't keep a watchful eye on their children playing
down there in those lovely green spaces. The new high-rise blocks quickly
deteriorated. The lifts broke down. The lights in the corridors didn't work.
W indows got broken and were not repaired. There was graffiti all overthe walls.
In theory (and except for the difficulty with supervising children), there is no
objective reason why these high-rise blocks (also known as 'lowerblocks')could
not have been a success. In othercountries millions ofpeople live reasonably
happily in flats. But in Britain they were a failure because they do not suit
British attitudes. The failure has been generally recognized for several years
now. No more high-rises are being built. At the present time, only 4% of the
population lives in one. Only 20% ofthe country's households live in flats of
any kind.

Private property and public property

The image ofa home as a castle implies a dear demarcation between private
property and the public domain. This is very clear in the case of a detached
house. Flats, on the other hand, involve uncertainties. You share the corridor
outs ide your front door, but who with? the other res idents on the same floor, or
all the residents in the building? Whataboutthe fbyerdownstairs? Is this only
for the use ofthe people who live in the block, or for the public in general?
These uncertainties perhaps explain why the 'communal' living expected offlat-
dwellers has been unsuccessful in most of Britain.
Law and custom seem to support a clearseparation between what is public and
what is private. For example, people have no general right to reserve the road
directly outside their house for their own cars. The castle puts limits on the
domain ofits owneras well as keeping out others. Italso limits respons ibility. It
is comparatively rare, for example, for people to attempt to keep the bit of
pavement outside their house clean and tidy. That is not their job. It is outside
their domain.
Toemphasize this cleardivision, people preferto live in houses a little bitset
back from the road. This way, they can have a front garden oryatd as a kind of
bufferzone between them and the world. These areas are not normally very big.
But they allow residents to have low fences, walls or hedges around them.
Usually, these barriers do not phys ically prevent even a two-year old child from
entering, but they have psychological force. Ihey announce to the world exactly
where the private property begins. Even in the depths ofthe countryside, where
there may be no road immediately outside, the same phenomenon can be seen.

35
The stately home
There is one exception to the rale that 'homes' are more important than
"houses'. This is among the aristocracy. Many ofthese families own fine old
country houses, often will a great deal ofland attached, in which they have lived
for hundreds of years. They have a very great emotional investment in their
houses - and are prepared to try very hard to stay in them. This can be very
difficult in modem times, partly because ofdeadly duties (very high taxes which
the inheritorofa large property has to pay).
So, in orderto stay in their houses, many aristocrats live lives which are
less physically comfortable than those of most people (they may not, for
example, have central heating). Many have also turned their houses and land
into tourist attractions. These are popular not only with foreign tourists. British
visitors are also happy to be able to walk around in rural surroundings as they
inspect a part oftheir country's history.

The importance of’home’

Despite the reverence they tend to feel for'home', British people have little
deep-rooted attachment to their house as an object, or to the land on which it
stands. It is the abstract idea of home' which is important, not the building. This
will be sold when the time and price is right and its occupiers will move into
some other house which they will then turn into 'home' - a home which they
will love just as much as they did the previous one.
Butthe houses themselves are just investments. An illustration ofthis lack of
attachment to mere houses (as opposed to homes) is that two-thirds of all
inherited houses are immediately sold by the people who inherit them, even if
these people have lived there themselves at some time in their lives. Another is
the fact that it is extremely rare for people to commission the building oftheir
own houses. (Most houses are commissioned either by local government
authorities - for poorer people to live in - or, more frequently, by private
companies known as 'property developers' who sell them on the open market.)
This attitude is so dominant that it leads toastrange approach towards house
prices. Wheneverthese fall, it is generally regarded as a 'bad thing'. You might
think that it would be a good thing, because people can then find somewhere to
live more cheaply. Afterall, it is rising prices that are usually regarded as bad.
Butwith houses it is the olherway around. Falling prices mean that most people
cannot afford to sell their house. They have borrowed a lot of money to buy it
(sometimes more than its present value). They are stuck! To most British
people, such immobility is a terrible misfortune.

I ndividuality and conformity

Flats are not unpopularjust because they do not give enough privacy. It is also
because they do not allow enough scope for the expression of individuality.
People like to choose the colouroftheirown front doorand window fames, and

36
aiso to choose what they arc going to do with a little bit ofouts ide territory,
however s mall that may be.
The opportunity which it affords for individual seif-expression is another
advantage ofthe front garden. In any one street, some are paved, some are full
offlowerbeds with paths in between, others are justpatches ofgrass, others are
a mixture ofthese.Some are demarcated by walls, others by fences, others by
privet hedges and some have no barrierat all. The possibilities forvariety are
almost endless 1
However, not everything about housing in Britain displays individuality.
Because most houses are built by organizations, not individuals, they are not
usually built one ata time. Instead, whole streets, even neighbourhoods (often
called 'estates’), are built at the same time. For reasons of economy, all the
houses on an estate are us ually built to the same design. Viewed from the air,
adjacentstreets in Вritish towns ofienseemtobe fullofhouses thatare identical
Indeed, they are so similar that when a building company advertises a
new estate, it often invites people to its "show home'. This is just one ofthe
houses, but by looking around it, people can get a fairly accurate impression of
any house on the estate.
But ift later, you walked down the same streets that you saw from the air,
every single house would seem different. The residents will have made sure of
that! In an attempt to achieve extra individuality, some people even give their
house a name (although others regard this as pretentious). In s uburbs and towns,
there is a constant battle going on between the individualistic desires ofthe
householder and the necessity forsome element of regimentation in a densely
populated area. This contest is illustrated by the feet that anybody who wants to
build an extension to their house, or even a garden shed, must (if it is overa
certain size) first get 'planning permission' from the local authorities.

Interiors: the importance ofcosiness

British houses have a reputation forbeing the coldest in Europe. Moreover, to
many people from other countries, British people seem to be ridiculously keen
on 'fresh aif. This reputation is exaggerated. Itis partly the result ofthe feet that
houses in Britain are, on average, olderthan they are in othercountries and are
not so well insulated. In feet, about three-quarters now have central heating.
However, there is a grain oftruth in it. Windows, for example, are designed so
thatthey can be conveniently opened to a great variety ofdegrees - instead oft
as in many othercountries, either be ing completely shut or fully open. This way,
air can be let into the house in winter without freezing its inhabitants.
Just as the British idea ofhome is a mental concept as much as a phys ical
reality, so is their idea of domestic comfort. The important thing is to feel cosy
- that is, to create an atmosphere which seems warm even ifit is n't really warm.
This desire usually has priority overaesthetic concerns, which is why the British
also have a reputation forbad taste. Most people would ratherbuy several items
ofcheap, mass-produced furniture, with chairs and sofes covered in synthetic
37
material, than one more beautiful and more physically comfortable item. The
same is true with regard to ornaments - ifyou wantto be cosy, you have to fill
the room up.
To many, tradition is part of cosines, and this can be suggested by being
surrounded by old items of furniture. And ifyou cannot have furniture which is
old, you can always have otherthings that suggest age. The open fire is an
example. In Britain, it is regarded by many as very desirable to have a 'real lire’
(as it is often called). It is the perfect traditional symbol ofwarmth because it is
what most people used in the past to keep warm. So strong is the attraction ofa
'real fire' that many houses have an imitation open fire, complete with plastic
coal which glows red when it is switched on. Bad taste? So what!
Most olderhouses, even very small ones, have notone but two general living
rooms (which estate agents call'reception rooms'). This arrangement maintains
privacy (which is linked to cosiness). It allows the front room to be kept for
comparatively formal visits, while family members and close friends can spend
their time, safely hidden from public view, in the back room. Most modem
smallerhouses are built with just one living room (and in some olderhouses the
two reception rooms have been converted into one). However, privacy must be
preserved so these houses normally have a 'hall' onto which the front door
opens. It is rare for it to open straight onto the living room. Some houses also
have a tiny 'porch', with its own door, through which people pass before getting
to the hall - an extra line of defence! The same concern can be seen where
there is both a front doorand a back door. Even ifboth can be reached from the
street,the back door is for family and close friends only.

Rooms: us es and names

It is difficult to generalize about how British people use the various rooms in
their houses. They may like the idea oftradition, but they arc too individualistic
to follow the same traditional habits. Trie only safe generalization is that, in a
house with two floors, the rooms upstairs are the ones used as bedrooms. The
toilet (often separate) and bathroom are also usually upstairs. The living room(s)
and kitchen are downstairs. The latter is usually small, butthose who can afford
the space often like to have a 'farmhouse kitchen', big enough forthe family to
eat in.
Class divisions are sometimes involved in the names used forrooms. With
living rooms, forexample, the terms 'sitting room’ and 'drawing room' are
regarded as upper-middle class, while 'lounge' is regarded as lowerclass. 'Front
room' and 'back room' are also sometimes looked down on.

Owning and renting

Most British people do not 'belong' to a particular place norare they usually
brought up in a long-established family house to which they can always return.
Perhaps this is why they are not usually content to rent their accommodation.
Whereverthey are, they like to put down roots.
38
 The desire to own the place where you live is almost universal in Britain.
However, house prices are high. This dilemma is overcome by the mortgage
system, which is probably a more established aspect ofeveryday life than it is
anywhere else in the world. About 70%ofall the houses in the countiy are
occupied by theirowners and almostall ofthese were bought with a mortgage.
Atany one time, halfofthese are owned by people who have borrowed 80%(or
even more) oftheirprice and are now paying this money back month by month.
The normal arrangement is forthe borrowerto pay back the money overa
period oftwenty to twenty-five yeats. The financial institutions known as
'building societies' were originally set up to provide mortgages. In the 1980s,
however, regulations were relaxed, so thatbanks now offermortgages as well.
People are happy to take out mortgages because house prices nonnally
increase a bit foster than the general cost of living. Therefore, most people can
make a profit when they sell their house. So strong is this expectation that
phrases such as 'first-time buyer* and 'second-time buyer1 are well-known. The
formercan only afford one ofthe cheaper houses available. But around ten yeats
later, when s оте оftheir mortgage has been paid ofij they can become the latter.
They sell their house ata profit and move into a more expensive house.
Although nearly everybody wants to own their house, it is only in the last
quarterofthe twentieth century that a majority ofpeople have done so. Before
that time, most working-class people lived in rented accommodation. At one
time, mostofthem rented from private landlords, some ofwhom exploited them
badly. In the 1950s and 1960s, however, millions ofhomes were built by local
government authorities. By 1977, two-thirds ofall tenants lived in these'council
houses' (or, in some cases, flats). Council rents are subsidized, so they are low.
Each local council keeps a waiting list ofhouseholds who want to move intoa
council property. The order ofpreference is worked out by a complicated set of
priorities. Once they are given a council house, tenants have security; that is,
they do not have to move out even if they become rich.
From 1950 to 1980 the proportion of‘owner-occupier1 gradually increased.
The ambition to own was made easier by policies of‘tax relief Some ofthe
interest which people paid on their mortgage could be subtracted from the
income tax they had to pay and people selling their houses did not have to pay
'capital gains tax' on any profit. With both owner-occupiers and council tenants
increasing in numbers, the percentage ofpeople who rented from private
landlords became one ofthe lowest in the world - and continues to be so.
Then during the 1980s the numberofowner-occupiers increased more sharply.
A major part of the philosophy of Thatcherism (under Prime Minis ter Margaret
Thatcher) was the idea ofthe 'property-owning democracy'. Council tenants
were allowed to buy theircouncil houses and were given financial incentives to
do so. The deregulation ofmortgage-lending also encouraged house-buying. So
did an increase in the financial help given to owners who wanted to make
improvements to theirproperty. Atthe same time, local councils were severely
limited in the number of properties which they could build and were also
39
encouraged to sell their properties to private 'housing associations'. Asa result,
the numberofcouncil tenants actually decreased.
By the mid 1990s,the trends ofthe previous decade seemed to have halted.
Fewer council-house tenants were buying their houses and tax reliefon
mortgages was being phased out. The policy ofselling offcouncil houses had
been discredited by the 'homes-for-votes' scandal. In the early 1990s it became
clearthata few local councils run by the Conservative party had decided to keep
their properties empty, instead ofrenting them to families who needed them,
until they found buyers forthem. The idea was that the buyers would probably
vote Conservative - while people who could only aflord to rent would
probably not.

Owning and renting: class

In the middle years of the twentieth century, whether yon owned or rented a
house was a marker ofclass. Ifyou owned your house, you were middle class; if
you lived in a council house, you were working class. However, this is no longer
hue. A clear majority of skilled manual workers are owner-occupiers, as are
40% of even unskilled manual workers.

finding somewhere to live.

Ifyou want to buy a house, it is very rare to deal directly with the person
selling. Instead, you go to an estate agent. These companies exist solely to act as
'go-betweens’ forpeople buying and selling houses. They help with the various
procedures - and take a fat commission! Ifyou are interested in one of the
houses 'on their books', they will arrange a 'viewing'. You can a Is о spot houses
for sale by the 'For sale' signs which are put up on wooden posts outside the
houses concerned.
Ifyou want to rent somewhere from a private landlord (not a council), the
usual place to look is in the local newspaper. Estate agents do not often deal
with places for rent, although there are special lettings agencies.
Anotherpossible way offinding somewhere to live is to'squat1. Squatters are
people who occupy empty houses without paying rent. Ifyou do not cause any
damage when moving in to an empty hous e, you have not broken the law. Ifthe
owner wants to gctyou out, he orshe has to get an orderfrom the courtto have
you evicted.

Homelessness
In 1993 it was estimated that there were half a million homeless people in
Britain - that's one of the highest proportions of the population in all the
countries ofEurope.The supply ofcouncilhousing is limited,and has decreased
since the 1980s because ofthe sale ofcouncil houses and the lackofmoney
available forbuilding new ones. In addition, many council houses and flats were
40
badly built and are now uninhabitable. Laws passed in the 1970s to increase the
security of tenants renting fom private landlords made it less profitable for
people to let out their houses, so the supply of private accommodation for rent
has also gone down. There are large numbers ofpeople who can't afford to rent
somewhere to live privately, who are not eligible for council accommodation
(and who would probably be at the end of a long waiting list if they were) and
who certainly can't afford to buy a house or flat. Finally, as elsewhere in
Western Europe, the average size ofhouseholds has become smaller, so that,
although the population is increas ing only very slowly, more places to live are
still needed.
In the early 1990s many people who previously thought that they were secure
in their own homes suddenly faced the prospect ofhomelessness. They had
taken out large mortgages to buy their homes at a time when the country was
going through an economic boom and house prices were rising (and looked as if
they would continue to rise). Many ofthese people lost theirjobs in the
recession and so could no longer afford the monthly mortgage payments. To
make matters worse, the value ofhouses, unusually, fell sharply atthis time.
They had to sell their homes, often for less than they bought them, and so were
in debt as well as homeless.
Most homeless families are provided with temporary accommodation in
boardinghouses (small privately run guesthouses or'bed and breakfasts') by
their local council. Itis the duty oflocal authorities to house homeless families.
Some families, and many single people, find even more temporary shelter in
hostels forthe homeless which are tun by charitable organizations. Thousands
ofsingle people simply live on the streets, where they'sleep rough'. The phrase
'cardboard city' became well-known in the 1980s todescribe areas ofbigcities,
particularly London, where large numbers of homeless people camped out,
protected from the weather only by cardboard boxes.
Solving the problem ofhomelessness is not a political priority forthe British
government, partly because the level ofpublic awrareness ofthe situation is low
(in spite ofthe efforts ofcharities such as Shelter, who give advice to the
homeless and who campaign on their behalf). In many cases, the homeless are
thos e with pets onal problems which make it difficult forthem to s ettle down. In
some cases, they are people who simply don't want to 'settle down' and who
wouldn'tclass themselves as homeless. There are, forexample, severalthousand
'travellers’in the country, both traditional gyps ies who have led a nomadic life
for gene rations, and more recent converts to this lifestyle (often known as 'New
Age Travelers'). Their homes are the vehicles in which they move from place to
place, and unsympathetic authorities often persecute them. Forthese people, the
problem is not that they are 'homeless' but in the official attitude towards their
way of life.

41
 TEXT 5 THE GREATEST ENGINEERING PROJECT EVER.

The Channel Tunnel is not just one tunnel; it consists ofthree tunnels,
each thirty miles (about 50 kmjlong. It is the second longesttunnel in the world.
The longest is the Seikan tunnel in Japan, but the Channel Tunnelhas a longer
under-sea section. Fifteen thousand workers built it (ten died in accidentsjand
1,200 companies supplied equipment. It cost ten billion pounds to build.
One team began drilling in France and the other in England. The biggest
problem forthe builders was ensuring that the tunnels met at exactly the same
place underthe sea in the middle ofthe Channel. The drilling machines were the
heaviest ever made, each weighing up to 575 tons. In the opinion of Roger
Dobson, Director General of the Institute of Civil Engineers, ‘The Channel
Tunnel is the greatest engineering project ever.’
rhe tunnel itselfis an average of45 m below the sea-bed and has 220 km
of railway track. It has the most sophisticated railway control system in the
world, and will be the busiest railway track in Europe, with one train every three
minutes.

Exercise l:Answerthe questions:

1. What was the total cost ofthe project?
2. How many workers died during the project ?
3. How deep is the tunnel below the sea-bed?
4. How many companies supplied equipment?
5. How long is the total amount of railway track in the tunnel ?
6. How long is the tunnel ?
7. How heavy were the drilling machines?
8. How many workers built it ?
Exercise 2: Give a short summary ofthe text.

Text 6.Practice test from the TOEFL.

The Great Pyramid ofGiza, a monument ofwisdom and prophesy, was
built as a tomb lor Pharaoh Cheops in 2720 B.C. Despite its antiquity, certain
aspects of its construction make it one ofthe truly great wonder ofthe world.
The four sides ofthe pyramid are aligned almost exactly on tree north, south,
east, and west-an incredible engineering feat. The ancient Egyptians were sun
worshipers and great astronomers, so computations forthe Great Pyramid were
based on astronomical observations.
Explorations and detailed examinations ofthe base ofthe structure reveal
many intersecting lines. Furtherscientific study indicates thatthese representa
type oftime line ofevents - past, present, and firture. Many ofthe events have
been interpreted and found to coincide with known facts from the past.Others
are prophesied for future generations and are presently under investigation.
Was this superstructure made by ordinaiy beings, or one built by a race
far superior to any known today?
42
 l.Approximatly how long ago was the Great Pyramid constructed?
a)640 years b) 2,720 years c)4,000 years d)4,700 years

2.On whatdidthe ancient Egyptians base their calculations?

a) observation ofthe celestial bodies
b) advanced technology
c) advanced tools ofmeasurement
d) knowledge ofthe earth’s surface

3. Why was the Great Pyramid constructed?

a) as a solar observatory c)as a tomb forthe pharaoh
b) as a religious temple d)as an engineering feat

4. Why is the Great Pyramid ofGiza considered one ofthe seven wonders
ofthe world?
a) It is perfectly aligned with the fourcardinal points ofthe compass and
contains many prophesies.
b) It was selected as a tomb of Pharaoh Cheops.
c) Itwas built by a super race.
d) It is very old.

Do you know?
In the 2 century BC a list was made ofthe mostimpressive and beautiful
man-made objects in the world.These were called The Seven Wonders ofthe
World.
The Pharos, lighthouse of Alexandria
The Hanging Garden ofBabylon
The Statue ofZeus at Olympia
The Colossus of Rhodes
The Pyramid ofEgypt
The Tomb ofMausolus
lhe Temple ofDiana

What do you think are some ofthe greatest wonders ofthe 21s1 century?
Don’t just think ofthe buildings!

43
 TESTS ON THE ТОИС “HOUSES AND HOMES”

1. PLACES TO LIVE. Write the number of each drawing next to the correct word.

bungalow block of flats caravan

castle cottage detached house
houseboat lighthouse mansion
palace semi-detached house tent
terraced house windmill

44
2. PLACES TO LIVE. Choose the correct answer
1. They live in a(n)..... house which stands by itselfin a field.
a) attached b) detached c) detaching d) semi-detached
2. Having made his fortune he now..... in great luxury in a large house in die
country.
a) dwells b) inhabits c) leaves d) lives
3. My brother lives on the eleventh floor of that of flats.
a) block b)building c)house d)tower
4. His house is nothing out ofthe..... .. ifs just an average four-roomed house.
a) normal b) ordinary c) typical d) us ual
5. Going down the street, she walked pasta long..... ofhouses, all exactly alike,
a) queue b) rank c) row d) train
6. In the village he was looked up to as the lord ofthe.......
ajcastie bjfortress c)manord)tower
7. He keeps all his tools and do-it-yourselfequipment in a..... in the garden.
a) bam b)hut c) shed d)stable
8. Our house isn't joined to the otherhouses in the street: it's .......
a) attached b)disconnected c) detached d) divided
9. "The new police station is to be built..... the main square.
ajclose b)nearc)neighborhood d)side
10.1 am staying in a youth..... in the centerofthe town.
a) hostel b) inn c) pub d) stable

3. PLACESTO LIVE What sort ofpeople would you expect tofind living in the
follow ing?
1. barracks 5. an inn 9. a shanty
2. a hotel 6. lodgings 10. a tent
3. a hovel 7. a mansion 11. a wigwam
4. an igloo 8. a tenement

4. PLACES TO LIVE Complete each of the following sentences with an

appr opr iate wordfor a type ofbuilding.
1. He is a real prince and his femily has lived in this____t___ since the 14th
century.
2. The high__ у__________ in New York are mostly to be found in the
central part of Manhattan.
3. Students can save money and make friends by living in a university___ t__

4. An elderly person is betteroffin a_____ a____ with no stairs to climb.

5. fve always dreamed of moving to the country and living in an old____t_

6. The student's room was so untidy it was like a p_______ .

7. When he was set fire after twenty years in___ s he was amazed at the
changes he found.
45
8. They don’t live in a house, they live in a modem____ c _ of_______ .
9. A family house standing on its own is called a_____ c____ house.
10. He keeps his tools and equipment in a_____ he has put up in his garden.

5. PLACES TO LIVE. Fill in the right word.

1. This small cottage is a u C example ofthe local architecture ofthe 16th
century. All the other buildings in the neighborhood date from at least one
hundred years later.
2. Originally this building was dtpS L 2 n f das a hotel. It was only after its
construction began that they decided to turn it into a college.
3. The street was so narrow that she could not park her car. She had to park it on
the g (X v.1 m £ ПІ in front ofthe building.
4. They live outs ide the town center in a little house in the-^_be 0 u Г й S.
5. We love ourold house so much that we never want toro Q. (/£ to a new one.
6. Many new apartments have been built in our neighborhood. Our little old
house is now six >; £ q t ndg,d by monstrous sky-scrapers.

6. KINDS OF HOUSING. Put each ofthe follow ing w or ds or phrases into its
correct place in the passage below.
above apartments between buildings
cities communities duplex expensive
families floors homes land
large less quarter row
side s ingle single-family stores
suburban wall

Kinds of Housing
About two-thirds ofthe ..... i.in the,United States live in single-family ой™
About ad..... ofthe families live inn ..... maThave two to fourdfdPoJ orinvtefbf
other, commercial buildings that include apartments. .
eccu'g?..
cLarojC.. cities have,more
cities have apartment hous ing than small....., because Ms
more apartn
carce and'...'..
scarce an . Small towns aqd 5?.'.^areas',
ap</.'.“Ua where land is&tf.. expensive than in
city centers, have mostly tly /Г..
A... homes.
homes'.
5
Philadelphia and other1?.'..Aha ve many'2 P.'. houses. These are usually
single-family houses, one or two-tlcscshigh, standing '■?!?. to wall, А^.,.’.. is'a
building with two apartments, either ,9'd’by side with aS.T^Zwall ". .. them, or
«■
oneMi’/the other.

7. KINDS OF HOUSING. Where do these people live or where might they be

living at the moment?
1. campers__ t
2. holiday-makers who find hotels too expensive g_____ h____
3. a king_____ c
46
4. monks__ n_________
5. nuns__ n _
6. cowboys r_____ - h _
7. foresters in deep woods (1__ -) c _
8. old people without families о___________ 's h_
9. skiers in the mountains ch _

8. HOUSES: BUILDING, REPAIRING OR BUYING. Choose the right

answer.
1. They bought the land with a..... to building a new office block.
a)goal b) purpose c)reason d)view
2. Nowadays builders must get..... from the planning authorities before putting
up a new house.
a )allowance b) freedom c) liberty d)permission
3. Before you take the job on, would you give me a rough..... ofhow much it
will cost?
ajestimate bjesteem cjvalue d)worth
4. An architect planning a new house should always ..... in mind his client's
needs.
a)bearb)cany cjtake d)train
5. He gave some very..... advice on buying a house.
a)dearb)precious cjvaluable djwealthy
6. The fire officer is coming to..... the building tomorrow.
a) inspect b) look c) watch d) witness
7. They decided to ..... down their original plans for the house and make it
smaller.
a)change b)climb cjplay d)scale
8. In response toouradvertisement, two couples are coming to..... overthe flat
tomorrow morning.
a)get b)look c) run djpass
9. Though badly damaged by fire, the palace was eventually..... to its original
splendor.
a) renewed b) renovated c) repaired d) restored
10. The house is part of his from his aunt.
a) heritage b) inheritance c)testament d) will
9. STAGES IN BUILDING A HOUSE. Put these stages in the right order and
then match them with the expressions on the left.
1. First. a. the drains are dug.
2. Then, b. the materials are bought.
3. Meanwhile, c. the house is painted.
4. Subsequently, d. the walls are built.
5. At this stage, e. the site is purchased.
6. Next, f. the site is leveled.
7. Afterwards, g. the foundations are laid.
8. Then, h. the house is ready to live in.
9. Later, i. the roofis put on.
10. Eventually, j. the doors and windows are put in.
11 .Finally, k. the electricity and watersystems are installed

10. HOUSES: BUILDING, REPAIRING OR BUYING. Choose the right

answer.
1. We are going to..... our house by building another room on to it.
a) develop b) extend c) spread d) stretch
2. The ..... charged by the architect for the plans of the new building were
unusually high.
a)fees b) hire c)price d)sum
3. The agents didn't..... letting all the new flats before the block was completed.
a) bargain b)expect c)to see d) suspect
4. The..... outside the house said: "PRIVATE".
a) advice b) label c) notice d) threat
5. The..... ofthe house were dug in June and the roof was on by December.
a)basements b)ground floors c)scaffolds d)foundations
6. When you build a house you must start by laying the .......
a) attic b) basement c) cellard) foundations
7. The house is old and it’s in bad......
a)condition b)damage c) situation d)state
8. She was keen to..... the house to its original condition. a
a) rebuild b) renew c) renovate d) restore
9. We could have provided him with a detached house but he..... asked fora
small flat. *
a)decidedly b)solely c)specifically d) strongly
10. The bestpeison to approach ifyou are house-hunting is an estate.......
a)agent b) clerk c) official d)representative
11 . BUYING A HOUSE. Puteach ofthe follow ing w or ds or phrases into its
correct place in the passage below.

48
 buyer contract deposit
document fixtures information
lawyer legal possession
price proof ofowners hip property
purchaser seller signs
terms time

Buying a House
When a .... has chosen the house he wants, he has a..... draw up a
contract. This..... states the...... definition ofthe...... , gives the purchase..... ,
and demands ....from the present owner. It also includes other important..... ,
such as the..... that are to remain in the house and the...... when the .......will
take.......
The buyer pays a..... when he...... the........ The deposit binds the...... to
the....... ofthe contract.

12. BUYING A HOUSE Choose the right answer.

1. He refused to sell his house at the low..... offered.
a)expense b)figure ;)money d)sale
2. There has been a..... in the sales ofnew houses since montages became more
difficult to obtain.
a) broke b) crash c)dive d)drop
3. All their money is ..... up in the new house they have bought.
a)connected b) limited c)lying d) tied
4. The..... oftwo houses proved such a financial burden that they were forced
to sell one.
a) upkeep b) uproar c) ups hot d) ups urge
5.1 am not prepared to sell you my house unless you offera more ....price.
a)actual b)correct c) realistic d)true
6. When my grandfather died, his house was put up for.......
a) auction b) bargain c) offer d) market
7. He bought his house on an..... plan, paying a certain amount ofmoney each
month.
a) installment b)part c) piece d) share
8. Before you agree to buy that house, find out ifthe Building Society will give
you a.......
a) credit b) depos it c) loan d) mortgage
9. His solicitor advised him to make sure that the house was fully ..... by
insurance.
a) covered b) defended c)guarded d) protected
10.. The corrupt real-estate agent wanted to obtain the contract so he offered a
to the civil servant.
a) bait b) bonus c) bribe d) tip
49
13. В U YING A HOUSE. Rewrite the following advertisement in its fullform.
Mod. det. hse., immac. cond. Fhld. 3 gars. 5. beds., 3 receps., 2 fully tiled baths.
+ sep. wcs; Ige. fit. kit. 18 x 9 ft., dble sink; lux. Inge. Gas CH/chw; dble. glaz.
Curts., fit. cpts. included. Landscd. gdn., swim. pool. Few mins., stn., bus,
amens., seafront. $ 150,000 ono.

14. BUYING A HOUSE/FLATCAoose the correct answer.

1. They sold their house for only $ 15,000, so the buyergota wonderful.......
a) amount b) batgain c) cos t d) worth
2. If we want to buy a house, we’ll have to..... our spending.
a) care for b) cut back c) let down d) save
3. The rise in house prices ..... him to sell his house fora laige profit.
a) achieved b) enabled c) managed d) s ucceeded '
4. They..... me a good price formy house, so I sold it.
a)brought b)offered c)showed d)suggested
5. All house-owners need..... policy against thefts or accidents.
a)an assurance b)an insurance c)a protection d)a security
6.1 advise you to take to ensure that у our property is adequately covered by
insurance.
a)actions b)dealings c)means d)steps
7. They..... great difficulty saving up enough money fora house.
a) achieved b) found e) had d) made
8. He bought that house,..... that he would inherit money underhis uncle’s will.
a)accounting b)assuming c)considering d)estimating
9. They made ..... ofover$ 1,500 on the sale oftheir house.
a)a benefit b) a gain c)a fell d) a profit
10. He was lucky to get the house for less than the asking.......
a)amountb)costc)price d)value
11 .This house has been up..... sale for over a year now.
a)at b) fore) in d)to

15. RENTING A FI AT. Choose the correct answer,

1. The only..... ofthe flat is that it's a bit too small.
a) complaint b) dis advantage c) mistake d) sorry
2. They are going to ask the landlord to their rent.
a) drop b) leave c) lessen d) lower
3. The flat we have rented is very..... forthe train station.
a) comfortable b) convenient c) near d) suitable
4.1 would love to have a house..... , but forthe time being I must rent this flat,
a) by my own b) for my own c) of my own d) to my own
5. Our main concern is to raise the lodgers’..... of living.
a) capacity b)conditions c)degree d)standard
6. Students in hostels are..... to keep their rooms clean and tidy.
50
a) des ired b) expected c) hoped d) wanted
7. Are you going to..... your flat in Cracow while you are abroad?
a)dispose b)hire c)letd)sale
8. He asked ifwe would..... to share the room.
a) accept b) agree c) approve d) consider
9. The..... for the flat is $ 70 a week.
a) due b) fee c) hire d) rent
10. We are..... into our new flat next week.
a) arriving b) entering c) moving d) trans porting
11 .The tenants were..... not to disturb other tenants after 11 p.m.
a) appealed b) demanded c) des ired d) requested
12. Could we both stay atyourflat? Have you got enough..... ?
a) area b) place c) room d) s pace
13. My landlady doesn't..... me to have parties.
a) agree b) allow c)appreciate d) approve
14. When the owner let the flat to me I signed a(n)..... that I would leave at the
end of June.
a) advice b) agreement c) bargain d) ins urance
15....... a flat with someone is cheaper than living on your own.
a) Dividing b) Halving c) Parting d) Sharing
16. Yournew flat..... me very much ofthe one we had in London.
a) recalls b) recollects c) remembers d) reminds
17. The..... ofnewcomers to longstanding residents is very high in this block of
flats.
a)average b)cross-section c)percentage d)proportion
18.1 should like to rent a flat; modem, comfortable and...in a quiet position,
a) above all b) after all c) before all d) over all
19. The room was noisy and not very..... forstudying.
a) fitted b) matching c) proper d) suitable
20. M any accidents in the home could be..... ifhouseholdets gave more thought
to safety in their houses.
a)avoided b)excluded c)preserved d)protected

16. RENTING A FLAT. Rewrite the advertisement in its fullform.

A lux s/c sgl.furn. gdn.flt. I rm,, k. & b. C.H.
Cpts., Col. T.V., tel, fridge, ckr , hlc.
$ 180 p.m Refs, rqd
Avail, mid. Apr.
Tel: 01-678-1234 Evgs after 7.

51
17. RENTING A FLAT. Choose the correct answer.
1 Some ofthe people living on the Council’s new estate decided to set up a(n)
..... association.
a)dwellers ’ b)football c) inhabitants’ d)tenants’
2. There are several landladies approved by the university who take in.......
a) inhabitants b)lodgeis presidents d)settlers
3. The landlord requires a $50..... from tenants to cover possible damage.
a) bail b) deposit c)security d) tip
4. My landlady has recently s igned an agreement renewing my forthe next
fouryears.
a)occupation b)possession c) residence d)tenancy
5. They..... the advantages and disadvantages ofmoving and finally decided
against it.
a)asked themselves bjweighed up c)meditated d)thought
6. Having decided to rent a flat, we ..... contacting all the accommodation
agencies in our city.
a) set about b) set offc) set out d)set to
7. The Housing Committee has decided to give..... to young married couples
with children.
a) preferment b) presentation c) prestige d) priority
8. Homeless families ..... the empty houses and started to renovate and
redecorate them.
a) homed b) moved c) s quatted d 1 tenanted
9. When the landlord died all the sitting tenants were given notice to.......
a) depart b) dis appear c) lea ve d) quit
10. The landlord..... them because they hadn't paid their rent for three months.
a) demolished b) dismissed c) evicted d) threw out

18. RENTING A FLAT. Choose the right answer.

1. The scarcity of housing accommodation means that people can no longer
afford to..... where they live.
a) buy and sell b)come and go c) look and see d)pick and choose
2. Considering how few services we get, the rates we pay are.......
a) daylight robbery b) down to earth c) out of this world d) peanuts
3. The squatters are fighting..... and nail not to be evicted from the houses they
have occupied.
a) finger b) hammer c)toe d) tooth
4. He lives a(n)..... throw from the station.
a)appie's b)arrow's c)knife's d)stone's
5. You've managed to find a cheap flat near Piccadilly C ircus......... you!
a) Happy b) Fortunate c) Lucky d) M єну

19. PARTS OF A HOUSE Write where you would expect to find the following
rooms in a house and what they would normally he usedfor.
52
1. attic 5. lavatory /toilet/ loo
2. basement 6. loft
3. cellar 7. lounge
4. larder/pantry 8. study

20- PARTS OF A HOUSE. Match the definition with the correct part of a
house

1. alcove a. windows made upoftwo panes ofglass instead ofone

2. attic b. the halfpipe along the edge ofthe roofto carry away
3. chimney rainwater
4. cellar c. a small space in the form ofa small room added to
5. central heatinganother room fora bed, books, etc.
6. double glazing d. a window in the roof
7. French windows e. used in modem houses instead ofopen fires
8. hall f the space at the top ofthe stairs
9. guttering g. a roofed entrance built onto a house
10. landing h. doors made ofglass which usually open out onto the
11. lobby garden
12. lounge i. a hall or corridor, not a room, which leads from the
13. niche entrance to the rooms inside a building
14. porch j. the wide passage jus tins ide the entrance ofa house off
15. skylight which the rooms open
k. a room immediately below the roofofa house
l. a hollow passage often rising above the roof of a
building which allows smoke and gases topass from the
fire
m. an underground room, usually used forstoring goods
n. a comfortable room for sitting in
o. a hollow place in a wall, usually made to hold an
ornament, books, etc.
21. PARTS OF A HOUSE Indicate the allowing parts of a house on the
drawing below.
alcove attic chimney cellar
s kylight porch

53
22. PARTS OF A HOUSE. Choose the correct answer.
1. A row oftrees ..... the house from the north wind.
a)fence b) prevent c) shelter d) warn
2. The house is old and it's in bad.......
a) condition b) damage c) s ituation d) state
3. Many old houses have an underground room called a(n).......
a) attic b)cave c) cellard) loft
4. People were strolling underthe trees on eitherside ofthe broad..... through
the park.
a) alley b) avenue c) path d) track
5. His flat is in the.......
a)basement b) cellarc)ground d) lift
6. He hung up his overcoat in the..... as soon as he came into the house,
afattic b)celiarc)haII d)loft
7. The shop had..... on the door but it was closed.
a) available b) flee c) open d) vacant
8. Some town children had neverseen grass or trees and could play only in a
small..... between their houses.
a) field b) garden c) park d) yard
9. There was a magnificent drive which..... round to the front of the mans ion.
a) arched b) bent c)curved d) inclined
10. Three stone..... lead up to the front door.
a)levels b)stairs c)stones d)steps
11. Itis a large building, on six.......and many families live there.
a) flats b) floors c)stages d)stairs
12. The..... from the gate to the cottage was overgrown with weeds.
a)passage b)path c)road d)street
13. The hall seemed..... litafterthe bright sunshine outside.
a)dimly b)faintly c)slightly d) vaguely
14. Their office ..... offoursmall rooms.
a)consists b)contains c) includes d)numbers
15. He went down to his workshop in the .......
a) annex b) basement c) ground floor d) loft
16. In this part ofthe country, the fields are separated by stone ....
a) barriers b) fences c) hedges d) walls
17. My address is 52 Long Street, and I live on the.......
a)basement b)cellarc)ground floord)foundations
18. Their flat is on the top.......
a)attic b)floor c) loft d) store
19. They have a tennis ..... at the bottom of their garden.
a) court b) field c)ground d) pool
20. We haven’t gota garage, so we leave our car outs ide in the......
a)drive b) garden c) pavement d) porch

54
 23. PARTS OF A HOUSE Write in which room you would look/or [he
follow ing pe ople.
1. an artist a _ t_
2. a corpse a m _
3. a football player after the match a ch________ -room
4. a gardener in winter ag_
5. a novelist a s _
6. a patient before an appointment a__________room
7. a photographer developing pictures a____ к _
8. a pilot while flying ac_______ t
9. a prisoner a__ 1 _
10. some off-duty soldiers am_
11. some workers during their lunch break a c
12. some teachers between lessons as_____ — _

24. PARTS OF A HOUSE Choose the right answer.

1. The smellofthe dirty alley drove us away.
a) foul b) grimy c)polluted d) squalid
2. He waited in the..... forthe front door to open.
a)crypt b) inlet c)porch d)threshold
3. Although mostofthe rooms are small, the hall is .....
a) abundant b) extended c) spacious d) tiny
4. The..... ofthe roofkeptthe rain offbetter.
a) climb b) flow c) plane d) s lope
5. The villa has excellent..... for cooking and for washing clothes.
a)amenities b)conveniences c)facilities d) utilities
6. In the old house he had to bend down to avoid hitting his head on the.......
a)beams b)bearings c)props d)supports
7. The kitchen was small and ..... so that the disabled woman could reach
everything without difficulty.
a) compact b)complete c) complex d) contained
8. The only way to see into the basement room was by peering through the.....
at the bottom ofthe wall.
a) drain b) fenlight c) grating d) skylight
9. The..... built onto the back ofthe house provided valuable extra space.
a) development b)enlargement c)extension d) growth
10. In..... the room resembles the letter L.
a) figure b) form c)pattern d)shape

25. HOUSES. Fill in the right words.

1. My landlord has decided to increase my_____ next year.
2. Leave your umbrella in the stand in the_____ .
3. The main_______ n___ was locked so they had to use the______ door.
4. Our flat is in very poor shape now. Last time we had it__ c was
ten years ago.
5. !t was very cold in the___ r____ so she covered hers leeping' daughter with
an extra blanket.
6. Ifyou want the estate agent to sell the house foryou, you’ll have to let him
see the d____ s that show you're the legal owner.
7. It was very stuffy in the room and the air was difficult to_____ t___ .
8.1 expected my husband to come home late, therefore I left the door______ к

9. “Would you like to take a_____ ?” “No, thanks, I’ve just had a shower.”
10. _____ on the door before you come into the room!
11. Your room is a terrible_____ ! Clean it up at once!
12. In Britain a home loan is usually referred to as am__________ .
13. Ourchildrenno longersleep in the same room. They have_____ r____
bedrooms now.
14. We were all at home las t night s itting watching televis ion in the__ u____ .
15.1 put an _ d________________ fora flat in the newsagent’s window, but I
haven’t had any replies yet.

26. HOUSES. Choose the right answer.

1. The street lamps are switched on automatically at.......
a) dark b) dusk c) evening d) sunrise
2. His bedroom.....the park.
a)overlooks b)oversees c)overtakes d)undergoes
3. The bright color ofthe woodwork rather..... from the quiet beauty ofthe
house.
a) contracts b) detracts c) distracts d) extracts
4. The old houses were..... down to make way fora block of flats.
a) banged b) hit c) knocked d) put
5. My house is very..... forgetting to work as it is only a few minutes from the
station.
a)convenient b)fit c)suitable d)useful
6. There were so many new buildings in the town that she hardly..... the place,
a) distinguished b) identified cjmade out d) recognized
7. It is only a small flat but it..... my needs perfectly.
a)fills b) fits c)settles d)supplies
8. We are..... into our new house on Monday.
a) arriving b) entering c) moving d) trans porting
9. This house has only been..... since last summer,
ajdwelled b)lived cjoccupied djresided
10. Just looking at the room you would have no idea ofthe real purpose it.......
a) filled b) served c) took d) used
11 .They’ve finally decided to..... that lovely old house on the hill.
a) appoint b) preserve e) renew d)renovate
56
12.In recent years there has been a(n)..... increase in the cost of living.
a) important b) powerful c) s ignificant d) wide
13. The New Richs have just bought a beautiful... house in the country.
a) aged b) ancient c) antique d) old
27. HOUSES. Give a synonymous wordfor the capitalized express ion.
1. Fora moment we sat WITHOUT ANY LIGHT ATALL.
Fora moment we sat in complete.......
2. HOW LONG is the new pitch?
What is the..... ofthe new pitch?
3. It took us about an hour to GET ALL THE GOODS OFF the lorry.
It took us about an hour to..... the lorry.
4. He pays A LOT OF MONEY FOR HIS FLAT.
He pays a high..... for his flat.
5. We live in a RESIDENTIAL DISTRICT AWAY FROM THE CENTRE OF
TOWN.
We live in a.......

28. HOUSES. Choose the right answer

1. Greg is in the garden, chopping..... for the fireplace
ajforests bjtrunks cjtwigs djwood
2. It was very..... in the cottage with the comfortable armchairs by the fire,
ajeasy b) gratifying cjrefreshing djsnug
3. In spite ofthe thunderstorm, the children slept..... all night
a)noisily b)roundly c)resonantly d)soundly
4. Do open the window; this room seems very.......
a) breathless b) moldy c) rancid d) stuffy
5. Believing herselfalone in the house she was ..... when she heard someone
moving about in the hall.
a) amazed b) annoyed c) incredulous d) startled
6. He took out a big..... of keys, and opened the door.
a) branch b) bunch c) group d) packet
7. The children..... round the fire to keep warm.
a) cloistered b) grouped c)huddled d)tucked
8 The ..... ofthe family home following the divorce was a great shock to the
children.
a ) break-down b) break-in c) break-out d) break-up
9. The house looked..... in the falling evening light.
a)austere b) lucky c) severe d) strict
10. I have lived near the railway for so long now that I’ve grown ..... in the
noise ofthe trains.
a)accustomed bjaware cjfamiliard)unconscious

29. FURNITUREAND FITTINGS. Choose the right answer.

l.Some rooms don’t have curtains at the windows, they have...........
57
a) blinds b) carpets c)gates d) stores
2. When Madeleine lost her front-door... , she went straight to the police­
station.
a) bolt b) fastener c) key d) lock
3.1 was so tired last night that I fell asleep the moment my head touched the..
a) bed b)blanket c)cushion d) pillow
4. It was on the top shelf, out of.......
a) achievement b) attempt c) reach d) touch
5. It was very dark in the cellar so he..... a match.
a) nibbed b) scraped c) scratched d)struck
6. What a beautiful..... ! It's a pity we don't have any flowers to put in it.
a) crystal b) cup c) glass d)vase
7. The house is quiet because the carpets are so.......
a) fet b) heavy c) s mooth d) thick
8. It was difficult to see anything because the lights were so.......
a) dim b) dull c) faded d) weak
9. The table was a curious ..... as both the top and the legs were curved .
a) form b) model e) pattern d) s hape
10. Have you got a..... in your bag? It’s so dark here that I can’t even see the
path.
a) bulb b) candle c) lantern d) torch
I l.She closed the windows and drew the..... before switching on the light.
a)coverings b)curtains c)masks d)shades
12.One end ofhis single room was used as a kitchen but this was hidden behind
a.......
a) blind b) screen c)shield d) veil
13. When she cleaned the high windows, she always stood on a three-legged.....
a) bench b)chest c) ladderd) stool
14. They..... us how to work the machine.
a) begged b) demonstrated c) explained d) showed
15. Please wipe your feet on the door-..... before you come in.
a) blanket b) mat c) mg d) tile
16. You shouldn’t leave your bicycle outside in the rain. It will get.......
afbroken b)muddy c)oxidized d)nrsty
17. The old lady managed to climb the ..... which was narrow but not all that
steep.
a) degree b) ladderc) scale d) staircase
18 rhe vacuum cleaner is avaluable labor-saving..... forthe busy housewife.
a) device b) engine c)instrument d) piece

58
30. FURNITURE AND FITTINGS. THE LIVING ROOM. Give the names of
the indicated items offurniture.

1. r 2. t s 3. .. p
4. c 5. s 6. 1
7. s 8. c t 9.

31. FURNITURE AND FITTINGS. Choose the right answer.

I. She couldn’t see heiselfin the mirror because ofthe ..... rising from the hot
bath.
fog b) mist c) smoke d)steam
a)
2. Her room is comfortable but rather on the s mall.......
a)angle b)basis c)side d)size
3. This chair looks very..... to our old grey one.
a) exact b) familiar c) like d) s imilar
4. There were four chairs in the living room, one in each.......
a) comer b)edge c)side d)wall
5. This beautiful wandrobe has been in our family forovertwo centuries and is
now very.........
a) dearb)expensive c) precious d) valuable
6. This table would..... nicely for Mary’s room.
a)agree b)doc)fitd)suit
7. She wanted to remove the color from the curtains so she..... them.
a) bleached b) dried c) dyed d) rinsed
8. It was a strange clock with an hour..... that was longerthan the minute one.
a) finger b) hand c) needle d) rod
9. Whetheror not you like some kinds of modem furniture is a matter of.......
a)comparison b)favorc)taste d)vogue
10. Be careful how you handle this vase as it is .......
a)invaluable b)priceless' c) valueless d) worthy
II. The windows don’t fit very well and it makes the room awfully.......
a) airy b) breezy c) draught}’ d) ventilated
12.Where do you..... yourpencils? In this drawer?
a)close b)guaid c)hold d)keep

59
32. FURNITURE AND FITTINGS. Choose the right answer.
1. Be careful going up the stairs, Ma. Hold on to the.......
a) banister b) edge c) railing d) s ide
2. Ifyou have a new key cut, it must be an exact..... ofthe existing one.
a) counterfeit b) copy c) imitation d) model
3. The kitchen ofthe holiday cottage looked..... ratherthan beautiful.
a) mundane b) practicable c) utilitarian d) workable
4. They had four children so the new washing-machine was a great.......
a) advantage b) aid c) bene fit d) boon
5. Mrs Elegant has had the couch in her sitting-room..... in red velvet.
a)clothed b) enriched c)sewn d)re-upholstered
6. The room was so..... with furniture that is was impossible to move,
afassembled bjburdened c)cluttered d)overrun
7. Switch on the lamp, it casts a nice warm..... on the polished furniture.
a)beam b)g)ow c)sheen d)shine
8. The wind blew so hard and so strongly thatthe windows..... in their flames,
a) flapped b) rattled c)shocked d)slapped
9. Do you know that Mrs Impudent has bought curtain material exactly the same
as ours. She’s a dreadful.......
a) ape b) copy-cat c) mocking bird d) parrot
10. You’d better pack those glasses extremely carefully ifyou want them to
arrive .......
a) complete b) entire c) intact d) whole
11 .It is advisable to pull down the ..... when the sun is very hot.
a)blinds b)covers c)screens d)shutters
12. The drawer is ..... You will have to get something to break it open,
affixed b)jammed c) loose d)rooted

33. FURNTFURE AND FITTINGS. THE BEDROOM. Match each of the

follow ing names ofitems offurniture andfittings with the correct number in
the picture.
... wardrobe
... pillow
... pillowcase ... chest-of-drawers
... sheet... rug
... bedspread ...stool
... mattress ...mirror
... bedside table
... dressing-table

60
 5

34. FURNITURE AND FITTINGS. What would you expect to find in the
follow ing?
1. a bureau 4. a safe
2. a chest-of-drawers 5. a sideboard
3. a linen chest 6. a wardrobe

35. FURNITUREAND FITTINGS. ГНЕ BATHROOM. Match each ofthe

following names with the correct number in the picture

... bath la undry-basket ... shower ... tooth-mug

... bathmat lavatory ... sponge ... towel rail
... bathroom cabinet nailbrush ... tap ... wash-basin
... bathroom scales plug-hole ... toilet-roll

61
36. FURNITURE AND FITTINGS. Arrange the following household contents
under three headings:
1. Furniture
2. Household appliances
3. Soft furnishings

bedding chairs dishwasher sideboard television

beds cooker freezer tables vacuum cleaner
books helves curtains refrigerator tablecloths wardrobes
carpets cushions nigs telephone

37. FURNITURE AND FITHNGS. Choose the best answer

1 .All the rooms have..... carpets, which are included in the price ofthe house,
a) adapted b) equipped c) fitted d)suited
2. She read him a good-night story,..... him up and then kissed him and turned
the light off
a)fixed b)folded c)packed d)tucked
3. Tire Palace offered a variety of..... riches: Persian rugs, marble tables, etc.
a)affluent b) opulent c) unassailable d) wealthy
4. Put the vase on the..... overthe fireplace.
a) ledge b) mantelpiece c) sill d)step
5. Tire children were sleeping..... in bed.
a)easily b)homely c)snugly d)softly
6. Don’t leave your coat on the chair, hang it on the ..... behind the door.
a) bracket b) hook c) lump d) rod
7. In the old days, curtains were hung over doors to keep out.......
a) breezes b) currents c) draughts d) gales
8. The drawer is ..... ; I shall have to try and open it with a knife.
a) bolted b) dis located c) screwed d) stuck
9. With its expensive furniture and carefully-chosen color scheme the room
looked.......
a) convenient b) homely c) luxuriant d) luxurious
10. The room was ..... of furniture.
a)absent b)devoid c)scanty d)scarce
1 l.As Maty opened the door, the candle ..... in the breeze and then went out.
a) flamed b) flickered c)spatkled d) twinkled
I2.There is no danger in using this machinery as long as you..... to the safety
regulations.
a)abode b)adhere c)comply d)observe

38. FURNITURE AND FITHNGS. Complete the follow ing s entences.

1.1 keep all my clothes in the bedroom in a big____ r____ . •

62
2. The silver__ t__ on the table were shining brightly because they reflected
the flickering light ofthe__ n______ .
3. It was a cold evening so I had a log fire going in the__ r_________ .
4. The most important thing about a house or flat is that it should be h______ .
5-Му grandlather likes to sit in his favorite c_____ , smoking his p_.
6.1 thought these were real flowers, but they are_____ f_______ . They are
made of plastic.
7. In Cracow, in orderto get RAIUNO reception, it's essential to have a propera

8. 'Ihe____ g___ of this carpet is about 8 ft.

9. Although we now have eight chairs, I’m afiaid this will not be_____ g and
some of our guests will have to sit on that
old _ _ t____ .
10.1 eventually found the scissors I’d lost behind the chest of__ w____ .
11. Our house has central heating, so every room has a __ d_______ .
12. Doors that go round and round are called r___________ doors.
13. It is very difficult nowadays to find cheap and comfortable a________ -__
_ n in Cracow.
14. Everything in my kitchen is stored away in____b_______ .
15. A doors wings on its__ n____ .

39. OPERATING HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES. Choose the correct answer

1. When you turn offthe TV, please pull out the......., too.
a) block b) plug c) switch d) wire
2. The electricity failure is not dangerous. There is no need for.........
a)alarm b)cowandice c)dread d)scare
3. When you..... this red button, the machine stops.
a)hit b)lift c)press d)pull
4. He..... the tap but could get no water.
a) adjusted b) controlled c) opened d) turned on
5. Where is the book of..... for using this washing machine?
ajdirectives b) ins tractions cjorders d) regulations
6. Can you help me? I can’t..... how to start this machine.
a) do in b) get on c) s et down d) work out
7. Don’t touch that wire oryou may get an electric.......
a)attack b) current c)shock d)surprise
8. Mr Impatient kicked the washing machine to try to..... it work.
a)cause b) force c)get d)make
9. The door will open ifyou..... it hard.
a) hold b) knock c) push d)throw
10. You can get drinking water by turning this .......
a)knob bjpipe c)switch d)tap
11. He wanted a bath but couldn’t find the .......
a) cork b) lid c) plug d) stopper
63
12.1 ..... the door-bell several times but there was no-one at home.
a) knocked b) pulled c) rang d) squeezed
13. Ms Forgetful can’t use her hair-drier as she foigotto buy a..... forit
a) pin b) plug cjsocketd) switch.
14. A food processor has become an indispensable piece of..... in the home.
a) device b) equipment c) gadget d) machine
15. Who’s left the tap running? There’s a..... ofwateron the floor.
a) bucket b) heap c) pool d) stain

40. OUTOF ORDER. Choose the right answer.

1 .The bath water doesn’t ran away properly; 1 think the ..... must be blocked,
a)conductorb)hole c)pipe d)tube
2. The tap was dripping because it needed a new.......
a) rubber b) stopper c) washer d) wringer
3. There is a lotofwateronthe floor. Ithinkthe washing machine mustbe.......
a) dropping b) leaking c) oozing d) seeping
4. Phone the ..... I Water is pouring down the stairs.
a) builder b) engineer c) piper d) plumber
5. We’ll have to use the stairs as the lift is out of.......
a) function b) movement c) order d) practice
6. My washing machine has ...... , so I’m going to the launderette.
a) broken down b) gone out c) run down d) worn out
7. There is something..... with my TV. The picture won’t come on.
a) bad b)missing c)unusual d) wrong
8.1 can smell gas - there mustbe a..... somewhere.
a) break b) drip c) flow d) leak
9. He has a little ..... next to his garage where he makes things forthe house.
a)housework b) mill c) workhouse djworkshop
10. The central heating doesn't seem to be..... properly.
a) going b) performing c) warming d) working
11. When I turned on the switch, the lights .......
a)cracked bjexpired c)fired d)fused
12.1 can’t open this case; the..... seems to be jammed.
a) bolt b)oath c) clos ing d) lock
13. He swatted a fly on the window and..... the glass.
ajbroke bjcracked c)cutd)slashed
14. We shall have to have the deck-chairs repaired. The canvas has .....
a)broken b)buRtc)crackcd d)split
15. My binoculars were not actually broken, they just needed.......
a) adjusting b) curing c) mending d) repairing
16. Most of the machines are ..... as a result of an electric breakdown,
ajdisused b) idle cjoutofwork djpowerless
17. Ithink there is something wrong with my lamp. I..... a shock when I tried to
switch it on.
64
 a)got b)made c) suffered d)took
18. The water could not flow freely because the pipe was .......
a) blocked b) bolted c) loaded d) trapped .
19. She keeps a supply ofcandles in the house in case ofa power.......
a)absence b)cute) lack d)shortage
20. 1 should like to point out that two months have ..... since you promised to
come and repair my television.
a)elapsed b)expired c) lapsed d) transpired

41. CONNECTORS, Match each ofthe following connectors w ith the correct
number in the picture below.
*-■

thread ...screw
chain ...nut
string ...safely pin
rope ...pin
rubber band ...bolt
nail

42. CONNECTORS. Crossword puzzle

1. we use a screwdriver to put it on or take it out (5)
2. mountaineers use it to keep together and avoid falling (4)
3. it is used in dress making to hold pieces ofcloth together(3)
4. we use a hammer to knock it into wood (4)
5. we use a needle to sew cloth with it (6)
6. it is made ofiron and it is used to keep large ships in place in port (5)
7. it is made of metal and is used with 8. to keep different parts of machines
together
8. used with 7. to keep different parts of machines together (4)
9. to pin a notice to a notice board we use..... pins (7)
10. we tie up a parcel with it (6)
65
43. TOOLS. Match each ofthe following tools with the correct picture below.

axe ... chisel ... drill ... file

hammer ... screwdriver ... penknife ... plane
pliers ... saw ... scissors ... spanner

44. TOOLS. Complete each ofthe follow ing s ente nee s with the name ofa tool.
Each dash (- ) represents one letter
1. We cut down trees with an___ .
2. We cut paper or cloth with a pair of___________ .
3. We knock nails into wood with a________ .
4. We raise a carto change a wheel with a j____ .
5. We put in and take out screws with a ______________ .
6. We tighten or loosen nuts with as________ .
7. We s aw wood with a____ .
8. We bend and cut wire with p_______ .
9. We break up roads, rocks, etc. with ap________ .
!0. We draw cotks outofbottles with ac____________ .

45. TOO1.S. Choose the right answer

1. I'll lend you my..... to chop down the tree.
a)axe b)jack c)saw d)spanner
2. The screw on the cupboard seems to have worked.......
a) away b) loose c) unfixed d) unsteady
66
3.1 must cut this sheet of paper in two. Would you pass me the .......
a)axe b)chisel c)pickaxe d)scissors
4. The axe left lying on a bench in the rain was now covered with.......
a)dirty b)dustc) mud d) rust
5. Put some oil on that tight nut; that might..... the trick.
a) do b)make c)win d)work
6. These bolts are much too stiffto loosen by hand. Have you got a..... ?
a)jack b)key c)screwdriverd)spanner
7. What is the use of having a hammer, ifyou haven't any..... ?
a)bolts b) hooks c)nails d)screws
8. The simplest way to get this nut off the bolt would be to use a .......
a)chisel b)jack c)screwdriverd)spanner
9. A small..... is handy for minor electrical jobs in the home.
a) hammer b) nail c)screwdriverd) saw
10. He hammered a..... into the wall.
a) nut b) nail c) pin d) screw

46. HOUSEHOLD CHORES. Choose the right answer.

1. Granny is coming for lunch. Please the room before she arrives.
a) arrange b) order c) polish d)tidy
2. You shouldn't walk around with..... feet. The floor is n't very clean.
a) bare b) naked c) nude d) stripped
3. The attic was thick with..... as no one had cleared it foryears.
a) dus t b) powder c) rust d) s ediment
4. W ill you..... the beds at once 1 Our gues ts are at the door!
a) clean b) coverc)make d) smooth
5. The house felt cold and..... afterweeks ofbad weather.
a) damp b) moist c) watery d)wet
6. Ifyou don't like washing up, you could..... into the possibility of buying a
washing-up machine.
a)ask b) look c)orderd)save
7.1 must got to the laundry and..... my washing.
a) bring b) carry c) clean d) collect
8. M rs Helpful has cleaned our house from..... to bottom.
a) attic b) first floorc) roofd) top
9. The only way to clean the box is to..... it in soap and warm water.
a) brus h b) polis h c) was h d) wipe
10. Don't forget to put the ..... back on the toothpaste when you have finished
with it.
a) cap b)coverc) hat d) lid
11. She has to work hard to keep the house..... and tidy with such a big family.
a)arranged b)neatc)ordered d)smooth
12. "..... your feet before you come into the house," cried Mrs Tidy.
a) C lean b) Polis h c) Rub d) W ipe
67
13. Your..... for today is to do the washing up.
a)duty b)homework c)labord)task
14. Ask your sis ter if she could give me ..... with the washing up.
a)an aid b)an assistance c)a hand d)a help
15. They managed to get..... all their unwanted things at the jumble sale.
a) away with b) even with c) out of d) rid of
16. When you've washed up,..... the plates before you put them away,
ajclean b)dry c)dust djsweep
17. It's your..... to clean the room; I did it last week.
a)occasion bjtime c)try d)tum
18......... the tube gently, so as not to waste the toothpaste.
a) Hit b) Lick c) Press d) Squeeze
19. Don't leave your coat lying on the sola like that! Hang it up by the..... at the
back ofthe collar.
a) band b) hole c) hook d) loop
20. Please close the window; there's a terrible.......
a)breeze b)current c)draught d)headwind

47. HOUSEHOLD CHORES. Choose the correct answer.

1. Hermotherhad asked herto do several..... before she went out.
a)jobs b) labors c)studies d) works
2. We had ..... on the attic last weekend, and cleared out fifteen years'
accumulation of odds and ends.
a) an attack b) a blitz c) an invas ion d) a raid
3. There was a of rubbish in the comer ofthe bedroom.
a)dump bjmass c)pile d) stack
4. Mike picked up a..... and went out to clear the snow away from the front of
the house.
a) fork bjjack c) rake d) shovel
5. Do straighten that picture overthe fireplace, it looks ..... from here.
a) bent b)crooked c) inclined d) uneven
6. It was cold enough fora fire so Mr. Obedient went offto..... some wood.
a)chip bjchop cjcrumble d)splinter
7. The drunken couple did nothing to keep the flat clean and tidy and lived in the
utmost.......
a)contamination bjdecay cjpollution d)squalor
7. I just have a few household..... to cope with and then HI be able to rest.
a)assignments b)charges cjchores d)works
8. There must be something I can do to..... breaking your favorite tea-pot.
a) face up to b) go in fore)make up ford) put up with
9. He has a(n)..... habit of emptying ashtrays out of his window on to our
doorstep.
a) disgusting b) offending c) uncultivated d) uneducated

68
3. Ifyou want to change the color ofthese walls, they will need at least two
..... of paint.
a)coats bjcoverings c) layers d)sheets
4. That door..... when you open it. You must put s ome oil on the hinges.
ajcreaks b)rustles ciscreeches d)shrieks
5. All the windows ofthe house were..... by the explosion,
ajcrashed b)crushcd cfshatlered djshredded
6. What a(n) color that wallpaper is! Why ever did you buy it?
a) alarming b) bad c) dreadful d) frightening
8. That window needs a new of glass.
a) mirror b) oblong c) pane d) square
9. I think we should have..... glass put in the bathroom window. The people on
the otherside ofthe street can see right in.
a) cracked b) frosted c) patterned d)thick
10. Tire renovation work will ..... closing the local library for at least two
months.
a)accomplish b)ensure c)entail d)result
11. lhe finn deals more with..... decoration than building.
a) inside b) interiorc) internal d) inward
12. Shall we..... offal! this awful old wallpaperand paint the room instead?
a)rip b)scratch c)strip djtear
13. The front door is in a terrible state; the paint is ..... badly,
ajcnimbling b) eroding c) flaking d) rotting
14. To my..... I noticed that the roof was leaning to one side.
a)consternation' b)constitution c)constriction d)consumption

50. TOWNS AND VILLAGES. Choose the right answer.

1.1 love to..... round the old part ofthe town, enjoying its peace and quiet,
a)rush b)site)tourd) wander
2. The town stands mainly on the left..... ofthe river.
a)bank b) clifFcjcoast d)shelf
3. The farm area..... as far as the river.
ajadvanced bjdeveloped clextended d) lay
4. The current..... of this town is about 350 000.
a)group b) membership c) number d) population
3. The hotel has been built on the ..... ofa lake.
a) border b) boundary c) edge d) front
4. Uncle В illy has bought a piece of..... near the sea and is going to build a
house there.
a) country b) earth c) land d) territory
5. Our old house..... in a beautiful spot deep in the woods.
a) placed b) rested c) s ituated d) stood
6. They are going to build a big office block on that..... plot of land.
a) blank b) unus ing c) vacant d) void
70
9. I'm glad 1 chose this part oftown to live in. It's such a peaceful.......
a) environment b) neighborhood c) proximity d)surroundings
10. There has been a lot of..... about the housing shortage in big cities.
a)advertising b)circulation c)communication d)publicity

51. TOWNS AND VILLAGES. Fill in the sentences.

1. Eerie is the capital ofthe region. It is, in fact, the only__ j rcity in this
rural area.
2. ___ r___ life is healthy and quiet when compared with life in cities.
3. The house stood by itselfin the middle of fields. It was completely _s _

4. Ourcity is situated on the west_____ ofthe river.

5. Our house is rather difficult to find. 1'11 draw you a little___ to show you the
way.
6. Last year we decided to move to the__ b______ as living here will cost
much less than living in the centre ofthe town.
7. I'll always be a c________ person. I can't stand the noise and smell ofthe city.
8. I'm planning a month's walk through the Scottish c______________ .
9. Farming here is very difficult because the__ і _ is very poor.
10. She has just bought a huge_____ c _ ofland to build herhouse on.

52. TOWNS AND VILLAGES. Choose the right answer

1. Ourvillage is ..... ; some ofthe houses are very farapart.
a) diffused b)extended c) scattered d)spread out
2. Modem buildings should..... with the surrounding area
a) blend in bjjoin in c) match djsuit
3. Since they built the car factory, a lot of new houses have ..... in the
district.
a) hopped up b) jumped up c) leapt up d) s prung up
4. The new town hasn't the usual..... yet, but a theatre, cinema and library are
under construction, a) aids b) amenities c) conveniences d) equipment
5. When the capital got too crowded, they had to build new towns to take
the.......
a)overfill b) overrun c) overspill d)overstock
6. The monastery is on the..... ofthe town.
a)neighborhood bjoutskirts cjsuburbs d)surroundings

53. TOWNSAND VILLAGES. Choose the word or phrase that be st keeps the
meaningofthe original sente nee ifitis substitutedfor the capitalizedword
1. The man was RELUCTANTto put in a few hours of work in the garden.
a) anxious
b) eager
c) negligent
d) unwilling
71
2. At first it seemed that the building would be all right but later it was found to
need ALTERATIONS.
a) beautification
b) decorations
c) modifications
d) restoration
3. The picture is ASKEW; please straighten it.
a) adjustable
b) crooked
c) high
d) level
4. There is a laige area of SWAMP that will have to be cleared before
construction can begin.
a) dry, sandy soil
b) forest
c) prairie
d) soft, wet, land
5. The STR AY dog was picked up by the dog catcherbecause he had no collar.
a) dirty
b) homeless
c) sick
d) unfriendly
6. He TRAMPED across the carpet in his boots, leaving a trail ofmud behind
him.
a) limped
b) skipped
c) walked heavily
d) walked unsteadily
7. Do not leave the iron on that delicate fabric orthe heat will SCORCH it.
a) bum
b) melt
c) press
d) wrinkle
8. 1 would like your PERMISSION to trim that part of the tree that hangs into
my yard.
a) approval
b) attention
c) encouragement
d) consent
9. Every yearthe average family discard about a ton oftrash.
a) filler
b) fuel
c) garbage
d) paper
72
 KEY

1.
1 - semi-detached house 6 - mansion 10 — terraced house
2 - block of flats 7 - lighthouse 11 - palace
3 - bungalow 8 - houseboat 12 - caravan
4 - detached house 9 - tent 13 - windmill
5 - cottage 14 - castle

2.
1. b 3. a 5. c 7. c 9. b
2. d 4. b 6. c 8. c 10. a
3.
1. soldiets 7. rich people in the country
2. people on holidays; rich people;businessmen 8. working-class people in an
old district of town
3. poor people 9. homeless people on the edge ofa big city
4. Eskimos 10. people on camping holidays
5. people on a journey 11. Red Indians
6. students; people too poor to buy a flat
oftheir own
4.
1. castle 5. cottage 9. detached
2. skyscrapers 6. pigsty 10. shed
3. hostel 7. prison
4. bungalow 8. block of flats
5.
1. unique 4. suburbs
2. designed 5. move
3. pavement 6. surrounded
6.
Kinds of Housing
About two-thirds ofFAM,LiES jn the United States live in s ingle-family HOMES.
About a Quarter of the families live in buildings that have two to four
apartments, or jn STORES Or other commercial buildings that include
apartments.

73
 large cities have more apartment housing than small communities because
land is scarce and expensive Small towns and suburban areas, where land is
less expensive than in city centers, have mostly SINGLE-FAMILY homes.
Philadelphia and other CITIES have many Row houses. These are usually
s ingle-family houses, one or two FLOORS high, standing wall to wall. A duplex
is a building with two apartments, either s|de by side with a single wall
between them, or one Л В OVE the other.

7.
1. tent 4. monastery 7. (log-)cabin
2. guesthouse 5. convent; nunnery 8. old people’s home
3. palace 6. ranch-house 9. chalet
8.
1. d 3. a 5. c 7. d 9. d
2. d 4. a 6. a 8. b 10. b
9.
1. e 4. g 7. і 10. c
2. f5.a8.j ll.h
3. b 6. d 9. к

10.
1. b 3. c 5. d 7. a 9. c
2. a 4. c 6. d 8. d 10. a
11.
Buying a House
When a BUYER/PURCHASERhas chosen the house he wants, he has a lawyer
draw up a contract. This document states the legal definition ofthe property
gives the purchase PRICE, and demands PROOF of ownership fR)m the present
owner.
It also includes other important information s uch as the fixtures that are to
remain in the house and the time when the PURCHASER/BUYER will take
possession
The buyer pays a deposit when he signs the contract
Tire deposit binds the seller to the verms ofthe contract.
12.
1. b3.d5.c7. a 9. a
2. d 4. a 6. a S.d 10. c

74
13.
Modem detached house in immaculate condition. Freehold. 3 garages, 5
bedrooms, 3 reception rooms,
2 fully tiled bathrooms plus separate water closets; large fitted kitchen, 18x9
feet with a double s ink;
luxurious lounge. Gas central heating and centrally heated water, double glazed
windows. Curtains and fitted carpets included. Landscaped garden, swimming
pool. Few minutes from the train station, bus, amenities, seafront, $ 150.000 or
nearest offer.
14.
1. b 3. b 5. b 7. c 9. d 11 b
2. b4. b6. d8. b 10. c
15.
1. b5.d9.d 13.b 17. d
2. d6. b 10. c 14. b 18. a
3. b 7. c 11. d 15. d 19. d
4. c 8. b 12. c 16. d 20. a
16.
A luxurious sell-contained single furnished flat with a garden. One room,
kitchen and bathroom.
Central heating. C arpets, colourtelevision set, telephone, fridge, cooker, hot and
cold water.
Rent $ 180 per month. References required. Available from middle of April.
Telephone: 01-678-1234 in the evenings after7 o'clock.
17.
1. d 3. b 5. b 7. d 9. d
2. b 4. d 6. a 8. c 10. c-

18.
I. d 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. c
19.
1. immediately below the roof of a house; a room that may be lived in
2. below the ground floor, wholly or partly underground; may be lived in or be
part ofa shop
3. below the ground floor, wholly orpartly underground; unlike a basement used
forstoring goods (wine, coal etc.)
4. usually attached to the kitchen; a storeroom for food
5. in ornextto the bathroom; watercloset
6. at the top ofthe building, underthe roof, unlike an attic used forstorage
75
 1

7. on the main floor ofthe house; used for entertaining guests, watching TV, but
not us ually for eating
8. probably on the main living floor, used for reading, studying
20.
1. e 4. m 7. h 10. f 13. о
2. к 5. e 8.j 11. і 14. g
3. 1 6. a 9. b 12. n 15. d
21.
1 - attic 3 - porch 5 - French windows 7 - guttering
2 - alcove 4 - chimney 6 - cellar 8 - skylight
22.
1. c 5. a9. c 13-а 17. c
2. a 6. c 10. d 14. a 18. b
3. c 7. c 11. b 15. b 19. a
4. a 8. d 12. b 16. d 20. a
23.
1. a studio 4. a greenhouse 7. a darkroom 10. a mess
2. a mortuary 5. a study 8. a cockpit 11. a canteen
3. a changing room 6. a waiting room 9. a cell 12. a staff-room
24.
1. a 3. c 5. c 7. a 9. c
2. c 4. d 6. a 8. c 10. d
25.
1. rent 6. deeds 11. mess
2. hall 7. breathe 12. mortgage
3. entrance; back 8. unlocked 13. separate
4. decorated 9. bath 14. lounge
5. bedroom 10. knock 15. advertisement •
26.
1. Ь4. c 7. b 10. ЫЗ. d
2. a 5. a 8. с 11. d
3. b 6. d 9. c 12. c
27.
1. darkness 2. length 3. unload 4. rent 5. suburb
28.
1. d 3. d 5. d 7. c9. a
76
2. d 4. d 6. b 8. d 10. a
29.
1. a 4. c 7. d 10. d 13. d 16. d
2. c 5. d 8. a 11. b 14. d 17. d
3. d6.d9. d 12. b 15. b 18. a
30.
1 - radiator4 - armchair7 - lampshade
2 - curtains 5 - settee 8 - coffee table
3 - carpet 6 - fireplace 9 - clock
31.
1. d 3.d 5.d 7.a 9.c 11.c
2. c4. a 6.b 8. b 10. b 12. d
32.
1. аЗ.с 5. d 7. b 9. b 11. a
2. b4. d6.c 8. b 10. c 12. b
33.
5 - wardrobe 7 - bedside-table
10 - pillow 4 - dressing-table
11 - pillow-case 6 - stool
9 - sheet 3 - mirror
12 - bedspread 2 - chest-ofdrawers
8 - mattress 1 - rug
34.
1. A bureau: writing paper, documents
2. A chest ofdrawe is: easily folded clothes such as underwear, socks, stocking
3. A linen chest: bedding, sheets, pillow cases
4. A safe: items of value, such as moneyjewels, important documents
5. A sideboard: plates, glasses, etc.
6. A wardrobe: suits, dresses, etc.
35.
1 - bath 5 - lavatoiy 2 - tap
13 - bathmat 10 - nailbrush 6 - toilet-roll
7 - bathroom cabinet 4 - plug-hole 9 - tooth-mug
12 - bathroom scales 3 - shower 11 - towel rail
15 - laundry basket 14 - sponge 8 - wash-basin

77
36.
FURNITURE HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES SOFT FURNISH INGS
beds cooker bedding
books helves dishwasher carpets
chairs freezer curtains
sideboard refrigerator cushions
tables telephone rugs
wardrobes television tablecloths
vacuum cleaner
37.
1 c 3. b 5. c 7. c 9. d 11. b
2.
d4. b 6. b 8. d 10. b 12. b
38.
1. wardrobe 6. artificial 1I. radiator
2. plates; candles 7. aerial 12. revolving
3. fireplace 8. length 13. accommodation
4. homely/heated 9. enough, settee 14. cupboards
5. armchair, pipe 10. drawers 15. hinges
39.
1. b 4. d 7. c lO.d 13.b
2. a 5. b 8. d 11. c 14. b
3. c 6. d 9. c 12. c 15. c
40.
Lc3.b5. c7. d9. d ll.d 13. a 15. a 17. a 19. b
2. c 4. d 6. a 8. d 10. d 12. d 14. d 16. b 18. a 2O.a
41.
11 - thread 7 - screw
2 - chain 4 - nut
10 - string 6 - safety pin
8 - rope 5 - pin
9 - robber band I - bolt
3 - nail

78
1 SCREW C
2 ROPE О
3 PIN N
4 NAIL N
5THREAD E
6 CHAIN C
7 NUT T
8 BOLT О
9 DRAWING R
10 SIRING S
43.
9 - axe 1 - chisel 12 - drill 7 - file
4 -- hammer 10 - screwdriver 8 - penknife 11 - plane
2 - pliers 6 - saw 5 - scissors 3 - spanner
44.
1. axe 3. hammer 5. screwdriver 7. saw 9. pickaxe
2. scissors 4. jack 6. spanner8. pliers 10. corkscrew
45
1. a 3. d 5. a 7. c 9. c
2. b 4. d 6. d 8. d 10. b
46.
1. d 5. a 9. c 13. d 17. d
2. a 6. b 10. a 14. c 18. d
3. a 7. d 11. b 15. d 19. d
4. c 8. d 12. d 16. b 20. c
47
1. a3.c5.b7. d 9. c
2. b4. d6. Ь8. c 10. a
48.
Lb 4. b 7. a 10. d 13-е
2. d 5. c 8. с 11. c 14. c
3. a 6. d 9. c 12. b 15. b
49.
1. c 4. a 7. c 10. c 13. c
2. a 5. a 8. с 11. b 14. a
3. d 6. c 9. b 12. c

79
50.
1. d З.с 5. с 7. d 9. b
2. a 4. d 6. с 8. с 10. d
51.
1. major3. isolated 5. map 7. country 9. soil
2. rural 4. bank 6. suburbs 8. countryside 10. piece
52.
1. d 2. a 3. d 4. b 5. c 6. b
53.
1. d 3. b 5. b 7. a 9. c
2. c 4. d 6. c 8. d

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. James O’Driscoll. Britain. Oxford University Press

2.Л. H. Андріанова, English reader
3. М.Я. Чистик, Учебник английского языка
4. Г.П. Ятель, Ф.К. Кузик, Англійська мова.
5. Marius Misztal, Tests in English
6.Oxford University Learner’s Dictionary.
7. G.White Sportlight on Britain. Oxford University Press.
8. Christopher Carwood, As pectofBritain & the USA, Oxford University Press
9. Randee Ealk, Spotlight on the USA, Oxford University Press
10. Liz & John Soars, Headway ,New English Course, Oxford University Press.
1 l.V.K.Shpak, English, Kyiv “Vyscha shcola” .
12. Business Basics, Student’s Book, Oxford University Press.
13. Business Basics, Wotkbook, Oxford University Press.
14. C.E.Eckcrsley, English , Kharkiv,2000
15. Michael A. Pyle.M.A.,TOEFL Cambridge University Press.

80
 CONTENTS

UNIT 1 BUILDING MATERIALS....................................................................................................... 3

TEXT 1. HISTORY OF BUILDING MATERIALS......................................................................6
TEXT 2 METALS AS BUILDING MATERIALS........................................................................ 7
TEXT3. SOMETHING ABOUT BUILDING MATERIALS..................................................... 8
UNIT 2 CONSTRUCTION OF THE HOUSE................................................................................... 10
TEXT 1. A HOUSE OF GLASS AND PLASTICS.................................................................... 12
TEXT 2. PLASTICS.......................................................................................................................... 14
TEXT 3. SKYSCRAPERS OF THE XXth CENTURY.............................................................. 15
UNIT 3 LAYOUT OF A FLAT.......................................................................................................... 16
Test 1. COVENT GARDEN............................................................................................................ 17
Te<t2. MY HOSTEL........................................................................................................................17
UNIT 4. FACING AND FINISHING MATERIALS........................................................................18
Vocabulary aid c<erases................................................................................................................. 18
UNIT 5. MODERN CONVENIENCES (AMENITIES).................................................................. 19
Text 1. HOUSING IN OUR COUNTRY......................................................................................19
TEXTS FOR DISCUSSION........................................................................................................... 20
1. AIR CONDITIONING IN BUILDING..................................................................................... 20
2. THE GROWING DEMAND FOR "READY-MADE" HOUSES........................................ 21
UNIT 6. THE STRENGTH OF MATERIALS................................................................................ 22
Ex erases........................... 22-23
UNIT7. CIVIL ENGINEERING....................................................................................................... 25
Exercises.............................................................................................................................................26
UNIT 8. ARCHITECTURE AND ARCHITECTS.......................................................................... 29
UNIT 9. DISCUSSION OF THE STORY WRITTEN AT HOME ‘HOW I DEFENDEDMY
COURSE PAPER IN ARCHITECTURE’......................................................................................... З 1
Plai...................................................................................................................................................... 31
UNIT 10. TESTPAPER: WRITE A COMPOSITION ‘A DESIGN OF MY HOUSE ‘.......... 31
UNIT 11. THE DEFENSE OF STUDENT’S COURSE PAPER ‘THE EESIGN OF MY
HOUSE”.................................................................................................................................................31
UNIT 12. MAKING UP THE ROLE-PLAY.................................................................................... 32
SUPPLEMENTARY READING........................................................................................................ 33
TEXT 1. CEMENT.......................................................................................................................... 33
ТЕXT2. SILICON............................................................................................................................33
TEXT 3 THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT.............................................................................. 33
TEXT 4 HOUSING IN GREAT BRITAIN.................................................................................. 34
TEXT 5 THE GREATEST ENGINEERING PROJECT EVER............................................... 42
TEXT 6 Practice test fromtheTCEFL................................................................................... 42
TESTS ON THE TOPIC‘‘HOUSES AND HOMES”..................................................................... 44
KEY..................................................................................................................................................... 73
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................. 8 0
CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................. 80

81
 НАВЧАЛЬНО-МЕТОДИЧНИЙ ПОСІБНИК

Литвинова В.М.

ENGLISH FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS

Литвинова B.M. ENGLISH FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS. Навчально-

методичний посібник для студентів II курсу інженерно-технічного
ф акультету (спеціальність “М іське будівництво і господарство”)- -
Ужгород, Ужгородський університет, 2002. - 80 с.

Посібник має на меті підготувати студентів П курсу інженерно-

технічного факультету (спеціальність “Міське будівництво”)для
читання науково-технічної літератури по спеціальності.
Посібник включає 12 розділів, які містять лексику, вправи і
тексти, починаючи від будівельних матеріалів до проектуванням
будинку. Для унаочнення студенти використовують свої проекти
курсових робіт по архітектурі.
В кінці подаються додаткові тексти для читання і тести з
ключами.
Рекомендується приурочити опис проектів на англійській мові
після захисту курсових робіт з архітектури в кінці третього або на
початку четвертого семестрів.

82
розтиражовано з готових оригінал-макетів
ТОВ „ВЕТА-Закарпаття”
тираж 50 прим.