Text Types 1-4 Explanations, Examples, Exercises (AFX-F23-DD)

Informative Opinionated
Type 1: Scientific, Technical, Type 2: Informative Type 3: Entertaining Type 4: Call to
Legal, Academic for the general public (opinionated/stories, Action, Persuasive
(informative for specialists) emotional)

Types research articles, university- news sections of general interest opinion pages of
level textbooks, legal news sites, trade publications, newspapers, or
documents, financial reports, publications, newspapers, blogs magazines, blogs
contracts, technical encyclopedia
manuals / protocols
Examples 1-The Lancet 1-Maclean's 1-(same as Type 2) (same as in Types 2
2-Quebec Highway Safety 2-New York Times 2-Reader's Digest and 3)
Code 3-CBC 3-The New Yorker
3-(textbooks, manuals) 4-Nat. Geographic 4-The Walrus
Audience researchers, students, general public general audience, general audience,
specialists interested in the those interested in those interested in
topic, members of a the topic the topic
specific industry
Authors scholars, researchers, staff writers, general writers, general writers,
professors, legal experts journalists, experts freelancers freelancers
Purpose share research findings with inform in an evoke emotional convince society, a
other scholars / specialists, entertaining manner responses level of
teach those in the field, government or a
provide legal / technical specific person to
information do something
Perspective 3rd person, or from the very rarely in the varies (3rd or 1st usually "we" (as a
researchers' view first person person) society)
Opinionated rarely sometimes nearly always always
/ Subjective
Vocabulary highly technical, jargon, sophisticated but more general / general, many
neutral appropriate for a everyday terms modal verbs
wider audience (should, ought to,
need to...)
Length very long (ex: over 20 pages) varies varies a few paragraphs
or 1-2 pages
Format paged documents, many paragraph (long or paragraph (long or usually short
long paragraphs short) short)
References / very many cited in few, if any, cited, but none usually, none usually
Sources bibliographies and reference links within text may although some may
list be provided provide links
Visuals rarely pictures; often graphs, very often many varies usually none
charts, tables
Topics research-based, learning more instructional or varies (wide range of varies
tools informative content)
Tone dry, formal, high-level sophisticated or varies (funny, sad, emotional, logical
general, may be fear-provoking,
specialized general interest ...)
Ads few to none some or many some or many some or many
1
 Text Types 1-4 -Examples of the same topic
Type 1
Marijuana
1-C-46.pdf (justice.gc.ca)
https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/PDF/C-46.pdf
2-Rule 1 - Licensing of Cannabis Establishments.pdf (vermont.gov)
https://ccb.vermont.gov/sites/ccb/files/2022-03/Rule%201%20-%20Licensing%20of%20Cannabis
%20Establishments.pdf
Killer Whales
1-Killer whale (Orcinus orca) population dynamics in response to a period of rapid ecosystem change in the eastern
North Atlantic - Jourdain - 2021 - Ecology and Evolution - Wiley Online Library

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ece3.8364
2- (Marine Biology) Introduction to Marine Biology | InfoBooks.org
https://www.infobooks.org/pdfview/1675-introduction-to-marine-biology-chantale-begin-jessica-fry-and-michael-
cucknell/
Type 2
Marijuana
1-7 Things You Should Know About Cannabis in Quebec | Éducaloi (educaloi.qc.ca)
https://educaloi.qc.ca/en/capsules/7-things-you-should-know-about-cannabis-in-quebec/
2-Cannabis Legalization in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia
https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/marijuana-legalization-in-canada
Killer Whales
1- Orcas found to kill blue whales, the largest animals on Earth, for first time (nationalgeographic.com)
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/orcas-can-kill-blue-whales-the-biggest-animal-on-earth
2- For the first time - orcas found to kill blue whales, the largest animals on Earth (pacificlongboarder.com)
https://www.pacificlongboarder.com/news/For-the-first-time-orcas-found-to-kill-blue-whales-the-largest-animals-on-
Earth/
Type 3
Marijuana
1-Eight strange cannabis laws in the U.S. that are hard to believe | The Growthop
https://www.thegrowthop.com/life/eight-strange-cannabis-laws-in-the-u-s-that-are-hard-to-believe
2-Hope and Healing with Cannabis: A Personal Story - Well Being Journal
https://www.wellbeingjournal.com/hope-healing-cannabis-personal-story/
Killer Whales
1-A personal reflection on time with orcas - Whale and Dolphin Conservation (whales.org)
https://uk.whales.org/2014/04/09/a-personal-reflection-on-time-with-orcas/
2-Victoria Whale Watching Report: The end of July has been has been HOT and the wildlife is ACTIVE! | Orca Spirit
https://orcaspirit.com/the-captains-blog/victoria-whale-watching-report-the-end-of-july-has-been-has-been-hot-and-
the-wildlife-is-active/
Type 4
Marijuana
1-Federal Cannabis Legalization is an Opportunity to Realize Justice and Jobs | Opinion (newsweek.com)
https://www.newsweek.com/federal-cannabis-legalization-opportunity-realize-justice-jobs-opinion-1575158
2-Opinion: Canada’s legalization of cannabis is a success story, despite a shaky first act - The Globe and Mail
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-canadas-legalization-of-cannabis-is-a-success-story-despite-a-
shaky/
Killer Whales
1-SeaWorld should retire orcas (opinion) | CNN
https://www.cnn.com/2016/03/17/opinions/seaworld-should-retire-orcas/index.html

2
 2- It is time to rethink whales in captivity | The Province
https://theprovince.com/opinion/it-is-time-to-rethink-whales-in-captivity
Examples of text types 1-4 (texts and videos from different fields)
Blue: examples of field-specific terms; Green: potentially problematic pronunciation; Purple: higher-level/nuanced; Red: errors
Text Type 1
(informative for specialists)

Video 1: (Psychology) 1. Introduction to Human Behavioral Biology - YouTube

Video 2: (Radiology/Science/Health) Medical Student Lecture: Introduction to Musculoskeletal Imaging - YouTube

Text 1: (Physiotherapy)
(type "open access" to get a range of free and easily accessible articles)
Source: Influence of commissioning arrangements on implementing and sustaining a complex healthcare intervention
(ESCAPE-pain) for osteoarthritis: a qualitative case study - ScienceDirect

Abstract
Objectives
Funding in health care has a critical impact on the implementation and sustainability of evidence-based interventions.
This study explored the perspectives of physiotherapists on the influence of commissioning arrangements on the
implementation and sustainability of a group rehabilitation programme for osteoarthritis (ESCAPE-pain).

Design
A qualitative case study approach using in-depth interviews.

Setting
National Health Service (NHS) musculoskeletal (MSK) outpatient departments in England.

Participants
Thirty physiotherapists in clinical and senior management roles from 11 NHS MSK providers.

Results
Five themes were identified: (1) clinical perspectives of ESCAPE-pain – MSK services wanted to implement and sustain
ESCAPE-pain because it provided evidence-based, quality care; (2) focusing on clinical activity over outcomes –
commissioners were perceived as prioritising activity-based performance over delivering clinical outcomes; (3)
rationing availability – patient access to ESCAPE-pain could be limited due to rationing resources; (4) absorbing costs –
contracts did not always cover the activities associated with delivering ESCAPE-pain meaning that providers bore the
costs; and (5) relationship between commissioners and providers – physiotherapists perceived a disconnect with
commissioners and had little power to influence decisions.

Conclusions
Commissioning arrangements for MSK physiotherapy services can impede providers from implementing and
sustaining a clinically and cost-effective intervention. To be implemented and sustained, an intervention needs to
integrate into clinical practice and the wider healthcare system. Commissioning arrangements for MSK physiotherapy
need to allow providers the flexibility to deliver interventions that best meet the needs of their patients. The move to
more strategic, integrated, outcome-based commissioning has the potential to facilitate the spread and sustainability
of interventions.

Keywords
Osteoarthritis, Evidence-based intervention, Implementation, Sustainability, Commissioning, ESCAPE-pain

3
Introduction
ESCAPE-pain is an evidence-based programme that integrates group education and exercise for people with knee
and/or hip osteoarthritis. It promotes self-management to reduce pain, increase function and improve quality of life,
and is more cost-effective than usual care [1], [2], [3], [4]. Groups of 10–12 people attend twice per week for 6 weeks
(12 sessions), with each session comprising 30–45 minutes of exercise and 20–25 minutes of structured education
about osteoarthritis and self-management strategies (details available at http://www.escape-pain.org/).

Since 2014, ESCAPE-pain has been transitioning from a trial-based intervention into clinical practice across England
within everyday, low-resourced ‘real-world’ settings. ESCAPE-pain provides a ‘typical’ example of an evidence-based
group rehabilitation intervention combining exercise and education for people with chronic physical
conditions [5], [6], [7], [8]. Therefore, it provides a useful case to explore the factors influencing the implementation
and sustainability of evidence-based interventions in physiotherapy services.

Text 2: (Computer Science) Python Reference Manual (mit.edu)

CHAPTER TWO
Lexical analysis
A Python program is read by a parser. Input to the parser is a stream of tokens, generated by the lexical analyzer. This
chapter describes how the lexical analyzer breaks a file into tokens. Python uses the 7-bit ASCII character set for
program text and string literals. 8-bit characters may be used in string literals and comments but their interpretation
is platform dependent; the proper way to insert 8-bit characters in string literals is by using octal or hexadecimal
escape sequences. The run-time character set depends on the I/O devices connected to the program but is generally a
superset of ASCII. Future compatibility note: It may be tempting to assume that the character set for 8-bit characters
is ISO Latin-1 (an ASCII superset that covers most western languages that use the Latin alphabet), but it is possible
that in the future Unicode text editors will become common. These generally use the UTF-8 encoding, which is also an
ASCII superset, but with very different use for the characters with ordinals 128-255. While there is no consensus on
this subject yet, it is unwise to assume either Latin-1 or UTF-8, even though the current implementation appears to
favor Latin-1. This applies both to the source character set and the run-time character set.

2.1 Line structure

A Python program is divided into a number of logical lines.

2.1.1 Logical lines

The end of a logical line is represented by the token NEWLINE. Statements cannot cross logical line boundaries except
where NEWLINE is allowed by the syntax (e.g., between statements in compound statements). A logical line is
constructed from one or more physical lines by following the explicit or implicit line joining rules.

2.1.2 Physical lines

A physical line ends in whatever the current platform’s convention is for terminating lines. On UNIX, this is the ASCII
LF (linefeed) character. On DOS/Windows, it is the ASCII sequence CR LF (return followed by linefeed). On Macintosh,
it is the ASCII CR (return) character.

2.1.3 Comments A comment starts with a hash character (#) that is not part of a string literal, and ends at the end of
the physical line. A comment signifies the end of the logical line unless the implicit line joining rules are invoked.
Comments are ignored by the syntax; they are not tokens.
Type 2
(informative for the general public)

Video 1: (Police Technology/Psychology/Correctional Intervention) Russell Williams - Above Suspicion - the fifth estate
- YouTube

4
Video 2: (Languages/Literature) Why translating literature is sometimes impossible | Mariam Mansuryan |
TEDxYouth@ISPrague - YouTube

Text 1: (Geomatics)
What is Geomatics? Definition and FAQs | OmniSci

Geomatics Definition
Geomatics refers to the methods and technologies used to collect, distribute, store, analyze, process, and present
geographic data. Geomatics encompasses the fields of geodesy, geographic information systems (GIS), global
positioning systems (GPS), hydrography, mapping, photogrammetry, remote sensing, and surveying.

FAQs
‍
What is Geomatics?
Geomatics is an applied science concerned with the collection, integration, management, and analysis
of geospatial information. Geomatics engineering professionals use a wide range of technologies, such as acoustic,
laser, satellite, and information technologies, for applications related to geography, information systems, law and
commerce, land development and planning, and land surveying. Geomatics Engineering incorporates aspects of
Computer Engineering, Software Engineering, and Civil Engineering.
‍
Geomatic Technologies
The main focus of geomatics is the technologies, products, and services involved in the gathering, analysis, and
management of spatial data. Geomatics equipment and methodologies typically integrate the following sciences and
technologies:
 geodesy and geomatics: Geodesy is an essential component of geomatics. It is the science of mathematically
determining the size and shape of the earth and the nature of the earth's gravity field.
 surveying and geomatics: Professional land surveyors use satellite, sonar, 3D scanning, software, and drone
technology to measure, map, and establish official boundaries in land, waterways, and airspace.
 lidar geomatics: lidar (Light Detection and Ranging) uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure variable
distances to the Earth to create precise, 3D information about characteristics and the shape of the Earth.
 remote sensing: Remote sensing is the science of acquiring information about an object or phenomenon by
measuring emitted and reflected radiation. There are two primary types of remote sensing instruments --
active and passive.
 location-based services: Location-based services (LBS) refers to services that are based on the location of a
mobile user as determined by the device’s geographical location. LBS applications provide services and
information that are most relevant to the user at that location.
 Geographic Information Systems: Geographic Information Systems, or GIS, are computer and software tools
for gathering and analyzing data connected to geographic locations and their relation to human or natural
activity on Earth.

Text 2: (Paralegal Technology)

Ten Steps to Estate Planning | Éducaloi (educaloi.qc.ca)

Ten Steps to Estate Planning

An estate plan helps you plan in advance what will happen to your money and property after your death.
For example, you can use it to increase your wealth to benefit people who will inherit from you. You can also use an
estate plan to reduce taxes owing when you die. But to make an estate plan, you must take action while you’re still
alive.

10 Steps
5
1. Gather your official documents.
Here are some examples of official documents:
 marriage contract, or cohabitation agreement for unmarried couples
 divorce judgment or separation agreement
 co-ownership agreement (for a home)
 life insurance policies
 tax returns
 investment statements (e.g., bank statements, RRSP statements, TFSA statements)
 financial statements and partnership or shareholder agreement for your business, if you have one

2. Prepare an inventory of what you own and your debts.
An inventory is a list of what you own and what you owe. It is extremely useful for determining your goals as you
prepare your estate plan. It also makes life easier for the person who will have to settle your affaires after your death.
Make sure it is always up to date, and keep it in a safe place.

3. Identify your goals.

What do you want for your loved ones? Your objectives are the results you want to achieve.
Possible objectives:
 help your heirs receive their shares as quickly as possible
 make sure your spouse is financially secure
 increase your wealth until your children turn
 eliminate costs around settling your affairs that might decrease your wealth
 decrease taxes so your heirs will receive as much money as possible
 prevent the person who settles your affairs from selling expensive or sentimental property to pay your debts
 transfer control of your business to your children

If you have no idea what your objectives should be, you don’t have to do this alone. A financial planner or legal
professional can analyse your situation, help you determine your objectives and suggest the right strategies.

4. Make a will.
A will is essential for expressing your wishes.
Its purpose is to
 say who will receive your property,
 name a “liquidator” (the person who will distribute your property), and
 name someone to take care of any children under 18 years old if their other parent dies before you.

5. Decrease taxes when you die.
There are several ways to decrease the taxes owed when you die, but you have to give this some thought while you’re
still alive. You also have to make sure that any taxes, debts and other costs relating to your death can be paid out of
what you leave behind.
Various professionals can help you prepare a plan. They can examine your situation and suggest ways for your heirs to
inherit as much money as possible.
Type 3
(entertaining/opinionated thoughts/stories/anecdotes)

Video 1: (Physics) Leonard Susskind - Why Black Holes are Astonishing - YouTube

Video 2: (Graphic Design) Why city flags may be the worst-designed thing you've never noticed | Roman Mars -
YouTube

Text 1: (HVAC) Realistic Manual for Installing Your New Air-Conditioner | The New Yorker
6
Product Overview
This window-mounted air-conditioner—which you shamefully purchased a mere two days after vowing to save money
and stick it out in your un-air-conditioned apartment this summer—is equipped with air vents, a temperature knob,
and a cooling knob. There are various other notable aspects of this unit, but they’re not worth explaining to you. You
barely know what any of these words mean, and you only ordered this model because it was the first item listed when
you filtered by “price, lowest to highest.”

Before First Use

Check for any damage that may have occurred during transportation. Acknowledge that the unit has incurred much
damage, likely resulting from your haphazardly heaving this enormous piece of metal up three flights of stairs to your
tiny apartment. Assume the damage isn’t that bad.
Keep packaging materials away from children—just kidding, you probably don’t have children. Put packaging
materials wherever you want. You’ll get around to throwing them away in about two weeks.

Installation
Step 1: Attach the top rail to the main unit, using the four screws provided. Oh, wait, it seems that you have somehow
already lost the screws. Skip this step and hope that things will be fine.
Step 2: Slide the left and right accordion shutters out so that they fit the frame of your window, then place the
product on the windowsill. At this point, you’ll recognize that the A.C. unit you bought is the wrong size and shape for
your window. How were you supposed to know that different windows require different units? You’re not a window
expert! Soldier on as if nothing were wrong.
Step 3: Cut the adhesive foam and stick it to the top rail of the unit. You were actually supposed to do this first, but
you read the directions wrong. Good luck cutting the foam with one hand as your other struggles to clutch the A.C.!
Step 4: Come to terms with the fact that you should never have tried to do this by yourself. Scream for your
roommate to come help you.

Text 2: (Civil Engineering/Architecture)

Why Is Canadian Architecture So Bad? | The Walrus

Why Is Canadian Architecture So Bad?

Buildings from the past fifty years have been largely uninspiring. Why don’t we take good design seriously?
BY TRACEY LINDEMAN Published 14:06, Jan. 19, 2022

WHEN OTTAWA UNVEILED THE DESIGN of its new central library in 2020, the mayor promised it would be “more
than just a building with books.” The design of the $192 million edifice, to be split between the city’s main library and
Library and Archives Canada, “connects the facility to Ottawa’s rich history and natural beauty,” the city elucidated.
“Its shape is reminiscent of the Ottawa River; its stone and wood exterior reflects the adjacent escarpment and
surrounding greenspace.”

“I feel like crying,” one onlooker told the CBC. “It’s a magnificent building.”
Not everyone was so generous with their praise. “It looks like any recent university campus build. I was hoping for
better,” one commenter on the CBC’s Facebook poll wrote. “I’m indifferent. It’s pretty beautiful, but it’s a colossal
expense that could be put in a much more cost-effective building,” another noted. Others saw the price tag and
wondered why the city was bothering at all: “Giant waste of tax dollars to pacify a very small number of people and
mostly just the employees. Times have freakin’ changed people!!!”
Since then, the Ottawa central library’s price tag has ballooned by nearly 75 percent, for a new total of $334 million—
including $28 million for a parking garage.
All of this, dear readers, is why Canadians cannot have nice architecture.
Type 4
(persuasive/call to action/call for change)
7
Video 1: (Health/Science/Paralegal Technology)
Medical assistance in dying in Canada | The National Conversation - YouTube

Video 2: (Computer Science/Electrical Engineering/Industrial Electronics)

You Deserve the Right to Repair Your Gadgets - YouTube

Text 1: (Business Management/Societies and Environments)

It's time we recognize the full value of volunteering. A simple change to the tax code could help | CBC News

It's time we recognize the full value of volunteering. A simple change to the tax code could help

A localized version of a French tax credit has the potential to unlock billions of dollars of value

In times of crisis — and 2021 had its fair share of crises — the power of voluntary citizen efforts is often seen on full
display. Volunteers are both the input and the output of resilient communities. Yet, we see in both data from
Volunteer Canada and in recurring anecdotes that non-profits are finding themselves doing more with less; and that
includes fewer volunteers.
Earlier this month, the United Nations celebrated International Volunteer Day as a time to honour the transformative
power of volunteering in our communities and encourage citizen and government support for volunteerism. This year,
Secretary General Antonio Guterres made a very specific "appeal to all governments to promote volunteering."
...
A tax credit translates into action
This tax credit acknowledges that corporate community investment is not limited to cash; our skills and efforts can be
even more meaningful. This would quantify the very real value Canadian non-profits are receiving in skilled volunteer
resources.
A localized version of the French Article 238a has the potential to unlock billions of dollars of value for all parties:
increased resources for essential operations, meaningful employee engagement opportunities, and tax rebates from a
government in need of some good news with business.
With more skilled volunteers during working hours, non-profit organizations can offset administrative costs and
redirect funds to expand services. As corporations seek to modernize their brands by demonstrating purpose, social
responsibility, commitment to the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals, and Reconciliation, skills-based volunteer
programs hold the potential for incredible impact.
We believe that Canada's new parliament can find broad agreement in this approach. In the context of a Liberal Party
promise to increase corporate taxes on banks, for example, this would be an opportunity for corporations to offset
any tax increase through tax credits — likely by reporting on volunteer programming already happening in their
organization. As an example, audits we conducted for RBC, TD, and Scotiabank show that their current volunteer
programs generate anywhere from 12,000 to 40,000 work-time volunteer hours annually; valuing these hours as a tax
credit has the potential to dramatically increase those numbers and inspire many other companies to do the same.
Low cost, high reward
The bottom line is still the bottom line, after all. By valuing volunteering, we're taking stock of the financial value of
business activities that truly improve society. In our opinion, the value created through investment in community is
both desirable and tangible. Rewarding companies that enable skills-based volunteer hours through a tax credit has
the potential to dramatically increase volunteering and inspire many other companies to do the same.
Beyond encouraging community-focused corporate behaviour, it will lead to more formal volunteering across the
country, both as employees and individuals.

Text 2: (Science/Environmental Studies/Societies and Environments)

Raising the carbon tax makes more sense than you might think | Canada's National Observer: News & Analysis

Raising the carbon tax makes more sense than you might think
8
 By Michael Bernstein | Opinion, Business, Politics | January 4th 2021

The first time I heard the phrase “carbon tax,” I admit that I was confused. I had a sense this was a policy to help
protect the environment, but I couldn’t have told you anything beyond that.

I thought of myself as someone who cared about environmental issues, but I was also busy running a small business
and trying to figure out how to be a father to a new baby. I wasn’t thinking about climate change, let alone climate
policy.

A few years later, my thinking started to change. I began seeing the impact that extreme weather was having on the
farmers who supplied my company, and it made me think about the world my son would inherit.
...
It makes me sad that taxing carbon has become a partisan issue in Canada. Carbon pricing was invented by
conservative economists, but it isn’t exclusive to any one political party. You don’t need to support Prime Minister
Justin Trudeau to support a carbon tax. Instead, you can tell your party of choice to come up with an even better
version of the policy.

For example, my organization is advocating more support for rural residents and small businesses to help them
manage the effects of the tax. Some conservatives have called for converting the carbon rebates into income tax cuts.

Nobody likes paying more taxes, even if they’re rebated back to you. But Canadians expect their leaders to address
climate change. And the facts are clear — there’s no better way to address climate change than through carbon
pricing.

PRACTICE TASKS:
1) Categorize each of the following 16 texts into one of the four text types as explained above. Be ready to justify your
choice. There is one example of each in every 4 (1-4), (5-8), (9-12), (13-16).

2) Identify five different communication techniques as seen in the Communication Techniques document in each text.

3) Identify five examples of higher-level/nuanced language in each text. Using a thesaurus and/or dictionary, write a
term or phrase that would be used more often in everyday language, or which has a more literal or basic meaning.

4) Identify five examples of basic/everyday language in each text. Using a thesaurus and/or dictionary, write a term or
phrase that would be considered a more sophisticated/nuanced term. Mention how the synonym alters the meaning
slightly, if at all.

# 1 - Text Type: ___

Type 1-Informative (Scientific/Technical/Academic)-Specialist Audience; Type 2-Informative-General Public; Type
3-Entertaining/Opinionated/Story-Telling/Emotional; Type 4-Persuasive/Call to Action/Call for Change

One of the main problems travelers face is communicating with the locals. Even if you never leave home without your
trusty phrase book, communication is as much about nonverbal cues as it is about talking. In fact, people rely more
heavily on hand gestures and body language when in situations where they are unable to verbally interact with
someone. But did you know that not all hand gestures mean the same thing in every country? In some places,
gestures that we use on a daily basis in the U.S. to portray positive emotion or agreement, for example, might mean
something highly offensive in a foreign land.

9
Take the OK sign — the simple hand signal where you put your thumb and first finger together to create a circular
shape. In the U.S. we use it to convey agreement and compliance. Yet it is seen as offensive in Greece, Spain, and
Brazil. In those countries it means that you are calling someone an a**hole. In Turkey, that sign is also an insult
toward gay people.

So aside from keeping your hands firmly in your pockets while you are traveling, what can you do to ensure that you
don’t insult the locals or end up in a bar brawl? The last time I checked, there was no section in any of my
phrasebooks for hand gestures.

1. The chin flick. Brushing the back of your hand underneath your chin in a flicking motion means “get lost” in
Belgium, northern Italy, and Tunisia. In France, this gesture is known as la barbe (”the beard”) and is the hand-sign
equivalent of macho grandstanding.
2. The fig. A clenched fist with your thumb between your first and second fingers means “screw you” (to put it mildly)
in Turkey, Russia, and Indonesia. And, in some countries it symbolizes lady parts.
3. Forearm jerk. This is the action of punching your fist into your elbow joint while raising the other fist up in front of
you. It will not get you a positive reaction in most parts of southern Europe or Brazil, and it’s used commonly by
soccer fans wanting to send an offensive message to the fans of the opposing team.
4. The moutza. In Greece, Mexico, the Middle East, and Africa, the action of raising your open hand, palm out, with
spread fingers in front of someone is a serious sign of displeasure. Possibly one of the oldest hand gestures still in use,
it dates all the way back to ancient Byzantium, when criminals were chained to donkeys and paraded through the
streets, where locals would rub their own feces onto the prisoner.
5. The cutis. Flicking your thumb from the back of your upper front teeth toward someone is seriously nasty in India
and Pakistan and simply means “f*** you.” Very nice. This sign will likely get you ejected from any place of business
and not welcomed back.
6. Five fathers. Arab and Caribbean countries see the action of pointing your right index finger and the grouped finger
tips of your left hand as a way of saying, “you have five fathers.” Or, in harsher terms, “your mother is promiscuous."
... Author and Link:
By Sophie Forbes for Yahoo! Travel
18 Gestures That Can Cause Offense Around the World | ShermansTravel
# 2 - Text Type: ___
Type 1-Informative (Scientific/Technical/Academic)-Specialist Audience; Type 2-Informative-General Public; Type
3-Entertaining/Opinionated/Story-Telling/Emotional; Type 4-Persuasive/Call to Action/Call for Change

The Covid-19 pandemic is one of the greatest challenges modern medicine has ever faced. Doctors and scientists are
scrambling to find treatments and drugs that can save the lives of infected people and perhaps even prevent them
from getting sick in the first place.
Below is an updated list of 24 of the most-talked-about treatments for the coronavirus. While some are
accumulating evidence that they’re effective, most are still at early stages of research. We also included a warning
about a few that are just bunk.
...
There is no cure yet for Covid-19. Only one treatment, a drug called remdesivir, has been approved by the F.D.A. for
the disease, and research suggests it may provide only a modest benefit to patients. The F.D.A. has
granted emergency use authorization to other treatments, some of which have yet to be supported by the results of
large-scale, randomized clinical trials. Scientists are also studying a wide range of other potential treatments, but most
are still in early stages of research.
...
We will update and expand the list as new evidence emerges. For details on evaluating treatments, see the Covid-19
10
Treatment Guidelines from the National Institutes of Health. For the current status of vaccine development, see
our Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker.
This list provides a snapshot of the latest research on the coronavirus, but does not constitute medical endorsements.
Always consult your doctor about treatments for Covid-19.

What the Labels Mean

WIDELY USED: These treatments have been used widely by doctors and nurses to treat patients hospitalized for
diseases that affect the respiratory system, including Covid-19.

PROMISING EVIDENCE: Early evidence from studies on patients suggests effectiveness, but more research is
needed. This category includes treatments that have shown improvements in morbidity, mortality and recovery in at
least one randomized controlled trial, in which some people get a treatment and others get a placebo.

TENTATIVE OR MIXED EVIDENCE : Some treatments show promising results in cells or animals, which need to be
confirmed in people. Others have yielded encouraging results in retrospective studies in humans, which look at
existing data rather than starting a new trial. Some treatments have produced different results in different
experiments, raising the need for larger, more rigorously designed studies to clear up the confusion. ...
Author and Link:
By Katherine J. Wu, Carl Zimmer and Jonathan Corum Updated Aug. 4, 2021
Coronavirus Drug and Treatment Tracker - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
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326.1. The driver of a road vehicle shall not cross any of the following roadway markings:
(1) a solid single line;
(2) a solid double line;
(3) a double line consisting of a broken line and a solid line, the latter being adjacent to the lane in which the road
vehicle is moving;
(4) crosshatch markings.
In addition to (transition) what is provided for in section 344, subparagraph 1 of the second paragraph of section 348
and section 378, the first paragraph does not apply if the driver can safely
(1) enter a public highway from the shoulder from a private road or from private land;
(2) leave a lane that is obstructed or closed to traffic;
(3) make a left turn to enter a private road or private land;
(4) make a right turn to pull onto the shoulder or enter a private road or private land;
(5) enter a lane reserved for left turns from either direction; or
(6) cross a traffic lane reserved for the exclusive use of certain vehicles.
1990, c. 83, s. 138; 2018, c. 7, s. 78.
§ 2. — Speed limits and distance between vehicles

327. Any rate of speed or any action that can endanger human life and safety or property is prohibited.
In addition to public highways, this section applies on highways under the administration of or maintained by the
Ministère des Ressources naturelles et de la Faune, on private roads open to public vehicular traffic, as well as on land
occupied by shopping centres and other land where public traffic is allowed.
11
1986, c. 91, s. 327; 1990, c. 83, s. 139; 1998, c. 40, s. 92; 2003, c. 8, s. 6; 2006, c. 3, s. 35.

328. Except on roads where the opposite is indicated by signs or signals and without restricting the scope of section
327, no person may drive a road vehicle at a speed
(1) of less than 60 km/h or more than 100 km/h on autoroutes, unless
(a) an illuminated, variable message signal shows the minimum or maximum rate of speed authorized on a certain
part of the autoroute, according to the circumstances and the time of day, such as weather conditions or rush-hour;
or
(b) a special permit authorizing the use of an outsized vehicle requires that the vehicle be driven at a lower speed;
(2) in excess of 90 km/h on public highways surfaced with concrete, asphalt or a similar material;
(3) in excess of 70 km/h on gravel highways;
(4) in excess of 50 km/h in a built-up area, except on autoroutes; …
Link:
C-24.2 - Highway Safety Code (gouv.qc.ca)
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Refusing to Wear a Mask Is Like Driving Drunk

Republicans talk a good game about “personal responsibility.” It’s time for President Trump’s supporters to actually
display some.

As the coronavirus rages out of control across much of the United States, Americans are acting curiously helpless.
If we had been this passive in 1776, we would still be part of Britain. Yet even as we prepare to celebrate the Fourth
of July, we don’t seem willing to assert independence from a virus that in four months has killed more Americans than
the Korean, Vietnam, Gulf, Afghanistan and Iraq wars did over 70 years.

Here’s the simplest of steps we could take: Wear a face mask.

In the United States, mask-wearing lags, particularly among men, compared with some other countries. A poll finds
that many American men regard the wearing of face masks as “a sign of weakness,” and President Trump’s refusal to
wear them has suggested that he perceives that masks are for wimps.

Trump may now be switching gears, for he told Fox Business on Wednesday that he’s “all for masks” and would wear
one if he were “in a tight situation with people.” He shouldn’t waste time: He should tweet a photo of himself in a
mask and call on supporters to wear masks as well. Refusing to cover one’s face is reckless, selfish behavior that
imperils the economy and can kill or endanger innocent people.

A review of 172 studies in The Lancet medical journal found that “face mask use could result in a large reduction in
risk of infection.” An article in Health Affairs found that state mask mandates, which cover about half the population,
may have averted more than 230,000 coronavirus infections.

For one study this year, reported in Clinical Infectious Diseases, researchers placed hamsters with the coronavirus in
cages next to those without the virus, and found that when surgical masks were used as a barrier between the cages
infections plunged by more than half.
…
No, it’s not. Refusing to wear a mask is no more a “personal choice” than is drinking all evening and then stumbling
into your car and heading down the road. In a time of plague, shunning a face mask is like driving drunk, putting
everyone in your path in danger.
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Author and Link:
By Nicholas Kristof, Opinion Columnist, July 1, 2020
Opinion | Refusing to Wear a Mask Is Like Driving Drunk - The New York Times (nytimes.com)
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PRÉALABLES RELATIFS : 101-AEG-04, 411-AEC-04

PRÉSENTATION DU COURS ET DE SON CONTENU
L'archiviste médical se réfère constamment aux inscriptions médicales du dossier de l'usager. Dans les cours de
médecine, l'étudiant apprend à mettre en relation de façon pertinente les principaux symptômes, tests de dépistage,
moyens d'investigation, diagnostics, complications et les traitements médicaux et chirurgicaux associés aux états
pathologiques les plus courants et les plus morbides en tenant compte des avancées médicales et chirurgicales.
Principaux éléments de contenu: maladies infectieuses; obstétrique et gynécologie; système urinaire et néphrologie;
terminologie (les synonymes et les éponymes courants) incluant celle de l'équipement et de l'instrumentation de la
salle d’opération.

De plus, les tumeurs malignes font également l'objet de leçons plus approfondies lors de l'étude des systèmes. Dans
les cours de médecine subséquents, l'étudiant poursuit l'acquisition du vocabulaire spécialisé. Il revoit aussi, de façon
plus fine et du point de vue de leurs dysfonctionnements, les composantes anatomiques étudiées dans les cours de
Biologie médicale I et II. Enfin, il mettra à profit ses nouvelles connaissances en pathologie dans les cours d'Analyse et
codage I, II et III, plus particulièrement en Analyse et codage II (411-129-AH).

PRINCIPALES ACTIVITÉS D'APPRENTISSAGE

L'étudiant se prépare à l'étude d'un système en révisant ses notes de cours sur la structure des composantes
anatomiques et la physiologie du système en cause.
En classe et en laboratoire, il identifie les éléments-clés sur planches anatomiques, vidéos ou présentation visuelle.
Individuellement, il peut faire une recherche en pharmacothérapie à partir d'ordonnances médicales, à l'aide du
Compendium des produits et spécialités pharmaceutiques. À l'aide d'une grille d'analyse, seul ou en groupe,
oralement et par écrit, il met en relation, en employant les termes appropriés, tous les éléments pertinents du dossier
de l'usager correspondant à une (des) pathologie(s) désignée(s). Il étudie le contenu des protocoles opératoires en
lien avec le codage des interventions. Enfin, il peut aussi faire un travail similaire sur une pathologie qui n'aurait pas
été vue en classe.
Link:

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Abstract
The aim of the study is to evaluate the minimum number of renal scans required to follow pediatric patients
postpyeloplasty. We prospectively reviewed the renal scans of 145 children with unilateral pelvi-ureteric junction
obstruction who underwent dismembered pyeloplasty. Patients were then divided into four groups based on
preoperative split renal function. All patients were followed with renal scan and ultrasound for minimum of 4 years.
Renal scan and ultrasound were done after stent removal at 3, 6, and 12 months and then yearly after surgery.
Drainage pattern (T1/2) was seen in all groups, except in patients where there was no comment on drainage pattern.
Statistical analysis was performed using the Friedman ANOVA and Wilcoxon signed-ranks test as a post hoc test with
13
Bonferroni correction and Kruskal–Wallis test with Mann–Whitney U-test as a post hoc test with Bonferroni
correction. On comparison of the pattern of drainage with time in Groups 1–4, it was found that there was no
significant difference with time in Group 1. Then, further, using Wilcoxon signed-rank test as post hoc test for
Friedman ANOVA, Group 2 showed statistically significant difference in drainage pattern in scans between 6 months
and 1 year, Group 3 showed statistically significant difference in drainage pattern in scans between 3 months and 1
year, and Group 4 showed statistically significant difference in drainage pattern in scans done between 3 and 6
months (P < 0.05). Minimum of three renal scans were required for paediatric patients post pyeloplasty at 3 months, 6
months and 1 year in the follow up period.

Keywords: Drainage, pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction, pyeloplasty, renal scan

Introduction
Pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) is defined as an obstruction of the urine flow from the renal pelvis to the
proximal ureter. The resultant back pressure within the renal pelvis due to obstruction may lead to progressive renal
damage. PUJO has been classically treated through the standard open approach with outstanding results. Since
Anderson-Hynes (AH) reported the first dismembered pyeloplasty, a great number of authors have published
excellent results, with overall success rates of 90%–100%. [1],[2],[3],[4]

The goal of the surgery is to improve renal drainage and to maintain or improve renal function. After pyeloplasty, we
generally follow these patients with renal scan at different intervals of time, symptoms, and ultrasound kidney-ureter-
bladder (KUB) region. Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) renal scan is a procedure which involves minimal
but some radiation exposure.[5],[6] Hence, how long to follow these patients with renal scan and minimum number of
scans required for follow-up? We try to answer these questions through this prospective observational study.

The mean age was 4.48 ± 0.197 years at the time of operation with boy-to-girl ratio of 1.84. Of 145 patients, 64 were
symptomatic, while remaining 81 patients were incidentally diagnosed [Table 1] and [Table 2].

Using the Friedman ANOVA test, when we compared the pattern of drainage with time in Groups 1–4, it was found
that there was no significant difference with time in Group 1 (P = 0.691), while rest of the groups showed statistically
significant difference with time (P = 0.000) [Table 3] and [Graph 1].
…
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Authors and Link:
To evaluate the minimum number of renal scans required to follow pediatric patient postpyeloplasty Verma S, Saxena
P, Singh SK, Khandpur S, Deswal S, Kumar N, Singh A - World J Nucl Med (wjnm.org)
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Richard Linklater Talks the Future of Cinema—in His Own Empty Theatre

For much of this past spring, the scene in Austin, Texas, felt like the dream that Richard Linklater describes in the
opening monologue of “Slacker”—the early-nineties film that he wrote, acted in, and shot in the city. “Man, I just had
the weirdest dream, back on the bus there?” his character tells a disinterested cabdriver. “There was nothing going on
at all. Man, it was like ‘The Omega Man.’ There was just nobody around. . . . When I was at home, I was, like, flipping
through the TV stations endlessly, reading.” Austin issued its first stay-at-home order on March 24th, as the number
of coronavirus cases in Texas approached a thousand. Then, on May 1st, hours after reporting a record-high single-
14
day death toll, the state initiated its reopening process. The governor, Greg Abbott, invited businesses to reopen at
reduced capacity.

In Austin, some shops and restaurants opened their doors immediately; Cisco’s, a popular Tex-Mex diner, used blue
painter’s tape to block out alternating stools at the counter, while Texas Chili Parlor, a restaurant in the shadow of the
state capitol, seated customers in its back room. Others were more reluctant. A.F.S. Cinema, the movie theatre run by
the Austin Film Society—a group that Linklater founded, in 1985—was the first theatre to announce that it would
remain closed. (“Whatever control experiment the government seems to want to be doing right now, we’re not going
to be on the front end of that,” Linklater later explained.) Others followed suit: as of July, only five of the more than
twenty theatres in the Austin area have attempted to reopen.

The other day, Linklater drove forty minutes from his home, southeast of Austin, into the city, to go to the movies. He
pulled up at a white-stucco strip mall that is sandwiched between chain hotels and empty lots, and headed toward
the corner of the building, where the A.F.S. Cinema has operated since 2013. The theatre shows independent, foreign,
and experimental movies, with a soft spot for films made in Texas. Linklater, the Austin Film Society’s artistic director,
no longer calls all the organization’s shots, but he still curates screenings for the cinema—including a “never-ending”
run of films from the nineteen-eighties. The week the theatre closed, in March, had originally been committed to
screenings for the South by Southwest festival. (The entire festival was cancelled owing to the pandemic, too.) …
Author and Link:
By Elena Saavedra Buckley July 18, 2020
Richard Linklater Talks the Future of Cinema—in His Own Empty Theatre | The New Yorker
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If we're going to tackle systemic racism, we need to rethink how we teach history
Grade 10 history class barely touched on BIPOC issues and perspectives, writes high school student
This column is an opinion by Nasima Fancy, a high school student in Toronto.

I felt dissatisfied as I neared the end of my Grade 10 history course earlier this year. As somebody who enjoys learning
about Canadian history on my own, what my textbook and curriculum outlined wasn't nearly good enough. And given
the protests across the country supporting the Black Lives Matter movement that have been shining a light on
systemic racism in Canada, this felt even more problematic.

There are simply too many important events and aspects of historical Canadian life that weren't mentioned or
emphasized nearly enough in high school history class.

Ontario's Grade 10 curriculum takes students from the start of the First World War to present day. However, it's up to
individual teachers and textbook writers to decide what examples from this time period they choose to include in
their lessons. Restraints on time, textbook page counts, and general bias make it quite easy to avoid historical events
that are inclusive of Black, Indigenous, and People of Colour (BIPOC) experiences.

These events include appalling examples of cultural and social segregation in Canada, as well as the Sixties Scoop and
Africville. If we don't tackle these topics in school, then we are holding our society back from learning not just about
history but also from history, and that's how racism perpetuates.
15
We need to rethink how we teach history. Here are three suggestions.

1. Teaching students historical events beyond their political significance

Too often, historical education is limited to the role of pioneers, settlers, and the governments they eventually
formed. Students must be taught about historical events from perspectives that go beyond their political significance.

Everyday individuals were affected by these events, and often still are. Students need to hear their first-hand accounts
and stories.

For example, when it comes to teaching the tragedy of Air India flight 182, there is more to it than the Mulroney
government's response, or lack thereof. We need to explore the experiences of those who lost loved ones, whose
pain was for far too long overlooked. The lessons we take from this tragedy must go beyond looking at the role of
terrorism, and take into account its effect on everyday Canadians turned victims.

2. Rethinking how much of our history we shield students from

Students cannot be sheltered from the harsh realities that come with the history of our country.

Too often, subjects like slavery and segregation are swept under the rug. With other atrocities, such as residential
schools, brutalities by the RCMP, the Sixties Scoop, and land settlement disputes, we barely scrape the surface.

It's undeniable these are difficult topics to discuss. However, students continue to see the effects of systemic racism
daily — perhaps more than the general public may think. It's not like we don't hear individuals calling each other
terrorists or derogatory terms like the N-word as we walk down the hallways of our schools. It also isn't uncommon
for us to see generational poverty and police brutality daily in our news cycles and social media feeds. ...

3. Emphasize analysis and critical thinking

Our schooling puts too much emphasis on learning names, dates, and key events, instead of encouraging students to
fully contemplate the consequences of those historical events. Students must be taught to emphasize evidence,
analysis, and critical thinking. There should also be a clear mandate for teachers and textbook writers to ensure that
BIPOC perspectives are taught in full and no longer ignored…
Author and Link:
Nasima Fancy · for CBC News Opinion · Posted: Jul 31, 2020 4:00 AM ET | Last Updated: July 31, 2020
If we're going to tackle systemic racism, we need to rethink how we teach history | CBC News
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HVAC Survival Stories

Here are stories of two successful HVAC contractors who persevered and succeeded in the face of challenging times.
They never gave up on their dreams, and did what they had to do.

After 30+ years in the industry, I totally admit that I am the most blatant thief there is. Charles Caleb Colton was the
first one to write, “Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery.” I believe that, because I steal the very best ideas and
examples that can be found and share them over and over again. And with this column it will continue.

16
Story 1: Imagine a cool fall day in central Oregon. A fantastic place to be. A fantastic place to live.
But not this day. Don Todd sat on the curb. Beside him was his professional life — his tool box. Don had just been
fired, and he was waiting for his wife, Kathie, to pick him up. Don looked skyward wondering, What was in store for
him (what was going to happen to him)? He was the ideal service technician. Don’s customers loved him; he had
standout diagnostic skills for electrical, mechanical and airflow issues. His boss even loved him for Don had the
highest conversion ratio and the highest average service tickets.

So what happened? Don had a dream and his boss found out about it before Don was quite ready. A story similar to
many of yours.

This was in 1993. But fast forward 23 years and where is Central Oregon Heating & Cooling of Redmond, Oregon
today? A $9 million plus business with three locations, diversified in commercial, residential replacement and some
new construction and a bonus plan for employees that has paid out over a half million dollars.

So what happened? A dream and the determination to make it happen.

Miley Cyrus in her song, “The Climb” said it this way:

“I can almost see
That dream I’m dreaming
But there’s a voice inside my head saying
“You’ll never reach it
. . . The struggles I’m facing
The chances I’m taking ‘ Sometimes might knock me down
But no, I’m not breaking
Just gotta keep goin...

Don’t lose the dream! And implement. No one implements better than Don. He internalizes an idea, processes it,
explains it to his team, sees that training happens if necessary and then just expects that it will happen. And it does.
The key is to keep moving. …
Author and Link:
Vicki LaPlant -Jul 12, 2016
HVAC Survival Stories | Contracting Business
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The Fight to Save Public Transit

COVID-19 has accelerated an already dire transit crisis. Why can’t we make ridership free?

It was 2 a.m. on a cold mid-February night in Edmonton, and Laura Kruse had just finished writing her speech. Eight
hours later, she was standing before a press conference assembled at city hall, alongside representatives from a
disability advocacy organization and the head of the local transit union, and Free Transit Edmonton officially launched.
“Our goal is simple: good and free transit,” Kruse told the reporters and activists gathered. “We want to stop
collecting user fees to subsidize our public transportation system. We want to see public transit funded like our
libraries, schools, hospitals, and other public services—open and accepting of all, regardless of their ability to pay. And
17
we want to see our transit service expanded and improved, with a system that is so safe, accessible, and reliable that
it is the preferred method of transportation for every Edmontonian.”

The frigid weather didn’t stop members of the new advocacy group from immediately heading out in pairs after the
press conference, petition in hand, to gather signatures in support of the campaign. Their demands of city council
included eliminating bus fares, improving service, and keeping transit publicly owned and operated—all measures to
improve ridership, accessibility, and driver safety. Yet, in a car culture like Alberta’s, it was sure to be an uphill battle.
Transit spending in the province’s capital has flatlined, with the city’s support for the system’s operating budget
increasing by only 7.87 percent between 2015 and 2019—barely keeping up with inflation, let alone population
growth. Over the same period, fares have crept up to $3.50, and the city recently proposed increasing them to $4 by
2021, which would mean a 25 percent spike since 2015. (Many factors affect transit usage, but a report this year from
the Victoria Transport Policy Institute indicates that every fare increase results in fewer riders.)

Meanwhile, the percentage of Edmontonians regularly riding transit is stagnating at 9 percent, according to the CBC,
while total ridership—especially on buses—has declined by millions of rides per year. Lack of affordability, reliability,
frequency, and accessibility on transit means that private vehicles, including ride-hailing services like Uber, continue
to dominate transportation. Meanwhile, bad transit service disproportionately affects riders who are poor, racialized,
and/or have mobility limitations. All told, it’s no wonder residents wanted a change.

“It was freezing cold, but we still managed to get 150-plus signatures that first day, when nobody was really out,”
recalls Kruse, who missed the first round of petitioning but planned to join her fellow activists on future outings. “I
was really excited to hit the streets all summer.” …
Author and Link:
BY JAMES WILT Updated 12:11, Aug. 17, 2021 | Published 15:29, Aug. 4, 2020
The Fight to Save Public Transit | The Walrus
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Traduction des énoncés en incise du discours direct : l'apport de la linguistique contrastive

La linguistique contrastive, comme initiée dans les travaux précurseurs de J. Guillemin-Flescher (1981 et suivants),
possède plusieurs potentiels d’application, dont celui de l’enseignement de la traduction. Malgré la diffusion des
travaux contrastivistes [1][1]La revue Linguistique contrastive et traduction publiée chez… , le cours de version ou de
thème demeure dans l’espace universitaire majoritairement enseigné sans que les apports de l’approche contrastive
ne soient mentionnés. Cette situation, qui s’explique en partie parce que le cours de traduction est souvent confié aux
spécialistes de littérature plutôt qu’aux spécialistes de linguistique, se trouve aujourd’hui en contradiction avec deux
réalités nouvelles : la multiplication dès les années 1990 des cursus professionnalisant en traduction et l’épreuve de
fait de langue du CAPES d’anglais, clairement voulue comme un fait de langue comparé mobilisant des compétences
grammaticales et énonciatives dans les deux langues. Ces réalités nécessiteraient que la traduction, et tout
particulièrement la version, soit enseignée dans une perspective linguistique, la seule perspective qui soit susceptible
d’expliquer les phénomènes récurrents de non-équivalence et de fournir une méthodologie qui mette l’apprenant en
mesure d’éviter la production de calques en tout genre.
2Le but de cet article est de montrer, par l’exemple, l’intérêt de fonder le cours de traduction sur l’analyse
contrastiviste. Dans un travail qui par nature mobilise déjà des compétences linguistiques individuelles, l’adossement

18
à la réflexion théorique linguistique est nécessaire.
3Le fait de langue qui servira d’exemple est celui de la traduction des énoncés en incise dans les dialogues, comme
illustré ci-dessous dans les segments en gras :
(1)
“Always runnin’,” I said. / – Toujours en courant, précisai-je.

L’intérêt d’étudier la traduction des énoncés en incise, en cours de version, est double. Tout d’abord il permet de
présenter en cours de traduction les 3 niveaux auxquels sont observés linéairement les différences récurrentes entre
l’anglais et le français : niveaux lexical, intra-phrastique, inter-phrastique. Ensuite, ce fait de langue constitue un point
d’entrée particulièrement intéressant dans les études contrastives appliquées à la traduction littéraire. En effet, il
permet d’aborder l’articulation entre récit et discours au sein des narrations. Quelles sont les stratégies spécifiques
aux deux langues dans l’articulation discours direct/récit ? Quelles incidences existe-t-il au niveau du codage
linguistique (choix des verbes, ordre des mots, mise en place, non-traduction etc.) ? …
Author and Link:
 Lucie Gournay
 Dans Éla. Études de linguistique appliquée 2013/4 (n°172), pages 397 à 413
Traduction des énoncés en incise du discours direct : l'apport de la linguistique contrastive | Cairn.info
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Il n’y a pas si longtemps, au Canada, toute activité commerciale était interdite le dimanche. Nos archives montrent
que l’abolition de la Loi sur l’observance du dimanche a d’ailleurs soulevé tout un débat.
La Loi sur l’observance du dimanche datait de 1907.
Tranquillement, des Canadiens d’autres confessions religieuses font valoir leur droit de ne pas accorder de valeur
particulière au dimanche, l'équivalent du jour du sabbat dans la religion catholique.
Ils font pression pour que les établissements commerciaux puissent ouvrir le dimanche en toute légalité.
En 1985, en se basant sur la toute récente Charte canadienne des droits et libertés, la Cour suprême du Canada juge
inconstitutionnelle la Loi sur l’observance du dimanche.

Chaque province doit toutefois légiférer en la matière.

Comme le montre ce débat à l’émission Au jour le jour du 9 mars 1984, l’ouverture des commerces le dimanche ne
fait pas l’unanimité.

L’Église catholique n’est pas la seule à s’y opposer. Consommateurs et employeurs sont partagés sur la question.
Interrogé par l’animateur Normand Harvey, le président du Conseil québécois du commerce de détail affirme que la
majorité des commerçants de son association ne souhaitent pas de changement à leur horaire.
Il défend que l’ouverture le dimanche représenterait des dépenses additionnelles, et non des revenus.

On ne crée pas plus d'argent. Le consommateur a tant d'argent à dépenser toute la semaine. Si vous lui donnez sept
jours pour dépenser ces sommes-là au lieu de six, le commerçant ne fait plus d'argent, mais augmente ses dépenses.
Guy Poirier, du Conseil québécois du commerce de détail
Le président de l’Association des consommateurs du Québec milite pour sa part pour plus de souplesse et de variation
dans les heures d’ouverture des commerces.

Selon un sondage, une faible majorité de Québécois ne ressentent pas le besoin de faire des achats le dimanche.
Ce n’est cependant pas le cas des familles où les deux parents travaillent et les familles monoparentales qui
souhaiteraient faire le dimanche ce qu’elles n’ont pas le temps de faire le reste de la semaine.

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Tous autour de la table s’entendent toutefois sur l'idée que le dimanche devrait être considéré comme un jour de
repos et non plus comme le jour du Seigneur.

Nous, comme consommateur, on dit : toutes les entreprises sont là pour nous servir. Que celles qui peuvent le faire le
fassent, conclut Jean-Claude Beauchamp de l’Association des consommateurs du Québec.

Steinberg mène le bal

Steinberg a été la première chaîne d'alimentation à ouvrir le dimanche au Québec.
Moins d’une semaine après l’adoption de la loi sur les heures d’affaires le dimanche, Steinberg est le premier grand de
l’alimentation à réagir. À compter du 8 juillet, ses magasins seront ouverts à la clientèle, mais avec cinq employés
seulement.

La journaliste Ghyslaine Bouffard

En 1990, Québec adopte une nouvelle loi sur l’ouverture des commerces qui limite à cinq le nombre d’employés sur
place le dimanche.
Cet assouplissement est loin de faire l’unanimité. Les dépanneurs craignent de voir leurs activités diminuer et les
syndicats s'inquiètent que leurs membres doivent travailler obligatoirement le dimanche. …
Link:
Le dimanche : jour du Seigneur, jour de repos ou jour de travail? | Radio-Canada.ca
Radio-Canada 2020-04-03 | Mis à jour le 16 août 2021
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Type 1-Informative (Scientific/Technical/Academic)-Specialist Audience; Type 2-Informative-General Public; Type
3-Entertaining/Opinionated/Story-Telling/Emotional; Type 4-Persuasive/Call to Action/Call for Change

My School’s Kitchen Catastrophe

Growing up in 1970s Toronto, my reality was rooted in the strictly defined gender roles of the nuclear family. So you
can imagine how novel we found it when my public school began offering Grade 8 boys’ cooking as part of the
curriculum. I promptly signed up. At our first class, I looked around at my dozen or so fellow pioneers. Our culinary
expertise ranged from “absolutely no cooking experience” to “almost no cooking experience.” As a growing boy, I
seemed to be hungry all day long. The good news, then, was that we had to eat what we cooked. The bad news was
that we had to eat what we cooked. We started off slowly with a classic, the boiled egg. I was not aware there were
quite so many ways to botch the dish. Next we tackled toast, grilled cheese sandwiches, canned SpaghettiOs, French
toast—for a European gourmet touch—and chocolate chip cookies. By late in the term, we were feeling confident,
even cocky, in the kitchen. Then came our culinary comeuppance: Rodeo Stuffed Hot Dogs. They were our
culminating assignment—the Grade 8 equivalent of a Ph.D. dissertation. The class was split into teams to make the
complex and challenging dish, which involved stuffing wieners full of medium cheddar cheese, wrapping them in
strips of bacon anchored by toothpicks, then baking and broiling the entire creation to perfection. To an adolescent
boy, hot dogs, cheese and bacon all at once was nothing short of nirvana. The preparation proceeded satisfactorily.
Even the baking seemed to progress as intended, the cheese melting and the bacon sizzling. But my team ran into
trouble when we turned on the broiler to brown our masterpieces. It really wasn’t our fault; we were distracted by
the members of another group, who were busy extracting their Rodeo Stuffed Hot Dogs from the oven and placing
them on the counter to cool. The aroma was tantalizing. We huddled around those heavenly hot dogs and were
mesmerized, paralyzed … until plumes of black smoke rising from our neglected oven abruptly ended our reverie. It
was only a small fire, but there seemed to be much more smoke than four incinerated wieners could possibly have
produced. Still, we were saluted as that day’s heroes, thanks to the fire alarm, ensuing evacuation and early dismissal
of the entire student body. – Terry Fallis …

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Author and Link:
Reader's Digest Canada Updated: Oct. 04, 2018
https://www.readersdigest.ca/culture/hilarious-classroom-stories/
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3-Entertaining/Opinionated/Story-Telling/Emotional; Type 4-Persuasive/Call to Action/Call for Change

Opinion: Nova Scotia's next government needs to invest in the doctor-patient relationship
Building a relationship with a family doctor takes time, but it can mean a longer, healthier life

"Are you taking new patients?"

Every family doctor in the province has heard that question more than once — in their offices, at the grocery store,
and in text messages from friends looking for a family doctor for a loved one. More often than not, the answer is a
regretful no, and another name gets added to the province's waiting list, which stood at 69,000 people as of July 1.

But Nova Scotians need good primary care — and to deliver it we need to decide what "good primary care" looks like.
Without that understanding, we cannot know whether patients are getting the health care they deserve.

Why having access to a doctor isn't the same as having one

For many people, primary care means being able to go to their family doctor or nurse practitioner to manage chronic
medical conditions or new concerns as they come up.

It can also mean going to the emergency department, a walk-in clinic, or even a virtual care visit. These services
provide episodic care — and they are great for emergencies or one-off concerns.

But these types of visits cannot replace the continuity of care you get from having a dedicated family doctor or nurse
practitioner. That care is based on a longstanding relationship created through many clinical encounters over time.
Your provider gets to know you, your life, your circumstances — all the things that go into making you healthy.

This isn't a Pollyanna perspective from a family doctor; a study in the UK found that having a relationship with a
regular physician is actually associated with living longer.

So, how do we deliver effective primary care to Nova Scotians? The next government will need to invest in it — both
by hiring more providers and by changing the way that existing ones are paid so that they can spend more time with
patients and with patients' families when they need it. This means rethinking fee codes, payment models and what
governments expect from family doctors and nurse practitioners.

Because we know that relationships built over time matter, we should encourage relationship-based medicine — just
as we invest in specialists, emergency departments and surgical suites. …
Author and Link:
Dr. Aruna Dhara · for CBC News · Posted: Jul 28, 2021 6:00 AM AT | Last Updated: July 28
Opinion: Nova Scotia's next government needs to invest in the doctor-patient relationship | CBC News
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Type 1-Informative (Scientific/Technical/Academic)-Specialist Audience; Type 2-Informative-General Public; Type
3-Entertaining/Opinionated/Story-Telling/Emotional; Type 4-Persuasive/Call to Action/Call for Change

Lily, whose name has been changed to protect her privacy, constantly wishes she could be in three places at once.

The school counsellor in Newfoundland services three different secondary schools in the province. This equates to
roughly 500 different students at a time — a system that requires lots of planning, co-ordination and communication
on her part.

“I wish I could pause time for everyone else, keep working and then unpause them so my preparation… didn’t cut into
the time and energy I have to spend on young people,” she said.

She’s often asked to help with career planning, but whether she has time to facilitate that in any robust way depends
on whether or not there are other, more pressing issues at hand.

“Individual counselling sessions occupy a lot of my time, as well as the co-ordination of services with outside groups
and agencies,” she explained. “My psychoeducational assessment reporting is [also] very time-consuming.”

From navigating the labyrinth of online application portals to writing personal statements of experience and applying
for financial aid, preparing to leave high school can be an extremely demanding process. Most students can’t do it
alone, and they shouldn’t have to, experts say.

According to the Canadian Counselling and Psychotherapy Association (CCPA), school counsellors have a role to play
— but more often than not, they feel stretched and pulled in several directions, often away from career counselling.
In the long run, this is hurting our students and their futures.

The role of a school counsellor

The CCPA says a core task of school counsellors is to support students’ career development. This is in addition to
supporting personal, social and educational development, as well as promoting mental health and well-being.
When a counsellor has the time and energy to perform these duties effectively, research shows that students are
more successful.

A 2013 study found that group counselling interventions by a school counsellor significantly improved the
organizational skills, time management skills and motivation to succeed in Grade 9 and 10 students, which improved
achievement overall.

In 2011, researchers found that high school students who have at least one interaction with their school counsellor
are significantly more likely to apply to post-secondary schools than those who didn’t have any contact. A 2014 study
determined that adding one more counsellor to a given high school can increase student enrollment in four-year post-
secondary programs by 10 per cent.

A counsellor’s ability to perform effectively can be impacted by the number of students they are assigned, and that’s
when the complicated topic of student-to-school counsellor ratio comes in. …
Link:
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Canadian school Counsellors are stretched thin – and it’s our students that suffer – CSC
September 24, 2019
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ABSTRACT
Through the lived experiences of 26 New Mexicans, this inquiry investigates how colonization impacts identity
through the generations, particularly looking at historical trauma and education. The findings demonstrate the
importance of decolonizing spaces within educational settings. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the need for
viewing educational systems and spaces through a Tribal Critical Race Theory (TribalCrit) and Indigenous Storywork
lens that lead Indigenous students in finding face (one’s identity), finding foundation (one’s greatest potential/full
expression) and finding heart (one’s flow with the creator). The lens of TribalCrit enables the creation of a space
where Indigenous students are empowered by their educational institutions in exploring their cultural and academic
identity.

That being said, this dissertation needs to engage in aspects of decolonization. In the conceptualization and
implementation of the decolonizing approach, an Indigenous and Western academic knowledge was sought and
found in the following devices: Indigenous storywork protocol, conversation as method for data collection, data
analysis in the usage of boxed writing, and arts-based research in data presentation. By merging iii Indigenous
knowledge with Western concepts, I’m recognizing that a dissertation cannot be fully decolonized, but an attempt
should still be made.

Thus, this dissertation attempts to move towards decolonization in several ways. First, I utilized Jo-Ann Archibald’s
(2008) seven Indigenous Storywork principles. Her seven principles permeated everything I did from beginning to end.
The research questions are as follows:
Overarching research questions
● How do the identities of one Indigenous family inform our understanding of colonization? The following sub
questions asked:
● How is knowledge generated within a family context?
● How does education impact Indigenous self-identity and the identity of family?
● What are the contributions of Indigenous scholars on curriculum studies?
…
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Pronunciation Guide & Key Terminology
For Indigenous people, it is important to practice the language of our ancestors as settler colonialism has tried, almost
successfully, to eradicate these languages spoken (San Miguel Jr & Donato, 2010). Because this research investigation
is grounded in the work of decolonization, it is important that before I explain the investigation, that I introduce the
language to the readers. This pronunciation guide and key terminology section is an attempt to familiarize the reader
with the Nahuatl language and other key terms used in this investigation.

Pronunciation Guide
A language originating in early Mesoamerica, perhaps specifically in what is present day Chaco Canyon and New
Mexico, Nahuatl was used as the official language out of 170 languages prevalent in Tenochtitlán during 1325 After
Common Era (ACE) (Baca, 2008). During this time, Nahuatl could be found among pictographic renderings inscribed on
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 stone and Codex papel amate (Baca, 2008). In 1521, most of these renderings were destroyed by Spanish
conquistadors. Later, Spanish Franciscans along with surviving Aztec scribes (under very oppressive means),
alphabetized Nauhatl and translated Nahuatl into the Latin alphabet (Baca, 2008). …
Link:
By Michelle Garcia-Olp University of Denver, Aug 01, 2018
How Colonization Impacts Identity Through the Generations: A Closer Look at Historical Trauma and Education
ANSWERS: Type 1: #3, 6, 11, 16; Type 2: #2, 5, 12, 15; Type 3: #1, 7, 9, 13; Type 4: #4, 8, 10, 14

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